John Bull

The John Bull, c. 1893.
Power type	Steam
Builder	Robert Stephenson and Company
Build date	1831
Configuration	4-2-0 (although built by Stephenson as an 0-4-0)
UIC classification	1'1A (built as B)
Gauge	4 ft 8½ in (1435 mm)
Frame size	14 ft 9 in (4.5 m) length x 6 ft 3 in (1.9 m) width
Boiler	2 ft 6 in (0.76 m) diameter x 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) length
Fire grate area	10.07 ft² (0.935 m²)
Career	Camden and Amboy Railroad, Pennsylvania Railroad (initial preservation)
Number	1
Official name	Stevens (after C&A president Robert L. Stevens)
Delivered	September 4, 1831
First run	September 15, 1831
Retired	1866
Restored	September 15, 1981
Current owner	Smithsonian Institution
Disposition	Static display in Washington, D.C.

The John Bull is an English-built railroad steam locomotive, operated for the first time on September 15, 1831; it became the oldest operable steam locomotive in the world (150 years) when the Smithsonian Institution operated it in 1981. Built by Robert Stephenson and Company, the John Bull was initially purchased by and operated for the Camden and Amboy Railroad, the first railroad built in New Jersey. The railroad rostered it as locomotive number 1 and used it heavily from soon after the railroad's construction in 1833 until 1866 when it was removed from active service and placed in storage. The John Bull, circa 1893. ... Robert Stephenson and Company was set up in 1823 in Forth Street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne in England by George Stephenson, his son Robert, with Edward Pease and Michael Longridge (the owner of the ironworks at Bedlington ). It was the first company set up specifically to build railway engines, as part... A selection of early 20th century locomotive types according to their Whyte notation and their comparative size The Whyte notation for classifying steam locomotives by wheel arrangement was devised by Frederick Methvan Whyte and came into use in the early 20th century. ... The Chicago & Northwestern Railways first locomotive, 4-2-0 Pioneer. ... Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-4-0 represents one of the simplest possible types, that with two axles and four wheels, all of which are driven. ... The UIC classification is a comprehensive system for describing the wheel arrangement of locomotives. ... Rail gauge is the distance between the inner sides of the two parallel rails that make up a railway track. ... A foot (plural: feet) is any of several old units of distance or length, measuring around a quarter to a third of a meter. ... Mid-19th century tool for converting between different standards of the inch An inch is an Imperial and U.S. customary unit of length. ... A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ... A locomotive frame is the structure that forms the backbone of the railway locomotive, giving it strength and supporting the superstructure elements such as a cab, boiler or bodywork. ... A square foot is by definition the area enclosed by a square with sides each 1 foot long. ... A square metre (US spelling: square meter) is by definition the area enclosed by a square with sides each 1 metre long. ... A map of the C&A and other related railroads. ... 1893 map The Pennsylvania Railroad (AAR reporting mark PRR) was an American railroad that was founded in 1846 and merged in 1968 into Penn Central Transportation. ... Robert L. Stevens, was president of the Camden and Amboy Railroad (C&A) in the 1830s and 1840s. ... September 4 is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years). ... Leopold I 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... September 15 is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years). ... Leopold I 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... September 15 is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years). ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Smithsonian Institution Building or Castle on the National Mall serves as the Institutions headquarters. ... Nickname: DC, The District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., with regard to the surrounding states of Maryland and Virginia. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification    - by Athelstan AD927  Area    - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK)   50,346 sq mi   - Water (%) Population... This is the top-level page of WikiProject trains Rail tracks Rail transport refers to the land transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. ... Great Western Railway No. ... September 15 is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years). ... Leopold I 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The Smithsonian Institution Building or Castle on the National Mall serves as the Institutions headquarters. ... Robert Stephenson and Company was set up in 1823 in Forth Street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne in England by George Stephenson, his son Robert, with Edward Pease and Michael Longridge (the owner of the ironworks at Bedlington ). It was the first company set up specifically to build railway engines, as part... A map of the C&A and other related railroads. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

After the C&A's assets were acquired by the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) in 1871, the PRR refurbished and operated the locomotive a few times for public displays. The John Bull was steamed up for the Centennial Exposition in 1876 and again for the National Railway Appliance Exhibition in 1883. In 1884 the locomotive was purchased by the Smithsonian Institution as the museum's first major industrial exhibit. 1893 map The Pennsylvania Railroad (AAR reporting mark PRR) was an American railroad that was founded in 1846 and merged in 1968 into Penn Central Transportation. ... The Centennial International Exhibition of 1876, the first official worlds fair in the United States, was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia. ... The Smithsonian Institution Building or Castle on the National Mall serves as the Institutions headquarters. ...

In 1939 the employees at the PRR's Altoona, Pennsylvania, shops built an operable replica of the locomotive for further exhibition duties as the Smithsonian desired to keep the original locomotive in a more controlled environment. The Smithsonian commemorated the locomotive's 150th birthday in grand style. The locomotive became the world's oldest surviving operable steam locomotive when it ran again under its own power in 1981. Today, the original John Bull is on static display in the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History in Washington, DC, and the replica John Bull operates regularly at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania. Map Political Statistics Founded 1849 Incorporated Borough:February 6, 1854 City: April 3, 1867 County Blair County Mayor Wayne Hippo Geographic Statistics Area  - Total  - Land  - Water 25. ... The National Museum of American History is a museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution and located in Washington, D.C., on the National Mall. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United...

Construction and initial use

The John Bull and train as it looked in 1831; drawn by Isaac Dripps in 1887. Image from the collection of the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, America On The Move exhibit, used with permission.

The John Bull was built in Newcastle, England by Robert Stephenson and Company for the Camden and Amboy Railroad (C&A), the first railroad built in New Jersey. It was dismantled and then shipped across the Atlantic Ocean in crates aboard the Allegheny. C&A engineer Isaac Dripps reconstructed the locomotive to the best of his knowledge (the shipment did not include any drawings or instructions to assemble the locomotive) and ran it for the first time in September 1831. On November 12, 1831, Robert Stevens (then president of the C&A) repaid some political debts by inviting several members of the New Jersey legislature and some local dignitaries, including Napoleon's nephew Prince Murat, for rides behind the newly delivered locomotive over a short test track. The prince's wife made a point of hurrying onto the train so she could be declared the first woman to ride a steam-powered train in America. The John Bull and train as drawn by Isaac Dripps, the mechanic who assembled the locomotive for the Camden and Amboy Railroad. ... The John Bull and train as drawn by Isaac Dripps, the mechanic who assembled the locomotive for the Camden and Amboy Railroad. ... This article is about a city in the United Kingdom. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification    - by Athelstan AD927  Area    - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK)   50,346 sq mi   - Water (%) Population... Robert Stephenson and Company was set up in 1823 in Forth Street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne in England by George Stephenson, his son Robert, with Edward Pease and Michael Longridge (the owner of the ironworks at Bedlington ). It was the first company set up specifically to build railway engines, as part... A map of the C&A and other related railroads. ... November 12 is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 49 days remaining. ... Leopold I 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ...

Until the railroad construction was completed, the locomotive was placed in storage; horse-drawn cars served the construction efforts until 1833. The C&A applied both numbers and names to their first locomotives, giving this engine the number 1 and officially naming it Stevens (after the C&A's first president, Robert L. Stevens). However, through regular use of the engine, crews began calling it the old John Bull, a reference to the cartoon personification of England, John Bull. Eventually the informal name was shortened to John Bull and this name was much more widely used until the Stevens name fell out of use in favor of John Bull. Robert L. Stevens, was president of the Camden and Amboy Railroad (C&A) in the 1830s and 1840s. ... World War I recruiting poster John Bull is a national personification of England created by Dr. John Arbuthnot in 1712 and popularized first by British print makers and then overseas by illustrators such as American cartoonist Thomas Nast. ...

Mechanical modifications and early exhibitions

Stephenson built the locomotive originally as an 0-4-0 (an 0-4-0 is the Whyte notation for a steam locomotive with two powered axles and no unpowered leading or trailing axles). The locomotive's power was transmitted to the driving axles through pistons that were mounted under the boiler between the two front wheels and in front of the front axle. These inside cylinders' main rods were connected to a rear crank axle with a connecting rod between the two axles to power the front axle. Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-4-0 represents one of the simplest possible types, that with two axles and four wheels, all of which are driven. ... A selection of early 20th century locomotive types according to their Whyte notation and their comparative size The Whyte notation for classifying steam locomotives by wheel arrangement was devised by Frederick Methvan Whyte and came into use in the early 20th century. ... On a steam locomotive, a driving wheel is a powered wheel which is driven by the locomotives pistons (or turbine, in the case of a steam turbine locomotive). ... On a steam locomotive, a leading wheel or leading axle is an unpowered wheel or axle located in front of the driving wheels. ... The trailing wheels (boxed) on a 4-6-2 locomotive. ... piston + connecting rod In a reciprocating piston engine, the connecting rod or con rod connects the piston to the crank or crankshaft. ...

John Bull as it appeared in 1877. Note the cab and wider exhaust stack. Image from the collection of the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, America On The Move exhibit, used with permission.

Due to poorer quality track than was the norm in its native England, the locomotive had much trouble with derailment; the C&A's engineers added a leading truck (an assembly consisting of an unpowered axle with smaller diameter wheels that was connected to the frame and pushed in front of the locomotive) to help guide the engine into curves. The leading truck's mechanism necessitated the removal of the connecting rod between the two main axles, leaving only the rear axle powered. Effectively, the John Bull became a 4-2-0 (a locomotive with two unpowered leading axles followed by one powered axle and no unpowered trailing axles). Later, the C&A also added a cowcatcher to the lead truck. The cowcatcher is an angled assembly designed to deflect animals and debris off of the railroad track in front of the locomotive. To protect the locomotive's crew from the weather, the C&A also added walls and a roof (a cab) to the rear of the locomotive where the controls were located. C&A shop crews also added safety features such as a bell and headlight. The John Bull as it appeared in 1877. ... The John Bull as it appeared in 1877. ... On a steam locomotive, a leading wheel or leading axle is an unpowered wheel or axle located in front of the driving wheels. ... The Chicago & Northwestern Railways first locomotive, 4-2-0 Pioneer. ... In railroading, the pilot is the device mounted at the front of a locomotive to deflect obstacles from the track that might otherwise derail the train. ...

After several years serving as a switching engine (a locomotive used for moving railroad cars around within a railroad yard; also known as a shunter) and stationary boiler, the John Bull was retired in 1866 and stored in Bordentown, NJ. Toward the end of its life in revenue service, the locomotive worked as a pump engine and as the power for a sawmill. See also: Bordentown Township, New Jersey The City of Bordentown highlighted in Burlington County. ...

The C&A was soon absorbed into the United New Jersey Railroad and Canals Company (1869) which itself was merged into the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) in 1871. The PRR saw the potential publicity to be gained by exhibiting such an old engine and PRR shop forces "back-dated" the engine (by replacing some original parts with parts that "looked" old or by removing them entirely). The exhaust stack was replaced with a straight tube of metal and the cab walls and roof were removed. The PRR then exhibited the engine in 1883 at the National Railway Appliance Exhibition in Chicago, IL. The following year, the Smithsonian Institution purchased John Bull from the PRR as the Institution's first large engine purchase. A map of the UNJ and P&T. The United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company was part of the Pennsylvania Railroad system in New Jersey, including their main line to New York City (now Amtraks Northeast Corridor). ... 1893 map The Pennsylvania Railroad (AAR reporting mark PRR) was an American railroad that was founded in 1846 and merged in 1968 into Penn Central Transportation. ... Flag Seal Nickname: The Windy City Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location Location in Chicagoland and northern Illinois Coordinates , Government Country State Counties United States Illinois Cook, DuPage Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 606. ... The Smithsonian Institution Building or Castle on the National Mall serves as the Institutions headquarters. ...

Smithsonian Institution and locomotive restoration

At the exhibition in 1883, the Pennsylvania Railroad ended up resolving two problems at once. In the Smithsonian Institution, the railroad was able to find a home for the historic locomotive as well as a suitable new employer for a young civil engineer named J. Elfreth Watkins. Watkins had been involved in an accident on the railroad in New Jersey a few years before the exhibition. In the accident, he had lost a leg so he was no longer suited to the physical demands of railroad work (although the railroad did employ him as a clerk for a while after his accident). The PRR employed his engineering experience as an expert curator for the Smithsonian's new Arts and Industries Building which was opened in 1880. The locomotive's first public exhibition at the Smithsonian occurred on December 22, 1884, where it was displayed in the East Hall of the Arts and Industries building. John Elfreth Watkins (1852–1903) was a civil engineer working for American railroads of the 19th century. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... December 22 is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

John Bull at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893.

The locomotive remained on display in this location for nearly 80 years, but it was transported for display outside the museum on certain rare occasions. The most significant display in this time occurred in 1893 when the locomotive traveled to Chicago for the World's Columbian Exposition. The Pennsylvania Railroad, like many other railroads of the time, put on grand displays of their progress; the PRR arranged for the locomotive and a couple of coaches to be delivered to the railroad's Jersey City, New Jersey, shops where it would undergo a restoration of sorts to operating condition. The PRR was planning an event worthy of the locomotive's significance to American railroad history—the railroad actually planned to operate the locomotive for the entire distance between New Jersey and Chicago. Download high resolution version (1500x1000, 260 KB)John Bull on display at the World Columbian Exposition in Chicago, 1893. ... Download high resolution version (1500x1000, 260 KB)John Bull on display at the World Columbian Exposition in Chicago, 1893. ... One-third scale replica of Daniel Chester Frenchs Republic, which stood in the great basin at the exposition, Chicago, 2004 The Worlds Columbian Exposition (also called The Chicago Worlds Fair), a Worlds fair, was held in the U.S. city of Chicago in 1893 to celebrate... Flag Seal Nickname: The Windy City Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location Location in Chicagoland and northern Illinois Coordinates , Government Country State Counties United States Illinois Cook, DuPage Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 606. ... One-third scale replica of Daniel Chester Frenchs Republic, which stood in the great basin at the exposition, Chicago, 2004 The Worlds Columbian Exposition (also called The Chicago Worlds Fair), a Worlds fair, was held in the U.S. city of Chicago in 1893 to celebrate... Location of Jersey City within New Jersey. ...

The restoration was supervised by the PRR's chief mechanical officer, Theodore N. Ely. Ely was confident enough in its 50-mile (80.5 km) test run to Perth Amboy, New Jersey (which took two hours and fifteen minutes), that the Governors of all the states that the locomotive was to pass through and then President of the United States Grover Cleveland were invited to ride behind the engine on its first leg toward Chicago. The John Bull was to pull a few passenger cars in a train that would carry dignitaries and representatives of the press. The train traveled to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, under one crew; starting in Philadelphia, local engineers (train drivers) were employed to ride on the locomotive's footplate as pilots to advise the operators for the trip over the local engineers' territories for the rest of the journey to Chicago. Traveling at 25 to 30 mph (40 to 50 km/h), the train reached Chicago on April 22. The locomotive operated during the exhibition giving rides to the exhibition's attendees, and then the train left Chicago on December 6 for the return trip to Washington. The locomotive arrived back in Washington on December 13. The Perth Amboy National Bank Building, and a view of the 5 Corners downtown area (Intersections of State and Smith Sts. ... A governor is a governing official, usually the executive (at least nominally, to different degrees also politically and administratively) of a non-sovereign level of government, ranking under the Head of state; furthermore the title applies to officials with a similar mandate as representatives of a chartered company which has... The presidential seal was used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ... Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was the 22nd (1885–1889) and 24th (1893–1897) President of the United States, and the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms. ... Restored passenger cars on display at the Mid-Continent Railway Museum in North Freedom, WI. A passenger car is a piece of railroad rolling stock that is designed to carry passengers. ... Nickname: City of Brotherly Love, Philly, the Quaker City, the City that Loves You Back Motto: Philadelphia maneto (Let brotherly love continue) Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country State County United States Pennsylvania Philadelphia Founded Incorporated October 27, 1682 October 25, 1701 Mayor John F. Street (D) Area    - City 369. ... April 22 is the 112th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (113th in leap years). ... December 6 is the 340th day (341st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

In 1927 the John Bull again traveled outside the museum. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was celebrating its centenary that year in its Fair of the Iron Horse in Baltimore, Maryland. Since the locomotive's original tender (fuel and water car) had deteriorated beyond repair and was dismantled in 1910, the PRR built a replica of the tender at its Altoona, Pennsylvania, shops. The locomotive was also refurbished in Altoona for operation during the fair. This fair was the last steam up for the locomotive until 1980. 1876 map The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) is one of the oldest railroads in the United States, with an original line from the port of Baltimore, Maryland west to the Ohio River at Wheeling, West Virginia and Parkersburg, West Virginia. ... Nickname: Monument City, Charm City, Mob Town, B-more Motto: Get In On It (formerly The City That Reads and The Greatest City in America; BELIEVE is not the official motto but rather a specific campaign) Location of Baltimore in Maryland Coordinates: Country State County United States Maryland Independent City... A British tender locomotive Steam locomotives often haul a tender, which is a special railroad car designed to hold the locomotives fuel and water. ... Map Political Statistics Founded 1849 Incorporated Borough:February 6, 1854 City: April 3, 1867 County Blair County Mayor Wayne Hippo Geographic Statistics Area  - Total  - Land  - Water 25. ...

(Mostly) static display

The John Bull on display in the East Hall c. 1920.

After the locomotive returned to the Smithsonian, it remained on static display. The museum in 1930 commissioned the Altoona shops to build a second replica of the locomotive's tender for display with the locomotive in the museum. This time, however, the replica tender used some of the original tender's fittings that the museum still had from the tender's dismantlement twenty years before. The John Bull on display in the East Hall at the Smithsonian Institution in 1920. ... The John Bull on display in the East Hall at the Smithsonian Institution in 1920. ...

The Smithsonian recognized the locomotive's age in 1931. But, since the museum didn't have the funds to refurbish the locomotive for full operation again, it was decided to run the locomotive in place (with the driving wheels lifted off the rails using jacks) with compressed air. The museum borrowed an 1836 coach from the Pennsylvania Railroad to display on the track behind the newly rebuilt tender, and the locomotive's 100th birthday was officially celebrated on November 12, 1931. The locomotive's semi-operation was broadcast over the CBS radio network with Stanley Bell narrating the ceremonies for the radio audience. November 12 is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 49 days remaining. ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ... It has been suggested that CBS evening news anchors be merged into this article or section. ...

The PRR again borrowed the locomotive in 1939 for the Century of Progress exhibition in Chicago. Unlike its earlier jaunt to Chicago, for this trip, the railroad hauled and displayed it as a static exhibit. While this exhibit was proceeding the Altoona shops were busy again building a replica; this time the replica was an operable copy of the locomotive itself. The replica was then operated in 1940 at the New York World's Fair, while the original locomotive and rebuilt tender returned to the Smithsonian. A 1933 Century of Progress worlds fair poster The Century of Progress Exposition was a worlds fair held in Chicago, Illinois from 1933-1934 to celebrate Chicagos centennial. ... There have been two Worlds fairs in New York City: 1939 New York Worlds Fair ( 1939- 1940) at Flushing Meadows in Queens gave us Futurama, the Trylon, and Perisphere. ...

The original locomotive was displayed outside the museum one more time in 1939, but the museum's curators decided that the locomotive was becoming too fragile for repeated outside exhibits. It was then placed in somewhat permanent display back in the East Hall where it remained for the next 25 years. The locomotive was moved to its current home, the National Museum of American History (then called the National Museum of History and Technology), in 1964. The National Museum of American History is a museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution and located in Washington, D.C., on the National Mall. ...

Operating again after 150 years

The John Bull in operation in 1981. Image from the collection of the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution

The John Bull had remained on static display for another 15 years, but the locomotive's significance as one of the oldest locomotives in existence, or its use on the first railroad in New Jersey was not very plainly noted in the display's literature. As 1981 and the locomotive's 150th birthday approached, the Smithsonian started discussions on how best to commemorate the locomotive's age and significance. There was very little question that special publications and exhibits would be prepared, but museum officials were left with the thought that the exhibit could still be so much more than that. The John Bull in operation in 1981. ... The John Bull in operation in 1981. ...

Many superficial inspections were performed on the locomotive in 1980 and it was found to be in relatively sound mechanical condition. There wasn't a significant amount of deterioration noted in these early inspections, and when the wheels were jacked off the rails, like they had been 50 years earlier, the axles were found to be freely operable. One morning in January 1980, before the museum opened to the public that day, museum officials used compressed air to power the cylinders and move the wheels through the connecting rods for the first time since its last semi-operation. After the compressed air blew some dirt and debris out of the locomotive's exhaust stack, it was soon ticking along as if it was meant to be operated again.

The running gear seemed to be in good order, but it was still unknown if the boiler could still handle the pressure of steam and a live fire again. The museum asked the Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company to inspect the locomotive's boiler for operation. The inspections were conducted after hours at the museum (from 6:30 p.m. to 4:00 a.m.) over three days and included electromagnetic, ultrasonic and radiographic tests. The tests did reveal a few flaws, but it was projected that the engine could operate at a reduced boiler pressure of 50 psi (340 kPa or 3.5 kgf/cm²); as delivered to the Camden & Amboy, the boiler was rated for 70 psi (480 kPa or 4.9 kgf/cm²). The Smithsonian's staff, after a few further hydrostatic tests, were confident that the locomotive could again operate under its own power. An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by a flow of electric current. ... A baby in its mothers womb, viewed in a sonogram A baby, aged 29 weeks, in a 3D ultrasound Ultrasound is sound with a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing, this limit being approximately 20 kilohertz (20,000 hertz). ... Radiography is the creation of images by exposing a photographic film or other image receptor to X-rays. ... Pounds-force per square inch (lbf/in²) is a non-SI unit of pressure. ... The pascal (symbol Pa) is the SI unit of pressure. ... The deprecated unit kilogram-force (kgf) or kilopond (kp) is the force exerted by one kilogram of mass in standard Earth gravity (defined as exactly 9. ... cm redirects here, alternate uses: cm (disambiguation) A centimetre (symbol cm; American spelling: centimeter) is an SI unit of length. ...

The items that needed repair were repaired and the locomotive operated under steam on September 15, 1981, outside Washington, D.C.. On this exhibition, the locomotive became the oldest operable steam locomotive in the world. September 15 is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years). ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nickname: DC, The District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., with regard to the surrounding states of Maryland and Virginia. ...

The original John Bull is currently housed and displayed at the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C.. The replica of the John Bull, built in 1939, is currently owned and operated by the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania The National Museum of American History is a museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution and located in Washington, D.C., on the National Mall. ... Nickname: DC, The District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., with regard to the surrounding states of Maryland and Virginia. ...

Timeline

• June 18, 1831: The John Bull is constructed by Stephenson and Company in England.
• July 14, 1831: The John Bull departs Liverpool bound for Philadelphia, PA.
• September 4, 1831: The John Bull arrives in Philadelphia, aboard the ship Allegheny from Liverpool.
• September 15, 1831: The John Bull makes its first runs in New Jersey under its own power.
• November 12, 1831: Robert Stevens hosts a group of New Jersey politicians on a series of trial runs pulled by the John Bull.
• 1833: The John Bull is one of a few locomotives operating on the newly completed Camden & Amboy railroad.
• 1866: The John Bull is retired from regular service.
• 1876: The John Bull is displayed at the United States Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.
• 1883: The Pennsylvania Railroad displays John Bull at the National Railway Appliance Exhibition in Chicago, IL.
• 1884: The Smithsonian Institution acquires the John Bull from the Pennsylvania Railroad
• 1893: The John Bull operates at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, IL.
• 1910: The original tender, now deteriorated beyond repair, is dismantled by Smithsonian staff. Usable fittings from the tender are placed in storage.
• 1927: The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad borrows the John Bull to operate at the Fair of the Iron Horse in Baltimore, MD.
• 1930: A replica tender is commissioned by the Smithsonian and built by the Pennsylvania Railroad using the fittings previously salvaged from the original tender; the new tender is displayed with the locomotive at the museum.
• November 12, 1931: The Smithsonian celebrates the locomotive's 100th "birthday", using compressed air to operate the stationary engine (stabilized on jacks) within the museum's exhibit hall.
• 1933-1934: The Pennsylvania Railroad borrows the John Bull to display it at the Century of Progress Exhibition in Chicago, IL.
• 1939: The original John Bull makes its final public appearance outside the Smithsonian for another 39 years when it is displayed in the opening of the New York World's Fair
• 1940: A replica of the John Bull, built by engineers at the Pennsylvania Railroad's Juniata Shops in Altoona, PA, is displayed at the New York World's Fair, while the original is returned to the Smithsonian.
• September 15, 1981: The John Bull operates on the 150th anniversary of its first use, becoming the oldest operable steam locomotive in the world.
• 1985: The John Bull is carried aboard an airplane for an exhibition in Dallas, TX, making it the oldest locomotive in the world to travel by air.

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References

• Bailey, Ronald T., Friends of the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania. Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania - John Bull replica, Retrieved Oct. 6, 2004.
• Massa, William R., Jr., Smithsonian Institution (2004) Finding Aids to Personal Papers and Special Collections in the Smithsonian Institution Archives: Record Unit 7268; J. Elfreth Watkins Collection, 1869, 1881-1903, 1953, 1966 and undated, Retrieved Dec. 14, 2004.
• Smithsonian Institution. HistoryWired: a few of our favorite things - John Bull Locomotive, Retrieved Oct. 6, 2004.
• Smithsonian Institution (2004). Encyclopedia Smithsonian - John Bull, Retrieved Oct. 6, 2004.
• Smithsonian Institution Press (2001). Smithsonian Press - Legacies - John Bull locomotive, 1831, Retrieved Oct. 6, 2004.
• White, John H., Jr. (1981). The John Bull: 150 Years a Locomotive. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. ISBN 0-87474-961-1.
• John H. White, Jr. Reference Collection, 1880s-1990 Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.

   

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