John Gibbon

John Gibbon (April 20, 1827 – February 6, 1896) was a career U.S. Army officer who fought in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (464x603, 132 KB) Library of Congress Civil War collection File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (464x603, 132 KB) Library of Congress Civil War collection File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... April 20 is the 110th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (111th in leap years). ... 1827 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1896 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces which has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... The American Civil War (1861 - 1865) was fought in North America within the United States of America – twenty-three mostly northern states of the Union – and the Confederate States of America, a coalition of eleven southern states that declared their independence and claimed the right of secession from the Union... The Indian Wars were a series of conflicts between the United States and Native American peoples (Indians) of North America. ...

Early Life

Gibbon was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, but was raised in North Carolina. He graduated from the U.S. Military Academy in 1847 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Artillery. He served in the Mexican War and as an artillery instructor at West Point, where he wrote The Artillerist's Manual in 1859. The manual was a highly scientific treatise on gunnery and was used by both sides in the Civil War. Independence Hall Philadelphia (sometimes referred to as Philly or the City of Brotherly Love) is the fifth most populous city in the United States and the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, both in area and population. ... State nickname: Tar Heel State Other U.S. States Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Governor Michael Easley (D) Senators Elizabeth Dole (R) Richard Burr (R) Official languages English Area 139,509 km² (28th)  - Land 126,256 km²  - Water 13,227 km² (9. ... Alternate meanings: West Point (disambiguation). ... 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Second Lieutenant is the lowest commissioned rank in many armed forces. ... The Mexican-American War was a war fought between the United States and Mexico between 1846 and 1848. ... Alternate meanings: West Point (disambiguation). ... 1859 is a common year starting on Saturday. ...

Civil War

When war broke out between the states, Gibbon was serving as a captain of the 4th U.S. Artillery and became chief of artillery to Major General Irvin McDowell. In 1862 he was appointed brigadier general of volunteers and commanded the brigade of westerners known as the "Black Hat Brigade" (due to their distinctive black Hardee caps that Gibbon selected for them). He led the brigade into action against the famous Confederate Stonewall Brigade at Brawner's Farm in the Second Battle of Bull Run. He was still in command of the brigade during their strong uphill charge at the Battle of South Mountain, where General Joseph Hooker exclaimed that the men "fought like iron". From then on the brigade was known as the "Iron Brigade". Gibbon led the brigade for the last time at the Battle of Antietam, where he was forced to take time away from brigade command to personally man an artillery piece in the bloody fighting at the Cornfield. Captain is both a nautical term and a military rank. ... Insignia of a United States Air Force Major General German Generalmajor Insignia Major General is a military rank used in many countries. ... General Irvin McDowell Irvin McDowell (October 15, 1818 – May 4, 1885) was an American military officer, famous for his participation in the American Civil War. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... A Brigadier General, or one-star general, is the lowest rank of general officer in the United States and some other countries, ranking just above Colonel and just below Major General. ... The Stonewall Brigade of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, was one of the most famous combat units in United States history. ... The Second Battle of Bull Run, also known as the Second Battle of Manassas, was fought August 30, 1862, as the major battle in the Northern Virginia Campaign of the American Civil War. ... Battle of South Mountain Conflict American Civil War Date September 14, 1862 Place Frederick County and Washington County Result Union victory The Battle of South Mountain was a battle of the American Civil War, considered by some to be prelude to the Battle of Antietam. ... This article is about Joseph Hooker, the U.S. Civil War Major General. ... The Iron Brigade was a unit in the Union Army during the American Civil War that was noted for its ability to withstand almost any fire, and its regiments combined took the highest casualty percentage of the war. ... The Battle of Antietam (known as the Battle of Sharpsburg in the South), fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, part of the Maryland Campaign, was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. ...

Gibbon was promoted to command the 2nd Division, I Corps at the Battle of Fredericksburg, where he was wounded. He recovered in time for the Battle of Chancellorsville, but his division was in reserve and saw little action. At the Battle of Gettysburg, he commanded the 2nd Division, II Corps and temporarily commanded the corps on July 1 and July 2, 1863, while Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock was elevated to command larger units. At the end of the council of war on the night of July 2, army commander George G. Meade took Gibbon aside and predicted, "If Lee attacks tomorrow, it will be on your front." And his division did bear the brunt of fighting during the defense against Pickett's Charge on July 3, when Gibbon was again wounded. While recovering from his wounds, he commanded a draft depot in Cleveland, Ohio. I Corps (First Corps) was the designation of four different corps_sized units in the Union Army during the American Civil War. ... The Battle of Fredericksburg, fought on December 13, 1862 between General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia and the Army of the Potomac commanded by Maj. ... The Battle of Chancellorsville was a major battle of the American Civil War in 1863. ... The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1–3, 1863), fought in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, as part of the Gettysburg Campaign, was the largest battle ever fought in North America, and is generally considered to be the turning point of the American Civil War. ... There were five corps in the Union Army designated as II Corps (Second Corps) during the American Civil War. ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... July 2 is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 182 days remaining. ... Portrait of Winfield S. Hancock during the Civil War Winfield Scott Hancock (February 14, 1824 - February 9, 1886) was born in Montgomery Square, Pennsylvania and named after the famous general Winfield Scott. ... George Gordon Meade (December 31, 1815 - November 6, 1872) was an American military officer during the American Civil War. ... Robert Edward Lee, as a U.S. Army Colonel before the war Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870) was a career army officer and the most successful general of the Confederate forces during the American Civil War. ... Picketts Charge was an infantry assault ordered by Confederate General Robert E. Lee on July 3, 1863, the last day of the Battle of Gettysburg. ... July 3 is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 181 days remaining. ... City nickname: The Forest City Location Location in Cuyahoga County, Ohio Government County Cuyahoga Mayor Jane Campbell Physical characteristics Area      Land      Water 213. ...

Gibbon was back in command of the 2nd Division at the battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, and Cold Harbor. During the Siege of Petersburg Gibbon became disheartened when his troops refused to fight at Ream's Station. He went on sick leave, but his service being too valuable, he returned to command the newly created XXIV Corps in the Army of the James. His troops helped achieve the decisive breakthrough at Petersburg, capturing Fort Gregg, part of the Confederate defenses. He led his troops during the Appomattox Campaign and blocked the Confederate escape route at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse. He was one of three commissioners for the Confederate surrender. This article is about the Battle of the Wilderness in the American Civil War. ... Battle of Spotsylvania Court House Conflict American Civil War Date May 8–21, 1864 Place Spotsylvania County Result Inconclusive (Grant continued his offensive) The Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, sometimes simply referred to as the Battle of Spotsylvania, was the second battle in Lieut. ... The Battle of Cold Harbor, the final battle of Union Lieut. ... The Siege of Petersburg (June 15, 1864 – April 2, 1865) was a ten-month long siege of Petersburg, Virginia, during the American Civil War. ... Battle of Reams Station Conflict American Civil War Date August 25, 1864 Place Dinwiddie County, Virginia Result Confederate victory The second Battle of Reams Station was fought in the American Civil War on August 25, 1864, in Dinwiddie County, Virginia. ... XXIV Corps was a corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War. ... The Army of the James was a Union Army that was composed of unites from the Department of Virginia and North Carolina and served along the James River during the last opperations of the Civil War in Virginia. ... The Siege of Petersburg (June 15, 1864 – April 2, 1865) was a ten-month long siege of Petersburg, Virginia, during the American Civil War. ... For other meanings of confederate and confederacy, see confederacy (disambiguation) National Motto Deo Vindice (Latin: Under God our Vindicator) Official language English de facto nationwide Various European and Native American languages regionally Capital Montgomery, Alabama February 4, 1861–May 29, 1861 Richmond, Virginia May 29, 1861–April 9, 1865 Largest... Eastern Theater operations in 1865 The Appomattox Campaign (March 29 – April 9, 1865) was a series of battles fought in Virginia that culminated in the surrender of Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia and the effective end of the American Civil War. ... The Battle of Appomattox Courthouse was the final engagement of Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia before surrendering to Ulysses S. Grant. ... For other meanings of confederate and confederacy, see confederacy (disambiguation) National Motto Deo Vindice (Latin: Under God our Vindicator) Official language English de facto nationwide Various European and Native American languages regionally Capital Montgomery, Alabama February 4, 1861–May 29, 1861 Richmond, Virginia May 29, 1861–April 9, 1865 Largest...

Indian Wars

Gibbon stayed in the army after the war. He reverted to the Regular Army rank of colonel and was in command of the infantry at Fort Ellis, Montana Territory, during the campaign against the Sioux in 1876. Gibbon, General George Crook, and Lt. Col. George A. Custer were to make a coordinated campaign against the Sioux and Cheyenne, but Crook was driven back at the Battle of the Rosebud, and Gibbon was not close by when Custer attacked a very large village on the banks of the Little Bighorn River. The Battle of the Little Bighorn resulted in the deaths of Custer and some 261 of his men. Gibbon's approach on June 26 probably saved the lives of the several hundred men who were still under siege. Gibbon arrived the next day, and helped to bury the dead and evacuate the wounded. The Regular Army is the name given to the permanent force of the United States Army that is maintained during peacetime. ... Colonel (Spanish: Coronel; German: Oberst; Russian:Полко́вник/Polkovnik) is both a military rank and civilian title, used by nearly every country in the world. ... The Montana Territory was an organized territory of the United States that existed between 1864 and 1889. ... Alternative meaning: Lakota, Côte dIvoire is a département of Côte dIvoire. ... 1876 is a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Portrait of George Crook George Crook (September 8, 1828 – March 21, 1890) was a career U.S. Army officer, most noted for his distinguished service during the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. ... George Armstrong Custer George Armstrong Custer (December 5, 1839 - June 25, 1876) was an American cavalry commander in the Civil War and the Indian Wars who is best remembered for his defeat and death at the Battle of the Little Bighorn against a coalition of Native American tribes, led by... Alternative meaning: Lakota, Côte dIvoire is a département of Côte dIvoire. ... Cheyenne lodges with buffalo meat drying, 1870 The Cheyenne are a Native American nation of the Great Plains, closely allied with the Arapaho and loosely allied with the Lakota (Sioux). ... The Battle of the Rosebud (also known the Battle of the Rosebud Creek) occurred June 17, 1876, in the Montana Territory between the United States Army and a force of Lakota Amerind Native Americans during the Black Hills War. ... The Little Bighorn River The Little Bighorn River is a tributary of the Bighorn River in the United States in the states of Wyoming and Montana. ... The Battle of The Little Bighorn was an armed engagement between a Lakota-Northern Cheyenne combined force and the 7th cavalry of the United States Army. ... June 26 is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 188 days remaining. ...

Gibbon was still in command in Montana the following year when he intercepted a telegraph from Oliver O. Howard to cut off the Nez Percé, who were camped along the Big Hole River in western Montana. At the Battle of the Big Hole Gibbon's forces inflicted heavy losses, but became pinned down under Indian sniper fire. Gibbon held off the warriors until General Howard's forces arrived late on the second day of battle and drove them off. Gibbon was promoted to brigadier general in the regular army in 1885 and took command of the Army of the Pacific Northwest. He placed Seattle, Washington, under martial law during the anti-Chinese riots of 1886. The western one-third of the state is primarily mountainous terrain, while the eastern two-third is part of the northern Great Plains. ... Portrait of Oliver O. Howard by Mathew Brady, ca. ... Nez Perce warrior on horse, 1910 The Nez Perce or Nez Percé (pronounced , or as in French) are a tribe of Native Americans who inhabited the Pacific Northwest region of North America and adjoining regions at the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. ... The Big Hole River The Big Hole River is a tributary of the Jefferson River, approximately 142 mi (229 km) long, in southwestern Montana in the United States. ... The western one-third of the state is primarily mountainous terrain, while the eastern two-third is part of the northern Great Plains. ... Battle of the Big Hole Conflict Nez Percé War Date 9 August 1877 Place Beaverhead County, Montana Result slight U.S. victory The Battle of the Big Hole was a costly battle between the Nez Percé and United States army during the Nez Percé War of 1877. ... A Brigadier General, or one-star general, is the lowest rank of general officer in the United States and some other countries, ranking just above Colonel and just below Major General. ... 1885 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Downtown Seattle skyline City nickname: The Emerald City Location Location of Seattle in King County and Washington Government County King Mayor Greg Nickels NP/Democrat ¹ Physical characteristics Area      Land      Water 369. ... Martial Law is the system of rules that takes effect (usually after a formal declaration) when a military authority takes control of the normal administration of justice. ... 1886 is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ...

John Gibbon died in Baltimore, Maryland, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. In addition to his famous and influential Artillerist's Manual of 1859, he is the author of Personal Recollections of the Civil War (published posthumously in 1928) and Adventures on the Western Frontier (also posthumous, 1994). Baltimore skyline at night Motto: BELIEVE (formerly The City That Reads) Nickname: Charm City Mob Town Location in Maryland Founded  -Incorporated 30 July 1729 1797  County Independent city Mayor Martin J. OMalley (Dem) Area  - Total  - Water 349. ... Arlington Cemetery Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia, is an American military cemetery established during the American Civil War on the grounds of Robert E. Lees home. ... 1859 is a common year starting on Saturday. ... 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ...

References

• Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J.: Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3
• Tagg, Larry: The Generals of Gettysburg, Savas Publishing, 1998, ISBN 1-882810-30-9