John Gould

John Gould (14 September 1804 – 3 February 1881) was an English ornithologist. The Gould League in Australia was named after him. His identification of Charles Darwin's finches was pivotal in the development of the theory of The Origin of Species. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... September 14 is the 257th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (258th in leap years). ... 1804 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... February 3 is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London (de facto) Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification    - by Athelstan AD 927  Area    - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK)   50,346 sq mi  Population    - 2006 est. ... Ornithology (from the Greek ornitha = chicken and logos = word/science) is the branch of biology concerned with the scientific study of birds. ... The Gould League is an independent Australian organisation promoting environmental education, originally founded in 1908 and named after the English ornithologist John Gould. ... For other people of the same surname, and places and things named after Charles Darwin, see Darwin. ... Genera Many, see text Finches are passerine birds, often seed-eating, found chiefly in the northern hemisphere and Africa. ... British naturalist Charles Darwins book, The Origin of Species, is one of the pivotal works in scientific literature and arguably the pre-eminent work in biology. ...

Gould was born in Lyme Regis, Dorset, the son of a gardener. Shortly afterwards his father obtained a position on an estate near Guildford, Surrey, and then in 1818 became foreman in the Royal Gardens of Windsor. The young Gould started training as a gardener, and it was here that he became an expert in the art of taxidermy. In 1824 he set himself up in business in London as a taxidermist, and his skill led to him becoming the first Curator and Preserver at the museum of the Zoological Society of London in 1827. Location within the British Isles The Cobb, with boats grounded in the harbour at low tide. ... Dorset (pronounced DOR-sit or [dɔ.sət], and sometimes in the past called Dorsetshire) is a county in the south-west of England, on the English Channel coast. ... Not to be confused with Guilford. ... Not to be confused with Surry. ... 1818 (MDCCCXVIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... A taxidermied snow leopard. ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The Zoological Society of London (sometimes known by the abbreviation ZSL) is a learned society founded in April 1826 by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Lord Auckland, Sir Humphry Davy, Joseph Sabine, Nicholas Aylward Vigors and other eminent naturalists. ... Naval Battle of Navarino by Carneray 1827 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

Gould's position brought him into contact with the country's leading naturalists, and also meant that he was often the first to see new collections of birds given to the Society. In 1830 a collection of birds arrived from the Himalayas, many not previously described. Gould published these birds in A Century of Birds from the Himalayas (1830–1832). The text was by Nicholas Aylward Vigors and the illustrations were lithographed by Gould's wife Elizabeth. This work was followed by four more in the next seven years, with the text written by Gould himself, edited by his clerk Edwin Prince. Some of the illustrations were made by Edward Lear as part of his Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae in 1832. Lear however was in financial difficulty and he sold the entire set of lithographs to John Gould. Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Perspective view of the Himalayas and Mount Everest as seen from space looking south-south-east from over the Tibetan Plateau. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Nicholas Aylward Vigors (1785 – October 26, 1840) was an Irish zoologist and politician. ... Lithography is a method for printing on a smooth surface, as well as a method of manufacturing semiconductor and MEMS devices. ... Elizabeth Gould holding Nymphicus hollandicus. ... Edward Lear, 1812-1888 Eagle Owl, Edward Lear, 1837 Another Edward Lear owl, in his more familiar style Edward Lear (12 May 1812 – 29 January 1888) was an artist, illustrator and writer known for his nonsensical poetry and his limericks, a form which he popularised. ...

When Charles Darwin presented his mammal and bird specimens collected during the Voyage of the Beagle to the Geological Society of London at their meeting on 4 January 1837, the bird specimens were given to Gould for identification. He set aside his paying work and at the next meeting on 10 January reported that birds from the Galápagos Islands which Darwin had thought were blackbirds, "gross-bills" and finches were in fact "a series of ground Finches which are so peculiar" as to form "an entirely new group, containing 12 species." This story made the newspapers. In March Darwin met Gould again, learning that his Galápagos "wren" was another species of finch and the mockingbirds he had labelled by island were separate species rather than just varieties, with relatives on the South American mainland. Subsequently Gould advised that the smaller southern Rhea specimen that been had rescued from a Christmas dinner was a separate species which he named Rhea darwinii, whose territory overlapped with the northern rheas. Darwin had not bothered to label his finches by island, but others on the expedition had taken more care. He now sought specimens collected by captain Robert FitzRoy and crewmen. From them he was able to establish that the species were unique to islands, an important step on the development of his theory of evolution. Gould's work on the birds was published between 1838 and 1842 in five numbers as Part 3 of Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, edited by Charles Darwin. For other people of the same surname, and places and things named after Charles Darwin, see Darwin. ... A watercolor by the HMS Beagles draughtsman, Conrad Martens. ... The Geological Society of London is a learned society based in England with the aim of investigating the mineral structure of the Earth. It is the oldest national geological society in the world and the largest in Europe with over 9000 Fellows entitled to the postnominal FGS - over 2000 of... January 4 is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... January 10 is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Orthographic projection centred over the Galápagos The Galápagos Islands (Spanish names: Archipiélago de Colón or Islas Galápagos, from galápago, saddle- after the shells of saddlebacked Galápagos tortoises) are an archipelago made up of 13 main volcanic islands, 6 smaller islands, and 107 rocks... Genera Many, see text Finches are passerine birds, often seed-eating, found chiefly in the northern hemisphere and Africa. ... Genera Melanotis Mimodes Mimus Nesomimus Mockingbirds are a group of New World passerine birds best known for the habit of some species mimicking the songs of other birds, often loudly and in rapid succession. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Species R. americana R. pennata The Rhea, also known as ñandú (pronounced ) in Spanish, or ema in Portuguese, is a large flightless ratite bird native to South America. ... Vice-Admiral Robert FitzRoy (5 July 1805 – 30 April 1865) achieved lasting fame as the captain of HMS Beagle and as a pioneering meteorologist who made accurate weather forecasting a reality, also proving an able surveyor and hydrographer as well as Governor-General of New Zealand. ... This article is about biological evolution. ... The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle Under the Command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N., during the Years 1832 to 1836 is a 5-part book published unbound in nineteen numbers as they were ready, between February 1838 and October 1843. ...

In 1838 the Goulds sailed to Australia intending to study the birds of that country and be the first to produce a major work on the subject. They took with them the collector John Gilbert. They arrived in Tasmania in September, making the acquaintance of the governor Sir John Franklin and his wife. Gould and Gilbert collected on the island. In February 1839 Gould sailed to Sydney, leaving his pregnant wife with the Franklins. He travelled to his brother-in-law's station at Yarrundi, spending his time searching for bowerbirds in the Liverpool Range. In April he returned to Tasmania for the birth of his son. In May he sailed to Adelaide to meet Charles Sturt, who was preparing to lead an expedition to the Murray River. Gould collected in the Mount Lofty range and the Murray Scrubs, returning again to Hobart in July. He then travelled with his wife to Yarrundi. They returned home to England in May 1840. | Jöns Jakob Berzelius, discoverer of protein 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... John Gilbert (1812 - June 28, 1845) was an English naturalist and explorer. ... Capital Hobart Government Const. ... For the American historian, see John Hope Franklin. ... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Sydney Opera House on Sydney Harbour Sydney (pronounced ) is the most populous city in Australia, with a metropolitan area population of over 4. ... Genera Ailuroedus Archboldia Amblyornis Prionodura Sericulus Ptilonorhynchus Chlamydera The 19 bowerbirds and catbirds make up the family Ptilonorhynchidae. ... The Liverpool Range is a minor mountain range in New South Wales, Australia. ... Adelaide is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of South Australia, and is the fifth largest city in Australia, with a population of over 1. ... Charles Sturt c. ... The Murray River, or River Murray, is Australias second-longest river in its own right (the longest being its tributary the Darling). ... Mount Lofty Summit Looking towards Mount Lofty Summit, with Mount Lofty Hotel in the foreground and Gulf St. ... Hobart is the state capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania. ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Platypus: illustration from John Gould's The mammals of Australia (1845-1863).

The result of the trip was The Birds of Australia (1840–1848) - see selected digitised images from the published work. It included a total of 600 plates in seven volumes, 328 of which were new to science and named by Gould. He also published A Monograph of the Macropodidae, or Family of Kangaroos (1841–1842) and The Mammals of Australia (1849–1861) - see selected digitised images from the published work. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Binomial name Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Shaw, 1799) Platypus range (indicated by darker shading)[3] The Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is a semi-aquatic mammal endemic to eastern Australia and Tasmania. ... The Emu from The Birds of Australia. ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Year 1848 (MDCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar) // January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies and is succeeded by...

See also: Digitised album held by the National Library of Australia

After his wife's death in 1841 Gould's books used illustrations by a number of artists, including Henry Constantine Richter and Joseph Wolf. 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Henry Constantine Richter (1821 - 1902) was a zoological illustrator. ... Joseph Wolf (January 22, 1820 - April 20, 1899) was a German artist. ...

Throughout his professional life Gould had a strong interest in hummingbirds. He accumulated a collection of 320 species, which he exhibited at the Great Exhibition of 1851. Despite his interest Gould had never seen a live hummingbird. In May 1857 he travelled to the United States with his second son Charles. He arrived in New York too early in the season to see hummingbirds in that city, but on 21 May in Bartram's Gardens in Philadelphia he finally saw his first live bird, a Ruby-throated Hummingbird. He then continued to Washington D.C. where he saw large numbers in the gardens of the Capitol. Gould attempted to return to England with live specimens, but not being aware of the conditions necessary to keep them they only lived for two months at most. Gould published his Monograph of Trochilidae in 1861. Subfamilies Phaethornithinae Trochilinae For a list of species, see: Alphabetic species list Taxonomic species list Hummingbirds are small birds in the family Trochilidae. ... The Great Exhibition: Paxtons Crystal Palace enclosed full-grown trees in Hyde Park. ... 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... NY redirects here. ... May 21 is the 141st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (142nd in leap years). ... This article is becoming very long. ... Binomial name Archilochus colubris (Linnaeus, 1758) The Ruby-throated Hummingbird, Archilochus colubris, is a small hummingbird. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... 1861 (MDCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar) // January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies and is succeeded by...

The Gould League, founded in Australia in 1909, was named after him. This organisation gave many Australians their first introduction to birds, along with more general environmental and ecological education. One of its major sponsors was the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union, also known as Birds Australia. The Gould League is an independent Australian organisation promoting environmental education, originally founded in 1908 and named after the English ornithologist John Gould. ... Year 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Australia The Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union was founded in 1901 to promote the study and conservation of the native bird species of Australia, making it the oldest national birding association of that country. ...

His son Charles Gould was notable as geological surveyor.

References

• The Ruling Passion of John Gould by Isabella Tree ISBN 0-7126-2158-X
• Darwin, Adrian Desmond and James Moore, Michael Joseph, the Penguin Group, London 1991 ISBN 0-7181-3430-3
• The Birds of Australia: in seven volumes by John Gould - all volumes fully digitised
• The Bird Man - The Extraordinary Story of John Gould - Isabella Tree, 1991. ISBN 0-09-189579-0
• Portraits of the Honorary Members of the Ipswich Museum (Portfolio of 60 lithographs by T.H. Maguire) (Publisher: George Ransome, Ipswich, 1846-1852).

1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• John Gould Inc. - Exhibition at the Australian Museum
• Research Library – John Gould and the bird illustrators
• The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online: The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle – bibliography by Freeman, R. B. (1977) and links to online texts and images of each of the nineteen numbers.
• John Gould's place in Australian culture, Ockham's Razor
• Patterns of Nature: The Art of John Gould at the National Library of Australia

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John Gould