John Edward (Bruce), also known as Bruce Grit (1856 - 1924) was born a slave in Maryland, USA.

John Edward Bruce (22 February 1856 to 7 August 1924), journalist, historian, writer, orator, and Pan Afrikan nationalist, was born in Piscataway, Maryland, to enslaved parents Robert and Martha Allen (Clark) Bruce. This self-educated man married the former Florence A. Bishop of Cleveland, Ohio on September 10, 1885.

Newspaper publishing

In 1879, Bruce established the Argus weekly in Washington, DC. He next founded the Sunday Item, 1880 and the Republican both of Norfolk, Virginia, in 1882. He served as the associate editor and business manager of the Baltimore, Maryland "Commonwealth" in 1884 before returning to Washington, DC to establish the Grit later that same year. Earned income as a paid contributor to The Boston Transcript, The Albany Argus, Buffalo Express, Sunday Gazette, and Sunday Republic of Washington under his pen name of "Bruce Grit". He was a member of the literary bureau of the Republican National Committee in 1900. 1908 he established the Yonkers (N.Y.) Weekly Standard. Beginning in 1910 he served as American Correspondent for the "African Times and Orient Review" of London, England, edited by Dusé Mohamed Ali. In Yonkers he took on the position of probation officer in 1910.

Later life

In 1911 he founded the Negro Society for Historical Research in Yonkers, New York with Arthur Schomburg.

His belief in an independent national destiny led him in the period around 1919 to embrace Marcus Garvey's Pan Afrikan nationalism. As a member of Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association, he wrote for the movement's Negro World and the Daily Negro Times.

Despite his productivity, Bruce found that to sustain himself he had for most of his adult life to work for the Port of New York Authority. After he retired in 1922, he received a small pension until his death in New York City two years later. He was given an impressive State Funeral by the UNIA in 1924.

Bruce was a member of the Order of African Redemption (Liberia) and the African Society (London). He published a number of books including:

• Concentration of Energy: Bruce Uses Plain Language in Emphasizing the Power of Organization, 1899;
• Eminent Negroes, 1910 (children's book);
• The Blood Red Record (a history of lynching in the South), 1905;
• The Blot of the Scutcheon;
• The Nation, the Law, the Citizen: Their Relation Each to the Other;
• No Heaven for the Black Man.

External links

• The Official UNIA-ACL Website (http://www.unia-acl.org)
• THE GLOBAL AFRICAN COMMUNITY (http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/bruce.html)