John Bell
16th United States Secretary of War
In office March 5, 1841 – September 13, 1841
Preceded by	Joel Roberts Poinsett
Succeeded by	John C. Spencer
Born	February 15, 1797 Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Died	September 10, 1869 Tennessee, USA
Political party	Democratic, Whig, Constitutional Union
Spouse	Sally Dickinson Bell Jane Yeatman Bell
Profession	Lawyer, Politician

John Bell (also known as "The Great Apostate") (February 15, 1797–September 10, 1869) was a U.S. politician, attorney, and plantation owner. A wealthy slaveholder from Tennessee, Bell served in the United States Congress in both the House of Representatives and Senate. He began his career as a Democrat, he eventually fell out with Andrew Jackson and became a Whig. In 1860, he was among a group of Presidential candidates defeated by Abraham Lincoln in a bitterly divided election that helped spark the American Civil War. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (610x845, 81 KB) http://hdl. ... The Secretary of War was a member of the Presidents Cabinet, beginning with George Washingtons administration. ... March 5 is the 64th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (65th in leap years). ... 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... September 13 is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years). ... 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Joel Roberts Poinsett (1779-1851) Official Department of Defense portrait, artist unknown. ... John Canfield Spencer (January 8, 1788 – May 18, 1855) was an American politician who was Secretary of War from 1841 to 1843 and Secretary of the Treasury from 1843 to 1844 under President John Tyler. ... February 15 is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1797 (MDCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Nickname: Music City Location in Davidson County and the state of Tennessee Coordinates: Country United States State Tennessee Counties Davidson County Founded: 1779 Incorporated: 1806  - Mayor Bill Purcell (D) Area    - City 1362. ... September 10 is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years). ... 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Official language(s) English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Largest metro area Nashville Area  Ranked 36th  - Total 42,169 sq mi (109,247 km²)  - Width 120 miles (195 km)  - Length 440 miles (710 km)  - % water 2. ... The Democratic Party is one of two major political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. ... The United States Whig Party was a political party of the United States. ... The Constitutional Union Party was a political party in the United States created in 1860. ... English barrister 16th century painting of a civil law notary, by Flemish painter Quentin Massys. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Apostasy (Greek απο, apo, away, apart, στασις, stasis, standing) is the formal renunciation of ones religion. ... February 15 is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1797 (MDCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ... September 10 is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years). ... 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic  - President George Walker Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... // This article is about crop plantations. ... Official language(s) English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Largest metro area Nashville Area  Ranked 36th  - Total 42,169 sq mi (109,247 km²)  - Width 120 miles (195 km)  - Length 440 miles (710 km)  - % water 2. ... Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate Dick Cheney, R, since January 20, 2001 Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert, R, since January 6, 1999 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups (as of January 4, 2005 elections) Democratic Party Republican Party... Seal of the House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives (or simply the House) is the lower of the two chambers of the United States Congress, the other being the Senate. ... Seal of the U.S. Senate The Senate is one of the two chambers of the bicameral United States Congress, the other being the House of Representatives. ... The Democratic Party is one of two major political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. ... This article is 45 kilobytes or more in size. ... The United States Whig Party was a political party of the United States. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865), sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe, the Rail Splitter, and the Great Emancipator, was an American politician who served as the 16th President of the United States (1861 to 1865), and the first president from the Republican Party. ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total...

Early life and career

Bell was born in Mill Creek, a hamlet near Nashville, Tennessee. He was the son of local farmer Samuel Bell and Margaret (Edmiston) Bell. His father was a blacksmith and farmer. He graduated from the Cumberland College in 1814 and studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1816 and established a prosperous practice in Franklin. Entering politics, he successfully ran for the Tennessee State Senate in 1817. After serving a single term, Bell declined to run for reelection and instead moved to Nashville. He was elected to the Twentieth United States Congress in 1826, defeating Felix Grundy, who had the support of presidential candidate Andrew Jackson. Nickname: Music City Location in Davidson County and the state of Tennessee Coordinates: Country United States State Tennessee Counties Davidson County Founded: 1779 Incorporated: 1806  - Mayor Bill Purcell (D) Area    - City 1362. ... This institution is unrelated, other than by similarity of name, to the University of the Cumberlands in Williamsburg, Kentucky. ... 1816 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Franklin is a city in Williamson County, Tennessee, USA. The population was 41,842 at the 2000 census. ... 1817 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Twentieth United States Congress Links and spelling have to be verified. ... The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826 1826 (MDCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Felix Grundy (September 11, 1777–December 19, 1840) was a U.S. Congressman and U.S. Senator from Tennessee who also served as the 13th Attorney General of the United States. ...

He served Tennessee's 7th Congressional District in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1827 to 1841. At first a strong supporter of Andrew Jackson, Bell broke with the Jacksonian Democrats in the fight over the controversial Bank of the United States. He served as Speaker of the House from 1834 to 1835. He was defeated for the post several other times by his rival, James K. Polk, a fellow Tennessee Congressman. Bell also served several terms as the chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs and served on the Committee on Judiciary. Seal of the House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives (or simply the House) is the lower of the two chambers of the United States Congress, the other being the Senate. ... Naval Battle of Navarino by Carneray 1827 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... There were two organizations known as the Bank of the United States First Bank of the United States (1791-1811) Second Bank of the United States (1816-1841) Categories: Defunct banks ... Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures State Courts Counties, Cities, and Towns Other countries Politics Portal      The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the House... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... James Knox Polk (November 2, 1795–June 15, 1849) was the eleventh President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1845 to March 4, 1849. ...

Bell then served briefly as Secretary of War under William Henry Harrison and John Tyler in 1841, but then resigned along with the rest of the Cabinet in protest at Tyler's vetoes of Whig bills. He returned to Tennessee and invested in railroads and manufacturing interests, while politically opposing Polk, who won the presidency in 1844 but failed to carry Tennessee through Bell's efforts. In 1847, Bell returned to local politics, being elected to the State House of Representatives. His majority Whig Party selected him for the United States Senate, where he served until 1859. A reluctant supporter of the Compromise of 1850, Bell was only one of two Southern senators (the other being Sam Houston of Texas) to vote against the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The Secretary of War was a member of the Presidents Cabinet, beginning with George Washingtons administration. ... William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was an American military leader, politician, and the ninth President of the United States. ... John Tyler, Jr. ... 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Seal of the U.S. Senate The Senate is one of the two chambers of the bicameral United States Congress, the other being the House of Representatives. ... 1859 (MDCCCLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar). ... Henry Clay takes the floor of the Old Senate Chamber; Millard Fillmore presides as Calhoun and Webster look on. ... This 1854 map shows slave states (grey), free states (red), and US territories (green) with Kansas in center (white). ...

Bell married twice, first to Sally Dickinson and then to Jane Yeatman after Dickinson's death.

Portrait of John Bell

Image File history File links JohnBell. ... Image File history File links JohnBell. ...

Presidential candidacy

After the collapse of the Whig Party in the 1850s, Bell was among the leaders of the small group (mostly border state and middle state Whigs) who attempted to preserve the Whig Party in another form, and became the Presidential candidate of the United States Constitutional Union Party. The way many people viewed the Constitutional Union Party, unfortunately, was that it was a desperate attempt to save the collapsing Whig Party. The moderate party was formed from a group of southern Whigs who joined with nativists from border states like Tennessee. // Events and Trends Technology Production of steel revolutionised by invention of the Bessemer process Benjamin Silliman fractionates petroleum by distillation for the first time First transatlantic telegraph cable laid First safety elevator installed by Elisha Otis Science Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species, putting forward the theory of evolution... In this map:  Union states  Union territories  The border states  Kansas, which entered the Union as a free state after the Bleeding Kansas crisis  The Confederacy  Confederate claimed and sometimes held territories The term border states refers to five slave states of Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, and western Virginia that... For the film, see The American President (film). ... The Constitutional Union Party was a political party in the United States created in 1860. ... Official language(s) English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Largest metro area Nashville Area  Ranked 36th  - Total 42,169 sq mi (109,247 km²)  - Width 120 miles (195 km)  - Length 440 miles (710 km)  - % water 2. ...

Abraham Lincoln of the Republican Party won the United States Presidential election of 1860 in the face of a four-way split of the votes. Bell won 39 electoral votes (13%) and 592,906 popular votes (13% of the total; 39% of Southern popular votes (Lincoln was not on the ballot in several southern states). Bell carried Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee, largely as a result of the division of Democratic votes between John C. Breckenridge {Democratic candidate representing the South) and Stephen A. Douglas (representing the Northern United States), but received less than 3% of the vote in Northern states. Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865), sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe, the Rail Splitter, and the Great Emancipator, was an American politician who served as the 16th President of the United States (1861 to 1865), and the first president from the Republican Party. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures State Courts Counties, Cities, and Towns Other countries Politics Portal      For other uses, see Republican Party (disambiguation) or GOP (disambiguation). ... Summary The election of 1860 is widely considered to be a realigning election. ... Official language(s) English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Area  Ranked 35th  - Total 42,793 sq mi (110,862 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 430 miles (690 km)  - % water 7. ... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Frankfort Largest city Louisville Area  Ranked 37th  - Total 40,444 sq mi (104,749 km²)  - Width 140 miles (225 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 1. ... Official language(s) English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Largest metro area Nashville Area  Ranked 36th  - Total 42,169 sq mi (109,247 km²)  - Width 120 miles (195 km)  - Length 440 miles (710 km)  - % water 2. ... The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States; the other being the Republican Party. ... John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16, 1821–May 17, 1875) was a U.S. Representative and a Senator from Kentucky and the fourteenth Vice President of the United States. ... Southern United States. ... Stephen Arnold Douglas (April 23, 1813 – June 3, 1861), known as the Little Giant, was an American politician from the frontier state of Illinois, and was one of two Democratic Party nominees for President in 1860, along with John C. Breckenridge. ... Regional definitions vary from source to source. ...

Later life

Initially opposed to secession, he travelled to Washington D.C. to meet with President Lincoln. Bell was initially successful in helping hold Tennessee in the Union after states in the Deep South seceded. However, after the firing on Fort Sumter in South Carolina and Lincoln's call for military troops to force the secessionist states back into the Union, Bell reluctantly accepted Tennessee's subsequent secession and retired from politics, his spirit broken and in ill health. He joined a group of investors in saltworks and ironworks, purchasing a shared interest in the Cumberland Furnace in Chattanooga, Tennessee. However, most of his businesses were severely damaged or ruined during the Civil War. In 1869 Bell died at his home on the banks of the Cumberland River, near the Cumberland Furnace not far from Dover, Tennessee. He was buried in Nashville's Mt. Olivet Cemetery. Secession is the act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or political entity. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... Fort Sumter, located in Charleston, South Carolina, harbor, was named after General Thomas Sumter. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32°430N to 35... The Union was a name used by many to refer to the Northern states during the American Civil War. ... Nickname: Scenic City (official), Chatt-Town, River City, Chatty, Chattavegas, The Noog Location within the U.S. State of Tennessee Cities in Tennessee Tennessee Mayor Ron Littlefield Area    - City 370. ... 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... The Cumberland River is an important waterway in the southern United States. ... Dover is a city located in Stewart County, Tennessee. ... Mount Olivet Cemetery is a 250 acre (1 km²) cemetery located in Nashville, Tennessee. ...

External links

• Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• John Bell at Famous Americans
• John Bell at Find a Grave

Speakers of the United States House of Representatives

Muhlenberg • Trumbull • Muhlenberg • Dayton • Sedgwick • Macon • Varnum • Clay • Cheves • Clay • Taylor • Barbour • Clay • Taylor • Stevenson • Bell • Polk • Hunter • White • Jones • Davis • Winthrop • Cobb • Boyd • Banks • Orr • Pennington • Grow • Colfax • Pomeroy • Blaine • Kerr • Randall • Keifer • Carlisle • Reed • Crisp • Reed • Henderson • Cannon • Clark • Gillett • Longworth • Garner • Rainey • Byrns • Bankhead • Rayburn • Martin • Rayburn • Martin • Rayburn • McCormack • Albert • O'Neill • Wright • Foley • Gingrich • Hastert • Pelosi

United States Secretaries of War

Knox • Pickering • McHenry • Dexter • Dearborn • Eustis • Armstrong • Monroe • WH Crawford • Calhoun • Barbour • PB Porter • Eaton • Cass • Poinsett • Bell • Spencer • JM Porter • Wilkins • Marcy • GW Crawford • Conrad • Davis • Floyd • Holt • Cameron • Stanton • Schofield • Rawlins • Sherman • Belknap • A Taft • Cameron • McCrary • Ramsey • Lincoln • Endicott • Proctor • Elkins • Lamont • Alger • Root • WH Taft • Wright • Dickinson • Stimson • Garrison • Baker • Weeks • Davis • Good • Hurley • Dern • Woodring • Stimson • Patterson • Royall

This article incorporates facts obtained from the public domain Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress is a biographical dictionary of all members of both houses of the United States Congress, past and present. ... Find A Grave (or findagrave. ... Andrew Stevenson (January 21, 1784–January 25, 1857) was a U.S. political figure. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures State Courts Counties, Cities, and Towns Other countries Politics Portal      The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the House... June 2 is the 153rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (154th in leap years), with 212 days remaining. ... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 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Samuel Dexter (May 14, 1761–May 4, 1816) was an early American statesman who served both in Congress and in the Presidential Cabinet. ... Henry Dearborn For his son, see Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn. ... William Eustis (June 10, 1753–February 6, 1825) was an early American statesman. ... John Armstrong, Jr. ... James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825). ... Portrait of U.S. politician William H. Crawford William Harris Crawford (February 24, 1772 – September 15, 1834) was an important American politician during the early 19th century. ... John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18, 1782 – March 31, 1850) was a prominent United States Southern politician and political philosopher from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. ... James Barbour (June 10, 1775-June 7, 1842) was an American lawyer, a member and speaker of the Virginia house of delegates, the 19th Governor of Virginia, and United States Secretary of War from 1825-1828. ... Peter Buell Porter (August 14, 1773 - March 20, 1844) was a U.S. political figure and soldier. ... John Henry Eaton (June 18, 1790–November 17, 1856) was an American politician from Tennessee. ... Lewis Cass (October 9, 1782 – June 17, 1866) was an American military officer and politician. ... Joel Roberts Poinsett (1779-1851) Official Department of Defense portrait, artist unknown. ... John Canfield Spencer (January 8, 1788–May 18, 1855) was an American politician who was Secretary of War from 1841 to 1843 and Secretary of the Treasury from 1843 to 1844 under President John Tyler. ... James Madison Porter (1793–1862) was a U.S. Presidential Cabinet officer. ... William Wilkins (December 20, 1779–June 23, 1865) was an American lawyer, jurist, and politician from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ... William Learned Marcy ( December 12, 1786– July 4, 1857) was an American statesman. ... George W. Crawford (December 22, 1798–July 27, 1872) was an American political figure from Georgia. ... Charles Magill Conrad (December 24, 1804–February 11, 1878) was an American political figure. ... Jefferson Davis (June 3, 1808 – December 6, 1889) was an American statesman who was President of the Confederate States of America, for its entire history from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War. ... John Buchanan Floyd (June 1, 1807–August 26, 1863), American politician, was born at Blacksburg, Virginia. ... Joseph Holt (January 6, 1807–August 1, 1894) was U.S. Secretary of War and a U.S. Postmaster General under James Buchanan. ... Simon Cameron Simon Cameron (March 8, 1799 – June 26, 1889) was United States Secretary of War for Abraham Lincoln from 1861 to 1862. ... Edwin McMasters Stanton (December 19, 1814 – December 24, 1869), was an American lawyer, politician, United States Attorney General in 1860-61 and Secretary of War through most of the American Civil War and Reconstruction era. ... Portrait of John Schofield during the Civil War John McAllister Schofield (September 29, 1831 – March 4, 1906) was an American soldier who held major commands during the Civil War. ... Maj. ... William Tecumseh Sherman (February 8, 1820 – February 14, 1891) was an American soldier, businessman, educator, and author. ... William Worth Belknap (September 22, 1829 – October 13, 1890) was a United States Army general, government administrator, and United States Secretary of War. ... Alphonso Taft (November 5, 1810 – May 21, 1891) was the Attorney General and Secretary of War under President Ulysses S. Grant and the founder of an American political dynasty. ... James Donald Cameron (May 14, 1833–August 30, 1918) was an American politician. ... George Washington McCrary (August 29, 1835 - June 23, 1890) was a Congressman from Iowa and a United States Secretary of War. ... Alexander Ramsey (September 8, 1815 – April 22, 1903) was an American politician. ... Robert Todd Lincoln (August 1, 1843 – July 26, 1926) was the first son of Abraham Lincoln and Mary Ann Todd. ... William Crowninshield Endicott (November 19, 1826 - May 6, 1900) was an American politician. ... Redfield Proctor (June 1, 1831–March 4, 1908) was an American politician in the Republican Party. ... Stephen Benton Elkins (September 26, 1841 - January 4, 1911) was an American industrialist and political figure. ... Daniel Scott Lamont (1851-1905) was the United States Secretary of War during Grover Clevelands second term. ... {{Infobox US Cabinet official | name=Russell Alexander Alger | image=Russell Alexander Alger2. ... Elihu Root Elihu Root (February 15, 1845 – February 7, 1937) was an American lawyer and statesman, the son of Oren Root and Nancy Whitney Buttrick. ... William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was an American politician, the 27th President of the United States, the 10th Chief Justice of the United States, a leader of the progressive conservative wing of the Republican Party in the early twentieth century, a chaired professor at Yale Law... Luke Edward Wright (1846 - 1922) was a U.S. political figure. ... Jacob McGavock Dickinson, born 30 January 1851 in Columbus, Mississippi, died 13 December 1928, was United States Secretary of War under President William Howard Taft from 1909 to 1911. ... Henry L. Stimson Henry Lewis Stimson (September 21, 1867 – October 20, 1950) was an American statesman, who served as Secretary of War, Governor-General of the Philippines, and Secretary of State at various times. ... Lindley Miller Garrison (1864-1932) was a New Jersey lawyer who served as Secretary of War under U.S. President Woodrow Wilson between 1913 and 1916. ... Newton Diehl Baker (December 3, 1871 - December 25, 1937) was an American politician in the Democratic Party, and a notable figure in the Progressive movement. ... John Wingate Weeks (April 11, 1860–July 12, 1926) was an American politician in the Republican Party. ... Cover of Time Magazine (December 15, 1924) Dwight Filley Davis (July 5, 1879 - November 28, 1945) was an American tennis player and politician. ... James Good James William Good (September 24, 1866 November 18, 1929) was an American politician from the state of Iowa. ... Patrick J. Hurley (January 8, 1883, Indian Territory — July 30, 1963, Santa Fe, NM) was an American soldier, statesman, and diplomat. ... George Henry Dern (born 1872) was an American politician, and the 54th War Secretary. ... Harry Hines Woodring (May 31, 1890 - September 9, 1967) was a U.S. political figure. ... Henry L. Stimson Henry Lewis Stimson (September 21, 1867 – October 20, 1950) was an American statesman, who served as Secretary of War, Governor-General of the Philippines, and Secretary of State at various times. ... Robert Porter Patterson was the United States Secretary of War under United States President Harry S. Truman from the 27th of September 1945 to the 18th of July, 1947. ... Kenneth Claiborne Royall (July 24, 1894–May 25, 1971) was a U.S. general. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress is a biographical dictionary of all members of both houses of the United States Congress, past and present. ...