John Garang, August 2004

John Garang de Mabior (June 23, 1945 – July 30, 2005) was the vice president of Sudan and former leader of the rebel Sudan People's Liberation Army. Image File history File links John Garang, August 2004 (reference page) (image source) image cropped; full photo includes Garang with Bill Frist File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... June 23 is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 191 days remaining. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... July 30 is the 211th day (212th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 154 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... SPLA/M emblem Sudan Peoples Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M) is a member of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), the main opposition group in Sudan. ...

Early years

A member of the Dinka ethnic group, Garang was born into a poor family in Wagkulei village, near Bor in the upper Nile region of Sudan. An orphan by the age of ten, he had his fees for school paid by a relative, going to schools in Wau and then Rumbek. In 1962 he joined the first Sudanese civil war, but because he was so young, the leaders encouraged him and others his age to seek an education. Because of the ongoing fighting, Garang was forced to attend his secondary education in Tanzania. After winning a scholarship, he went on to earn a B.A. in economics in 1969 from Grinnell College. He was known there for his bookishness. He was offered another scholarship to pursue graduate studies at the University of California, Berkeley, but chose to return to Tanzania and study East African agricultural economics as a Thomas J. Watson Fellow at the University of Dar es Salaam. As a member of the University Students' African Revolutionary Front, a student group at the university, he made the acquaintance of Yoweri Museveni, who would go on to become president of Uganda and a close ally. However, Garang soon decided to return to Sudan and join the rebels. The Dinka are a group of tribes of south Sudan, inhabiting the swamplands of the Bahr el Ghazal region of the Nile basin, Jonglei and parts of southern Kordufan and Upper Nile regions. ... Bor in real sense is a city in southern Sudan. ... There is also Nile, a death metal band from South Carolina, USA. The Nile in Egypt Length 6 695 km Elevation of the source 1 134 m Average discharge 2 830 m³/s Area watershed 3 400 000 km² Origin Africa Mouth the Mediterranean Basin countries Uganda - Sudan - Egypt The... Location of Wau within Sudan Wau (Arabic: واو Wāw; also Wow or Waw) is a town in southern Sudan on the western bank of the Jur River, and the capital of the West Bahr al Ghazal state. ... Rumbek is the capital of the state of Lakes (also known as Buhayrat) in southern Sudan. ... The First Sudanese Civil War was a conflict from 1955 to 1972 between the northern part of Sudan and a south that demanded more regional autonomy. ... Secondary education - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Bachelor of Arts (B.A., BA or A.B.), from the Latin Artium Baccalaureus is an undergraduate bachelors degree awarded for either a course or a program in the liberal arts or the sciences, or both. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For the Stargate SG-1 episode, see 1969 (Stargate SG-1). ... Grinnell College is a small liberal arts college in Grinnell, Iowa. ... Sather tower (the Campanile) looking out over the San Francisco Bay and Mount Tamalpais. ...  Eastern Africa (UN subregion)  East African Community  Central African Federation (defunct)  geographic, including above East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easternmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. ... Agricultural economics applies the principles of economics to the production of crops and livestock. ... The Thomas J. Watson Fellowship is a grant that enables graduating seniors to pursue a year of independent study outside the United States. ... The University of Dar es Salaam is a university in the Tanzanian city of Dar es Salaam. ... Former USARF members Yoweri Museveni (left) and John Garang (right) would go on to lead their countries. ... Yoweri Kaguta Museveni (born c. ...

The civil war ended with the Addis Ababa agreement of 1972 and Garang, like many rebels, was absorbed into the Sudanese military. For eleven years, he was a career soldier and rose from the rank of captain to colonel after taking the Infantry Officers' Advanced Course at Fort Benning, Georgia. During this period he took four years academic leave and received a master's degree in agricultural economics and a Ph.D. in economics at Iowa State University, after writing a thesis on the agricultural development of Southern Sudan. By 1983, Col. Garang was the head of the Staff College in Omdurman. The Addis Ababa Accords were a series of compromises in 1972, aimed at appeasing the non-muslim leaders of the insurgency in southern Sudan after the first Sudanese Civil War proved costly to the muslim Sudanese government. ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Captain is a nautical term, an organizational title, and a rank in various uniformed organizations. ... Colonel (IPA: or ) is a military rank of a commissioned officer, with the corresponding ranks existing in nearly every country in the world. ... Fort Benning is a United States Army base, located southwest of Columbus in Muscogee and Chattahoochee counties in Georgia and Russell County, Alabama It is part of the Columbus, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area. ... A masters degree is an academic degree usually awarded for completion of a postgraduate (or graduate) course of one to three years in duration. ... Agricultural economics applies the principles of economics to the production of crops and livestock. ... Doctor of Philosophy (from Greek , meaning Teacher of Philosophy), typically abbreviated Ph. ... Fountain of Four Seasons by Christian Petersen with the Campanile in the background Iowa State University (ISU) is a public land-grant and space-grant university located in Ames, Iowa. ... Look up thesis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Southern Sudan is a region of Sudan. ... Omdurman is in northern Sudan (upper center). ...

The rebel leader

In 1983, Garang went to Bor, obstensibly to mediate with about 500 southern government soldiers in battalion 105 who were resisting being rotated to posts in the north. However, Garang was already part of a conspiracy among some officers in the Southern Command arranging for the defection of battalion 105 to the anti-government rebels. When the government attacked Bor in May and the battalion pulled out, Garang went by an alternate route to join them in the rebel stronghold in Ethiopia. By the end of July, Garang had brought over 3000 rebel soldiers under his control through the newly-created Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M), which was opposed to military rule and Islamic dominance of the country, and encouraged other army garrisons to mutiny against the Islamic law imposed on the country by the government.^[1] This action marked the commonly agreed upon beginning of the Second Sudanese Civil War, which resulted in one and half million deaths over twenty years of conflict. Although Garang was Christian and most of southern Sudan is non-Muslim (mostly animist), he did not initially focus on the religious aspects of the war. 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... SPLA/M emblem Sudan Peoples Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M) is a member of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), the main opposition group in Sudan. ... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ... Sharia (Arabic: transliteration: ) is the body of Islamic law. ... Combatants Sudanese Government (North Sudan) Sudan Peoples Liberation Army Commanders Gaafar Nimeiry Sadiq al-Mahdi Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir John Garang Casualties Not Released 1. ... Christians believe that Jesus is the mediator of the New Covenant (see Hebrews 8:6). ... This article is in need of attention. ...

The SPLA gained the backing of Libya, Uganda and Ethiopia. Garang and his army controlled a large part of the southern regions of the country, named New Sudan. He claimed his troops' courage comes from "the conviction that we are fighting a just cause. That is something North Sudan and its people don't have." Critics suggested financial motivations to his rebellion, noting that much of Sudan's oil wealth lies in the south of the country. Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ...

Garang in a crowd of supporters

Garang refused to participate in the 1985 interim government or 1986 elections, remaining a rebel leader. However, the SPLA and government signed a peace agreement on 9th January 2005 in Nairobi, Kenya. On July 9, 2005, he was sworn in as vice-president, the second most powerful person in the country, following a ceremony in which he and President Omar al-Bashir signed a power-sharing constitution. He also became the administrative head of a southern Sudan with limited autonomy for the six years before a scheduled referendum of possible secession. No Christian or southerner had ever held such a high government post. Commenting after the ceremony, Garang stated, "I congratulate the Sudanese people, this is not my peace or the peace of al-Bashir, it is the peace of the Sudanese people." Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nairobi (pronounced ) is the capital city of Kenya. ... Field Marshal Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir (Arabic: عمر حسن احمد البشير ; born 1 January 1944) is a Sudanese military leader and politician. ...

The United States State Department argued that Garang's presence in the government would have helped solve the Darfur conflict in western Sudan, but others consider these claims " excessively optimistic". [1] The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. ... Combatants factions of the SLA Justice & Equality Movement Janjaweed  Sudan Minnawi-faction of the SLA Commanders SLA: SalaBob and Sulaiman Gamos JEM: Ibrahim Khalil Janjaweed: ? Sudan: Omar al-Bashir SLA: Minni Minnawi Casualties 300,000 civilians killed (est. ...

Death

In late July 2005, Garang died after the Ugandan presidential Mi-172 helicopter he was flying in crashed. He had been returning from a meeting in Rwakitura with long-time ally President Yoweri Museveni of Uganda. Sudanese state television initially reported that Garang's craft had landed safely, but Abdel Basset Sabdarat, the country's Information Minister, went on TV hours later to deny the report. Soon afterwards, a statement released by the office of Sudanese President Omar el-Bashir confirmed that a Ugandan presidential helicopter, crashed into "a mountain range in southern Sudan because of poor visibility and this resulted in the death of Dr. John Garang DeMabior, six of his colleagues and seven Ugandan crew members." [2] His body was flown to New Site, a southern Sudanese settlement near the scene of the crash, where former rebel fighters and civilian supporters have gathered to pay their respects to Garang. Garang's funeral took place on August 3 in Juba [3]. Mil Mi-17 The Mil Mi-17 (Also known as the Mi-8MT, NATO reporting name Hip-H) is a Russian helicopter currently in production at two factories in Kazan and Ulan-Ude. ... Rwakitura Rwakitura is the personal country home of the president of Uganda, Yoweri Kaguta Museveni. ... Yoweri Kaguta Museveni (born c. ... Field Marshal Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir (Arabic: عمر حسن احمد البشير ; born 1 January 1944) is President of Sudan. ... New Site is a village in South Sudan near the border with Kenya. ... August 3 is the 215th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (216th in leap years), with 150 days remaining. ... Juba in the state of Central Equatoria Juba is the capital of the state of Central Equatoria in southern Sudan. ...

Questions about death

Both the Sudanese government and the head of the SPLA blamed the weather for the accident. There are, however, doubts as to the truth of this, especially amongst the basis of the SPLA. Yoweri Museveni, the Ugandan president, claims that the possibility of "external factors" having played a role could not be eliminated. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Effect upon Peace

Considered instrumental in ending the civil war, the effect of Garang's death upon the peace deal is uncertain. The government declared three days of national mourning, which did not stop large scale rioting in Khartoum which killed at least 24 as youth from south Sudan attacked north Sudanese and clashed with security forces. After three days of violence, the death toll had risen to 84[4]. Unrest was also reported in other parts of the country. Leading members of the SPLM, including Garang's successor Salva Kiir Mayardit, stated that the peace process would continue. Analysts suggested that the death could result in anything from a new democratic openness in the SPLA, which some have criticized for being overly dominated by Garang, to an outbreak of open warfare between the various southern factions that Garang had brought together.Garang was actually killed by both Uganda's president and Sudanese government. pls mr kiir mayardit stop abusing non-dinka,discrimination and you are the one who kill our leader john garang. and stop looting our oil.you are mother fucker A civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight against each other for the control of political power. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Nickname: The Triangular City Khartoums location in Sudan Coordinates:  - Governor Abdul Halim al Mutafi Population (2005)  - Urban Over 1 Million For other uses, see Khartoum (disambiguation). ... Salva Kiir Mayardit is the president of autonomous Southern Sudan and the successor to the post of Vice President of Sudan, following the death of John Garang in a crash on 30 July 2005. ... Democracy (literally rule by the people, from the Greek demos, people, and kratos, rule[1]) is a form of government. ...

Partial Bibliography of His Publications:

Garang, John 1992 John Garang Speaks. M. Khalid, ed. London: Kegan Paul International.

Presidents of Southern Sudan
John Garang • Salva Kiir Mayardit

Southern Sudan has been an autonomous region of Sudan since a peace agreement was signed between the Government of Sudan and the rebel Sudan Peoples Liberation Army. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_SPLAM.svg The flag of the w:SPLAM File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): List of circulating currencies Wikipedia:Country referencing templates Southern Sudan User:Nightstallion/UN peacekeeping missions User:Nightstallion... Salva Kiir Mayardit is the president of autonomous Southern Sudan and the successor to the post of Vice President of Sudan, following the death of John Garang in a crash on 30 July 2005. ...

References

• Aufstand in der Dreistadt by Thomas Schimidinger in Jungle World Nr.32: August 10 2005; ISSN 1613-0766

Notes

External links

• NPR Weekend Edition: John Garang: A Conversation on Sudan
• Official website of the Sudan People's Liberation Army
• A State Department archive of information from before January 2001
• Sudan ex-rebel joins government, BBC, 9 July 2005
• Obituary, BBC
• Deadly riots erupt in Sudan after Garang death, Reuters, 1 August 2005
• The return of a Sudanese survivor, opinion piece in The Daily Star, Lebanon, 19 July 2005 - some info on early life
• Uganda Joins Sudan in Investigating Garang's Death, William Eagle, Voice of America, 9 August 2005