NationMaster - Encyclopedia: John Foxe

John Foxe (1516–April 8, 1587) is remembered as the author of the famous Foxe's Book of Martyrs. John Foxe. ... // Events March - With the death of Ferdinand II of Aragon, his grandson Charles of Ghent becomes King of Spain as Carlos I. July - Selim I of the Ottoman Empire declares war on the Mameluks and invades Syria. ... April 8 is the 98th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (99th in leap years). ... 1587 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. ... An author is the person who creates a written work, such as a book, story, article or the like. ... William Tyndale, just before being burnt at the stake, cries out Lord, ope the King of Englands eies in this woodcut from an early edition of Foxes Book of Martyrs. ...

Education and Resignation from Oxford

Foxe was born at Boston, in Lincolnshire, England. (In 1551, one Henry Foxe, a merchant and possible relative, became mayor of that town.) In about 1534, at the age of sixteen, John Foxe entered Brasenose College, Oxford, where he was the pupil of John Harding or Hawarden, a fellow of the college. (Hawarden was perhaps a family friend; he had become rector of Coningsby in 1533, and Foxe's mother, her husband having died when Foxe was young, had married Richard Melton, a yeoman of Coningsby. Three decades later Foxe made a dedication to Hawarden in one of his books, thanking Hawarden for enabling his education.) At Brasenose Foxe shared rooms with Alexander Nowell, afterwards dean of St Paul's Cathedral. A year later he was admitted to Magdalen College School, where at the advanced age of seventeen he may either have been improving his knowledge of Latin or acting as a junior teacher. He progressed on to Magdalen College as a probationer fellow in July 1538, becoming a full fellow the following July. For other uses, see Boston (disambiguation). ... Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the East Midlands of England. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the United Kingdom (light green), with the Republic of Ireland (blue) to its west Languages English Capital London Largest city London Area â€“ Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 kmÂ² Population â€“mid-2004... Merchants function as professionals who deal with trade, dealing in commodities that they do not produce themselves, in order to produce profit. ... A mayor (from the Latin mÄior, meaning larger,greater) is in modern times the title of the highest ranking municipal officer, who discharges certain judicial and administrative functions, in many systems an elected politician, who serves as chief executive and/or ceremonial official of many types of municipalities. ... College name The Kings Hall and College of Brasenose aula regia et collegium aenei nasi Named after Bronze door knocker Established 1509 Sister College Gonville and Caius College Principal Prof. ... John Wesley Harding refers to two people, a folk song and the album the song appeared on, all connected to Bob Dylan: For the American gun-fighter whose name is rendered that way in a Dylan song, see John Wesley Hardin. ... The word rector (ruler, from the Latin regere) has a number of different meanings. ... Coningsby is a town in Lincolnshire, England. ... Dedication (Lat. ... Alexander Nowell (c. ... In religious terminology, a dean is a title accorded to persons holding cartain positions of authority within a religious heirarchy. ... St Pauls Cathedral from the south St Pauls Cathedral is a cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London, and the seat of the Bishop of London. ... Magdalen College School or MCS is a boys public (independent) day school located on the edge of central Oxford, England. ... College name Magdalen College Named after Mary Magdalene Established 1458 Sister College Magdalene College President Professor David Clary FRS JCR President Iain Anstess Undergraduates 395 Graduates 230 Homepage Boatclub Magdalen College (pronounced ) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. ... A fellow in the broadest sense is someone who is an equal or a comrade. ...

Foxe took his bachelor's degree on July 17, 1537 and his master's degree in July of 1543. He was lecturer of logic in 1539-40. He wrote several Latin plays on biblical subjects, of which the best, De Christo triumphante or Christus triumphans, an allegorical, Latin verse drama concerning the history of the church, was printed in London in 1551 and by Oporinus in Basel in March, 1556. It was performed at Cambridge and probably Oxford in the 1560s; it was translated into French in 1562 and English in 1579. The latter translation was produced by Richard Day, son of the printer, John Day or Daye, who published Foxe's Actes and Monuments. Foxe's earliest extant literary creation is Titus et Gesippus (w. 1544), a Latin comedy based on Boccaccio. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... A masters degree is an academic degree usually awarded for completion of a postgraduate or graduate course of one to three years in duration. ... Lecturer is the name given to university teachers in most of the English-speaking world (but not at most universities in the U.S. or Canada) who do not hold a professorship. ... Logic, from Classical Greek Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚ (logos), originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, (but coming to mean thought or reason) is most often said to be the study of criteria for the evaluation of arguments, although the exact definition of logic is a matter of controversy among philosophers. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... This page may be a user page mistakenly created as an article. ... Woodcut of John Day included in the 1563 and subsequent editions of Actes and Monuments. ... William Tyndale, just before being burnt at the stake, cries out Lord, ope the King of Englands eies in this woodcut from an early edition of Foxes Book of Martyrs. ... Giovanni Boccaccio (June 16, 1313 - December 21, 1375) was a Florentine author and poet, the greatest of Petrarchs disciples, an important Renaissance humanist in his own right and author of a number of notable works including On Famous Women, the Decameron and his poems in the vernacular. ...

Foxe resigned from his college in 1545, referring to it as a prison in a letter he wrote that year. At some point during his time at Oxford he had become an evangelical, meaning he subscribed to Protestant beliefs not sanctioned by the Church of England under Henry VIII. (Other evangelicals of future renown at Magdalen then were Henry Bull, Laurence Humphrey, Thomas Cooper, and Robert Crowley.) It was said that Foxe refused to conform to the rules for regular attendance at mass and other services. Foxe was also obliged to take holy orders by Michaelmas of 1545, after a year of obligatory regency (public lecturing), and as he dissented from the requirement of clerical celibacy--which he described in letters to friends as self-castration and circumcision (BL, Lansdowne MS 388, fols. 80v, 117r)--this is probably the primary reason for his resignation. The word evangelicalism usually refers to a tendency in diverse branches of conservative Christianity, typified by an emphasis on evangelism, a personal experience of conversion, biblically-oriented faith, and a belief in the relevance of Christian faith to cultural issues. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... Henry VIII (28 June 1491 â€“ 28 January 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) from 22 April 1509 until his death. ... College name Magdalen College Named after Mary Magdalene Established 1458 Sister College Magdalene College President Professor David Clary FRS JCR President Iain Anstess Undergraduates 395 Graduates 230 Homepage Boatclub Magdalen College (pronounced ) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. ... Millhouse Cottage, site of Henry Bulls mill Lieutenant Henry Bull ([1799â€“c. ... Thomas Cooper (or Couper) (c. ... Robert Crowley also Robertus Croleus, Roberto Croleo, Robart Crowleye, and Robarte Crole (c. ... A Medieval Low Mass by a bishop. ... Roman Catholic deacon candidates prostrate before the altar of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles during a 2004 diaconate ordination liturgy Holy Orders in the modern Roman Catholic Church and in the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, Assyrian, Old Catholic, and Independent Catholic Churches, includes... Michaelmas (pronounced ) or the Feast of Ss. ... Celibacy refers either to being unmarried or to sexual abstinence. ...

The customary statement that Foxe was expelled from his fellowship is based on the untrustworthy biography attributed to his son, Samuel Foxe, but there is evidence that Foxe was pressured out of the college in a general purge of its evangelical members. College records state that he resigned of his own accord and ex honesta causa, but there exists in Foxe's papers a draft of a letter to Owen Oglethorpe, president of Magdalen, in which Foxe protests against the charges of irreverence and of belonging to a new religion, which were brought against him by some of the college's masters who are not named by Foxe (BL, Lansdowne MS 388, fols. 53r–58r). Foxe says these masters were persecuting other fellows, including Thomas Cooper, later bishop of Lincoln and Winchester under Elizabeth, and Robert Crowley, a lifelong friend and associate of Foxe's who also left the college at this time. Foxe's letter is printed in Pratt's edition (vol. i. Appendix, pp. 58-61); see also J. F. Mozley's biography of Foxe. A fellow in the broadest sense is someone who is an equal or a comrade. ... Sir Thomas Malory wrote the most famous fictional biography of the Middle Ages with Le Morte dArthur about the life of King Arthur. ... Thomas Cooper (or Couper) (c. ... Robert Crowley also Robertus Croleus, Roberto Croleo, Robart Crowleye, and Robarte Crole (c. ...

Once determined to leave Oxford, Foxe looked to other evangelicals for help but received only advice and a little money. Hugh Latimer invited Foxe to live with him, but Foxe's best prospect was employment as tutor in the household of Thomas Lucy of Charlecote, near Stratford-on-Avon. Here Foxe married Agnes Randall on February 3, 1547. Shortly after marrying, Foxe left the Lucys. The reasons for his departure are not known. According to short remembrance written by Simeon Foxe in 1611 and appended to the 1641 Actes and Monuments, Foxe stayed with the Randalls in Coventry before returning to his parents' in Coningsby. Foxe's stay there was brief, perhaps because, as Simeon states, Foxe's step-father was Catholic and their relationship was difficult. On the other hand, a 1547 publication of Foxe's contains a dedication to his step-father, thanking him for his help. Hugh Latimer (d. ... Sir Thomas Lucy (April 24, 1532-July 7, 1600) was a magistrate and an evangelical in Charlecote near Stratford-on-Avon who, under Elizabeth I, persecuted recusant Catholic families in the area, including William Shakespeares maternal relatives, the Ardens and the famous Jesuit, Edmund Campion. ... Stratford-upon-Avon Stratford-upon-Avon is a town in Warwickshire, England. ... The Precinct in Coventry city centre. ...

Life in London under Edward VI

With the death of Henry VIII in January of 1547, the accession of the boy-king Edward VI and the formation of a Privy Council dominated by pro-reform Protestants, Foxe's prospects (and those of the evangelical cause generally) changed for the better. In the middle or latter part of the year, Foxe moved to London and probably lived in Stepney. Between 1547-48 he completed three translations of Protestant sermons which were published by Hugh Singleton. One sermon was by Martin Luther (ESTC 16983), another by Urbannus Regius--An Instruction of the Christian Faith (ESTC 120847). At some point during this time Foxe found a patron in Mary Fitzroy, Duchess of Richmond, who hired him as tutor to the orphan children of her brother, Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, a Catholic who had been executed for treason in January 1547. Surrey's his father, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk was then imprisoned in the Tower of London. The children were Thomas, who would become the fourth duke of Norfolk and a valuable friend of Foxe's); Jane, later countess of Westmorland; Henry, later earl of Northampton; and Charles, who would command the English fleet against the Spanish Armada. Foxe lived in the duchess' London household at Mountjoy House and later Reigate Castle. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 â€“ 28 January 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) from 22 April 1509 until his death. ... Accession (from Lat. ... Edward Tudor redirects here; for another (though unlikely) Edward Tudor, see a putative younger son of Henry VII of England, who, if existed, would be the uncle of this Edward Edward VI (12 October 1537 â€“ 6 July 1553) was King of England, King of France and King of Ireland from... Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. ... London is the capital city of England and of the United Kingdom, and is the most populous city in the European Union. ... Stepney is a place in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. ... Look up translate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A sermon is an oration by a prophet or member of the clergy. ... For images related to Martin Luther, his life and times, see also Images of Martin Luther. ... Generally, patronage is the act of supporting or favoring some person, group, or institution. ... Frances Teresa Stuart (1648-1702) was a prominent member of the Court of the Restoration and a mistress of Charles II. For her great beauty she was known as La Belle Stuart and served as the model for an idealised, female Britannia. ... // English secondary schools In English Secondary Schools the Form Tutor is similar to an American Home Room Teacher. ... Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1517 â€“ January 19, 1547) was an English aristocrat, and one of the founders of English Renaissance poetry. ... In law, treason is the crime of disloyalty to ones nation or state. ... Thomas Howard 3rd Duke of Norfolk Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk (1473â€“25 August 1554), was a prominent Tudor politician. ... For the film with this title, see Tower of London (1939 film). ... Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk (March 10, 1536 â€” 1572) and 1st Earl of Southampton, was entrusted by Queen Elizabeth I of England with public office despite his family history and his prior support for the Catholic cause, although he claimed to be a... Jane Howard, Countess of Westmoreland (1533/1537 - 1593), daughter of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and Frances de Vere. ... Henry Howard may refer to Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1517 - January 13, 1547), an English aristocrat, and one of the founders of English Renaissance poetry. ... The title of Marquess of Northampton was created in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1812 for the Earl of Northampton. ... Charles Howard was an entrepreneur and a successful automobile manufacturer. ... Combatants England Dutch Republic Spain Portugal Commanders Charles Howard Francis Drake Duke of Medina Sidonia Strength 34 warships 163 merchant vessels 22 galleons 108 merchant vessels Casualties 500 dead or wounded 600 dead, 397 captured 3 merchant ships sunk 1 merchant ship captured The Spanish Armada or Great/Grand Armada...

Foxe was ordained deacon by Nicholas Ridley on June 24, 1550. His circle of friends, associates, and supporters at this time included John Hooper, William Turner, John Rogers, William Cecil, and John Bale. Bale is thought to have had a strong material influence in Foxe's interest and work on a definitive English martyrology. From 1548-1551, Foxe wrote works of religious controversy, arguing with reformer George Joye on such topics as adultery, excommunication, and canon law. Nicholas Ridley (died October 16, 1555) was an English clergyman. ... John Hooper (died February 9, 1555) was an English churchman, Bishop of Gloucester and Worcester and a Marian martyr. ... William Turner (c. ... John Rogers (c. ... William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (13 September 1521–4 August 1598), was an English politician, the chief advisor of Queen Elizabeth I for most of her reign. ... John Bale (21 November 1495 - November, 1563) was an English churchman, historian and controversialist, Bishop of Ossory. ... A martyrology is a catalogue or list of martyrs, or, more exactly, of saints, arranged in the order of their anniversaries. ... Man and woman undergoing public exposure for adultery in Japan, around 1860 Adultery is generally defined as consensual sexual intercourse by a married person with someone other than his or her lawful spouse. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Canon law is the term used for the internal ecclesiastical law which governs various churches, most notably the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Churches and the Anglican Communion of churches. ...

Marian Exile

On the accession of Mary I in July 1553, Foxe was deprived of his tutorship by the children's' grandfather, the Duke of Norfolk, who was now released from prison. Foxe stayed in London, writing in January 1554 to a friend in the Dutch Stranger Church in London that he did not wish to leave and join the Marian exiles. But leave he soon did as the political climate worsened and Foxe felt personally threatened by bishop Stephen Gardiner. Foxe sailed with his then pregnant wife from Ipswich to Nieuwpoort, and then travelled to Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Frankfurt and Strasbourg, which he reached by July 1554. In Strasbourg at the Rihelius press Foxe occupied himself with a Latin history of the Christian persecutions, which he had begun at the suggestion of Lady Jane Grey. He had assistance from two clerics of widely differing opinions--from Edmund Grindal, who was later, as Archbishop of Canterbury, to maintain his Puritan convictions in opposition to Elizabeth; and from John Aylmer, afterwards one of the bitterest opponents of the Puritan party. Bale too is also thought to have been a critical assistant in the production of this book which dealt chiefly with figures deemed precursors to the Protestant Reformation: John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, Savonarola and Reginald Pecock. It was printed in Strasbourg by Wendelin Richelius with the title of Commentarii rerum in ecclesia gestarum in 1554. Mary Tudor is the name of both Mary I of England and her fathers sister, Mary Tudor (queen consort of France). ... A term for protestant churches established in foreign lands during the Reformation. ... During the reign of Mary I, John Strype says more than 800 English protestants fled to the continent (predominantly the Low Countries, Germany, Switzerland, and France) and joined with reformed churches there or formed their own congregations. ... Stephen Gardiner (c. ... Ipswich is the county town of Suffolk and the main settlement in the local government district of the borough of Ipswich in East Anglia, England on the estuary of the River Orwell. ... Nieuwpoort is the name of a Belgian municipality and a Dutch village: Nieuwpoort, Belgium Nieuwpoort (mun. ... Amsterdam Location Flag Country Netherlands Province North Holland Population 742,951(1 January 2005) Coordinates Website www. ... Rotterdam Location Flag Country The Netherlands Province South Holland Population 604,819 (2005) Coordinates 51Â° 55 N.; 4Â° 30 E. Website www. ... Skyline of Frankfurt at night is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany. ... City flag City coat of arms Coordinates : , Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) Administration DÃ©partement Bas-Rhin (67) RÃ©gion Alsace Mayor Fabienne Keller (UMP) (since 2001) Intercommunality Urban Community of Strasbourg City (commune) Characteristics Land Area 78. ... Lady Jane Grey (October 12, 1537 â€“ February 12, 1554), a great-granddaughter of Henry VII of England, was proclaimed Queen regnant of the Kingdom of England for nine days in 1553. ... Edmund Grindal (c. ... Arms of the see of Canterbury The Archbishop of Canterbury is the senior clergyman of the established Church of England and symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion. ... The Puritans were originally members of a group of English Protestants seeking purity â€” further reforms or even separation from the established church â€” during the Protestant Reformation. ... Elizabeth I (7 September 1533â€“24 March 1603) was Queen of England, Queen of France (in name only), and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. ... John Aylmer, Ã†lmer or Elmer (1521 - June 3, 1594) was an English divine, constitutionalist and a Greek scholar. ... The Puritans were originally members of a group of English Protestants seeking purity â€” further reforms or even separation from the established church â€” during the Protestant Reformation. ... John Wycliffe (also Wyclif, Wycliff, or Wickliffe) (c. ... Jan Hus (1369 Husinec, Southern Bohemia – July 6, 1415 Constance) was a religious thinker and reformer. ... Girolamo Savonarola by Fra Bartolomeo, ca 1498 Girolamo Savonarola (September 21, 1452–May 23, 1498), also translated as Jerome Savonarola or Hieronymous Savonarola, was a Dominican priest and, briefly, ruler of Florence, who was known for religious reformation and anti-Renaissance preaching and his book burning and destruction of art. ... Reginald Pecock (or Peacock) (c. ...

In the fall of 1554 Foxe removed to Frankfurt, where he lived with Anthony Gilby in the English colony of Protestant refugees. He found the group divided into two camps, one favoring a church polity and liturgy based on the Edwardian Book of Common Prayer and the other favoring the continental Reformed models typified by John Calvin's Genevan church. The latter group was led at that time by John Knox (Gilby was also a principal figure) and supported by Foxe; the former was then led by Richard Cox. Knox's faction used a revised 1552 prayerbook as a compromise gesture that failed to establish general support, and the others used the prayerbook without revision. Knox's side lost in 1555, and Knox himself was expelled. In the fall of 1555 Foxe and about twenty others also left. Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... 1979 ECUSABCP The Book of Common Prayer[1] is foundational prayer book of the Church of England and also the name for similar books used in other churches in the Anglican Communion. ... The Reformed churches are a group of Protestant denominations historically related by a similar Zwinglian or Calvinist system of doctrine but organizationally independent. ... John Calvin (July 10, 1509 â€“ May 27, 1564) was an important French Christian theologian during the Protestant Reformation and is the namesake of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism. ... John Knox (1505, 1513 or 1514 â€“ 1572) was a Scottish religious reformer who played the lead part in reforming the Church in Scotland in a Presbyterian manner. ... Richard Cox may refer to: Richard Threlkeld Cox, U.S. physicist Richard Cox, bishop of Ely in the early 16th century Richard Cox, Lord Chancellor of Ireland 1703-1707 Richard Cox, birth name of U.S. actor Dick Sargent Richard Ian Cox, British actor Richard Cox, British horticulturalist, created Cox...

Foxe then removed to Basel where he lived and worked with John Bale and Lawrence Humphrey. Peter Martyr, following a request from Grindal, put Foxe to work on a translation of Thomas Cranmer's second book on the Eucharist in the printing house of Johann Herbst (or Oporinus), where Foxe also labored as a proofreader. Foxe was also an assistant to Hieronymus Froben in the production of a Latin edition of St. John Chrysostom's works. In addition to printing his own apocalyptic comedy, Christus Triumphans (1556), Foxe made steady progress with his great martyrology, which was aided by the work of continental Protestant scholars such as Conrad Gesner, Alexander Ales (or Alesius), Heinrich Pantaleon, and Matthias Flacius. At this time Foxe's focus was on the history of persecutions against the Lutherans, but the burning in England of John Rogers turned his attention homeward. As he received reports from England of the religious persecutions there, Foxe issued from the press of Oporinus his pamphlet Ad inclytos ad praepotentes Angliae proceres ... supplicatio (1557), a plea for toleration addressed to the English nobility. Foxe also worked on a Latin translation of Cranmer's arguments against Stephen Gardiner in An Answer . . . unto a Crafty Cavillation, but it proved too controversial for any continental printer. Location within Switzerland Basel (British English traditionally: Basle and more recently Basel , German: Basel , French: BÃ¢le , Italian and Spanish: Basilea ) is Switzerlands third most populous city (166,563 inhabitants (2004); 690,000 inhabitants in the conurbation stretching across the immediate cantonal and national boundaries made Basel Switzerlands... John Bale (21 November 1495 - November, 1563) was an English churchman, historian and controversialist, Bishop of Ossory. ... Lawrence Humphrey (or Laurence Humfrey) (1527? - February 1, 1590), president of Magdalen College, Oxford, and dean successively of Gloucester and Winchester, was born at Newport Pagnel. ... The original Peter Martyr was a 13th century Dominican saint. ... An oil painting of Thomas Cranmer by Gerlach Flicke (1545) - National Portrait Gallery, London Thomas Cranmer (July 2, 1489 â€“ March 21, 1556) was the Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of the English kings Henry VIII and Edward VI. He is credited with writing and compiling the first two Books... The Eucharist or Communion or The Lords Supper, is the rite that Christians perform in fulfillment of Jesus instruction, recorded in the New Testament,[1] to do in memory of him what he did at his Last Supper. ... Hieronymus Froben (1501 - 1563) was a famous printer in Basel and the son of Johann Froben. ... John Chrysostom (347 - 407) was a notable Christian bishop and preacher from the 4th and 5th centuries in Syria and Constantinople. ... Conrad Gessner (Konrad Gessner, Conrad von Gesner, Conradus Gesnerus) (26 March 1516-13 December 1565) was a Swiss naturalist. ... Alexander Ales (Alesius) (April 23, 1500 _ March 17, 1565) was a Scottish theologian of the school of Augsburg. ... Alexander Ales (Alesius) (April 23, 1500 - March 17, 1565) was a Scottish theologian of the school of Augsburg. ... Matthias Flacius taught a strong view of what later theologians would call total depravity. ... John Rogers (c. ... Stephen Gardiner (c. ...

Perhaps headed by Grindal with an English version being worked on by other exiles (though it was never completed), Foxe's largest project during this time was a new and comprehensive Latin martyrology building on his earlier effort. Titled Rerum in ecclesia gestarum . . . commentarii, this project never incorporated all the material that was slated for inclusion, particularly European martyrs with the exception of Hus and John of Prague who were included, but it did constitute an important precursor to the Actes and Monuments. Printed by Oporinus and Nicholas Brylinger in 1559, it came to about 750 pages and ended with the early part of Mary's reign and the martyrdoms of Foxe's friends and allies John Rogers and John Hooper. Jan Hus (1369 Husinec, Southern Bohemia – July 6, 1415 Constance) was a religious thinker and reformer. ... John Hooper (died February 9, 1555) was an English churchman, Bishop of Gloucester and Worcester and a Marian martyr. ...

Return to England

In 1559, with Mary I dead the previous year and having completed his work in Basel, Foxe returned to England. He lived for some time at Aldgate, London, in the house of his former pupil, Thomas Howard, now Fourth Duke of Norfolk, who retained a sincere regard for his tutor and left him a small pension in his will years later when Norfolk was executed for treason. Foxe quickly became associated with John Day the printer and started publishing works of religious controversy while working on a new martyrology, which would become the Actes and Monuments. Aldgate was a gateway through London Wall to the City of London, located by the East End. ... Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk (March 10, 1536 â€” 1572) and 1st Earl of Southampton, was entrusted by Queen Elizabeth I of England with public office despite his family history and his prior support for the Catholic cause, although he claimed to be a... Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk holding the baton of the Earl Marshal. ... Woodcut of John Day included in the 1563 and subsequent editions of Actes and Monuments. ... William Tyndale, just before being burnt at the stake, cries out Lord, ope the King of Englands eies in this woodcut from an early edition of Foxes Book of Martyrs. ...

Foxe was ordained priest by Edmund Grindal, now Bishop of London, on January 25, 1560, and he moved to Norwich to live with its bishop, John Parkhurst, where he preached and engaged in research before returning to Norfolk's residence in London in the fall of 1562. On March 23 of the following year the first edition of Actes and Monuments was published. Edmund Grindal (c. ... Arms of the Bishop of London The Bishop of London is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of London in the Province of Canterbury. ... William Tyndale, just before being burnt at the stake, cries out Lord, ope the King of Englands eies in this woodcut from an early edition of Foxes Book of Martyrs. ...

Actes and Monuments (Foxe's Book of Martyrs)

Issued from the press of John Day, the first English edition of the Actes and Monuments was an unprecedented historical work in English, running to about 1800 folio pages. The full title is Actes and Monuments of these latter and perilous Dayes, touching matters of the Church, wherein are comprehended and described the great Persecution and horrible Troubles that have been wrought and practised by the Romishe Prelates, especiallye in this Realme of England and Scotland, from the yeare of our Lorde a thousande to the time now present. Gathered and collected according to the true Copies and Wrytinges certificatorie as well of the Parties themselves that Suffered, as also out of die Bishop's Registers, which were the Doers thereof, by John Foxe. It was and remains commonly known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs. Woodcut of John Day included in the 1563 and subsequent editions of Actes and Monuments. ... William Tyndale, just before being burnt at the stake, cries out Lord, ope the King of Englands eies in this woodcut from an early edition of Foxes Book of Martyrs. ...

Several gross errors which had appeared in the Latin version, and had been since exposed, were corrected in this edition. Its popularity was immense and signal. The Marian persecution was still fresh in men's minds, and the graphic narrative intensified in its numerous readers the fierce hatred of Spain and of the Inquisition which was one of the master passions of the reign. Nor was its influence transient. For generations the popular conception of Roman Catholicism was derived from its bitter pages. Mary Tudor is the name of both Mary I of England and her fathers sister, Mary Tudor (queen consort of France). ... Representation of an Auto de fe, (1475). ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...

Second edition The Actes and Monuments ' accuracy was immediately attacked by Catholic writers like Thomas Harding and Thomas Stapleton but most notably in the Dialogi sex, contra summi pontificatus, monasticae vitae, sanctorum, sacrarum imaginum oppugnatores, et pseudomartyres (1566). Nominally from the pen of a Catholic exile, Alan Cope, but in reality by Nicholas Harpsfield, former archdeacon of Canterbury under Mary I, Dialogi sex's sixth dialogue, which is also the longest, systematically attacks Foxe's work. Robert Parsons' Three Conversions of England (1570) also struck heavily at Foxe. We dont have an article called Thomas Harding Start this article Search for Thomas Harding in. ... Robert Parsons (sometimes spelled Persons) (born June 24, 1546, Nether Stowey, Somerset, England, died April 15, 1610, Rome) was a Jesuit priest of equal contemporary fame with Edmund Campion. ...

Thus it was success and criticism alike that induced Foxe to produce a second corrected edition, Ecclesiastical History, contayning the Actes and Monuments of things passed in every kynges tyme in 1570, a copy of which was ordered by Convocation to be placed in every collegiate church. In it Foxe responded to his critics by silently making corrections and loudly rebutting other arguments, such as thos surrounding the status of the Lollard Sir John Oldcastle. A Convocation is a group of people formally assembled for a special purpose. ... A collegiate church was a church served and administered by a body of canons or prebendaries, similar to a cathedral, although they were not the seat of a bishop. ... Lollardy or Lollardry was the political and religious movement of the Lollards in late 14th century and early 15th century England. ... Sir John Oldcastle is an Elizabethan play about John Oldcastle, a controversial 14th-15th century rebel and Lollard who was seen by some of Shakespeares contemporaries as a proto-Protestant martyr. ...

Accuracy Foxe based his accounts of the martyrs partly on authentic documents and reports of the trials, and on statements received direct from the friends of the sufferers, but he worked under the pressure of publishing schedules and was not laboring under modern notions of neutrality or objectivity as ideals in historiography, which are problematic in their own right. Anthony à Wood says that Foxe "believed and reported all that was told him, and there is every reason to suppose that he was purposely misled, and continually deceived by those whose interest it was to bring discredit on his work," but he admits that the book is a monument of his industry, his laborious research and his sincere piety. Many errors due to carelessness, time constraints, and the collaborative nature of the project have been exposed, and there is no doubt that Foxe, like many of his contemporaries, was ready to believe evil of the Catholic opposition, but he cannot always be exonerated from the charge of wilful falsification of evidence. It should, however, be remembered in his honor that Foxe's advocacy of religious toleration was far in advance of his day. Foxe pleaded for the despised Dutch Anabaptists, and remonstrated with John Knox on the rancor of his First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women. Anthony Wood or Anthony à Wood (December 17, 1632 - November 28, 1695) was an English antiquary. ... John Knox (1505, 1513 or 1514 â€“ 1572) was a Scottish religious reformer who played the lead part in reforming the Church in Scotland in a Presbyterian manner. ...

Life under Elizabeth I

On May 22, 1563, shortly after the first edition of Actes and Monuments was published, Foxe was appointed prebend of Shipton in Salisbury Cathedral, ostensibly in recognition of his achievement. Foxe never visited the cathedral and performed no duties associated with the position except to appoint a vicar, William Masters, a highly educated, fellow evangelical and former Marian exile. Foxe gave Masters the right to cut and sell trees on the vicarage; Masters did not exercise this right, however. Foxe's inaction as a canon of the cathedral led him to him being declared contumacious, and he was charged with failing to give a tithe for repairs to the cathedral. A prebendary is a post connected to a cathedral or collegiate church and is a type of canon. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Salisbury Cathedral in the early morning light. ... Time magazine, May 25, 1970 Gynecologist William Howell Masters (December 27, 1915 – February 16, 2001) and psychologist Virginia Eshelman Johnson (born February 11, 1925) pioneered research into human sexual behavior during the 1950s and 1960s. ... The Vicarage is the title usually given to the building inhabited, or formerly inhabited, by the Vicar of a parish. ... A canon (from the Latin canonicus and Greek ÎºÎ±Î½Ï‰Î½Î¹ÎºÏ‰Ïƒ relating to a rule) is a priest who is a member of certain bodies of the Christian clergy subject to a rule (canon). ... A tithe (from Old English teogotha tenth) is a one-tenth part of something, paid as a voluntary contribution or as a tax or levy, usually to support a Jewish or Christian religious organization. ...

By 1565 Foxe was caught up in the vestments controversy led at that time by his associate Crowley. Foxe's name was on a list of "godly preachers which have utterly forsaken Antichrist and all his Romish rags" (i.e., early Puritans) that was presented to Lord Robert Dudley some time between 1561 and 1564 (Magdalene College, Cambridge, Pepys Library, "Papers of state", 2.701). He was one of the twenty clergymen who on March 20, 1565 petitioned to be allowed to choose not to wear vestments, but unlike many of the others, Foxe did not have a London benefice to lose when Archbishop Parker enforced conformity. Rather, when Crowley lost his position at St Giles-without-Cripplegate, Foxe stepped in for him. A few years later (c. 1568) Foxe moved out of Norfolk's house to Grub St. in this parish, and his associate John Field (divine) became curate at the church. The vestments controversy arose in the English Reformation, ostensibly concerning vestments, but more fundamentally concerned with English Protestant identity, doctrine, and various church practices. ... Robert Crowley also Robertus Croleus, Roberto Croleo, Robart Crowleye, and Robarte Crole (c. ... Robert Dudley, by Nicholas Hilliard, 1576. ... Vestments are liturgical garments and articles associated primarily with the Christian religions, especially the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Anglican Churches. ... Originally a benefice was a gift of land for life as a reward (Latin beneficium, means to do well) for services rendered. ... Matthew Parker Matthew Parker (August 6, 1504 - May 17, 1575) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1559. ... Categories: British churches | London places of worship | Stub ... Victorian depiction of Grub Street, already re-named by the time of the engraving, but depicting buildings dating back to the time of Charles I Grub Street is the former name of the present day Milton Street, London, EC2. ... John Field (1545 - 1588) was a British Puritan clergyman and controversialist. ...

Foxe's move was probably motivated by his concerns about Norfolk's actions which led to his imprisonment in the Tower on October 8, 1569 and his condemnation to death on January 26, 1572 following the Ridolfi Plot. Foxe and Alexander Nowell ministered to Norfolk from this time until his execution, which Foxe attended, on June 2, 1572. The Ridolfi plot was a Roman Catholic plot of 1570 to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I of England and replace her with Mary I of Scotland. ... Alexander Nowell (c. ...

At Grindal's behest, though complaining of being burdened by his literary endeavors and liable to be hissed at by the audience, Foxe preached on 2 Cor. 5.20-21 at Paul's Cross on [Good Friday], March 24, 1570 in an exposition of the Protestant doctrine of redemption with an attack on the mass. The sermon was published that year as A Sermon of Christ crucified (STC 11242).

On February 2, 1577 Foxe preached at Paul's Cross and drew a complaint from the French Ambassador to the Queen that he had said that the French Protestants "had great cause to take arms against their king, for that he admitted their public enemy the Pope." When called to answer to the Bishop of London, Foxe said he had been responding to Osorius' assertion that French Protestants rejected lawful sovereignty.

Foxe was one of the earliest students of Anglo-Saxon, and he and Day published an edition of the Saxon gospels under the patronage of Archbishop Parker. The Anglo-Saxons refers collectively to the groups of Germanic tribes who achieved dominance in southern Britain from the mid-5th century, forming the basis for the modern English nation. ... Matthew Parker Matthew Parker (August 6, 1504 - May 17, 1575) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1559. ...

Foxe died on the 8th of April 1587 and was buried at St. Giles's, Cripplegate. Categories: British churches | London places of worship | Stub ...

Other publications and papers

A list of his Latin tracts and sermons is given by Wood, and others, some of which were never printed, appear in John Bale's Catalogus. Four editions of the Actes and Monuments appeared in Foxe's lifetime. The eighth edition (1641) contains a memoir of Foxe purporting to be by his son Samuel, the manuscript of which is in the British Museum (Lansdowne manuscript 388). Samuel Foxe's authorship is disputed, with much show of reason, by Dr S. R. Maitland in On the Memoirs of Foxe ascribed to his Son (1841). The best-known modern edition of the Martyrology is that (1837-1841) by the Rev. Stephen R. Cattley, with an introductory life by Canon George Townsend. The numerous inaccuracies of this life and the frequent errors of Foxe's narrative were exposed by S. R. Maitland in a series of tracts (1837-1842), collected (1841-1842) as Notes on the Contributions of the Rev. George Townsend, M.A. ... to the New Edition of Fox's Martyrology. (See The Maitland Controversy.) The criticism lavished on Cattley and Townsend's edition led to a new one (1846-1849) under the same editorship. A new text prepared by the Rev. Josiah Pratt was issued (1870) in the "Reformation Series" of the Church Historians of England, with a revised version of Townsend's Life and appendices giving copies of original documents. A later edition was produced by W. Grinton Berry (1907), but none of these satisfy contemporary scholarly needs and requirements for critical editions. Thus in recent times, (1990-) renewed interest in and scholarship on Foxe as a seminal figure in early modern studies created a demand for a new critical edition of the Actes and Monuments that is not based solely on one of Foxe's editions or an ahistorical hybrid of all or several. To that end, the Foxe's Book of Martyrs Variorum Edition was conceived and is partially complete, with a complete date of 2008. John Bale (21 November 1495 - November, 1563) was an English churchman, historian and controversialist, Bishop of Ossory. ... The centre of the museum was redeveloped in 2000 to become the Great Court, with a tessellated glass roof by Foster and Partners surrounding the original Reading Room. ...

Foxe's papers are preserved in the Harleian and Lansdowne collections in the British Museum. Extracts from these were edited by J.G. Nichols for the Camden Society (1859). See also W. Winters, Biographical Notes on John Foxe (1876); James Gairdner, History of the English Church in the Sixteenth Century. This article is about John Nichols, the English printer and author. ... The Camden Society, named after the early English historian William Camden, was founded in 1838 in London to print early historical and literary materials, both unpublished manuscripts and new editions of rare printed books. ... James Gairdner (March 22, 1828 - November 4, 1912), English historian, son of John Gairdner, M.D., was born in Edinburgh. ...

Contents

Education and Resignation from Oxford

Life in London under Edward VI

Marian Exile

Return to England

Actes and Monuments (Foxe's Book of Martyrs)

Life under Elizabeth I

Other publications and papers

See also

External links

Sources

References