John J. McCloy

John Jay McCloy (March 31, 1895, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – March 11, 1989, Stamford, Connecticut) was lawyer and banker who later became a United States presidential advisor. He was known for his opposition to the World War II atom bombing of Japan. Image File history File links John_j_mccloy. ... Image File history File links John_j_mccloy. ... March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (91st in Leap years), with 275 days remaining. ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Brotherly Love, Philly, the Quaker City Motto: Philadelphia maneto (Let brotherly love continue) Location Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates , Government Country  State   County United States  Pennsylvania   Philadelphia Founded Incorporated October 27, 1682 October 25, 1701 Mayor John F. Street (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 369. ... March 11 is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (71st in Leap year). ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nickname: The City that Works Location Location in Connecticut Coordinates , Government Counties Fairfield County Mayor Dannel Malloy (Dem) Geographical characteristics Area     City 52. ... British barrister 16th century painting of a civil law notary, by Flemish painter Quentin Massys. ... For other uses, see Bank (disambiguation). ... Combatants Allies: Soviet Union United Kingdom United States and others Axis Powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Franklin Roosevelt Joseph Stalin Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total dead: 50,000,000 Military dead: 8,000...

McCloy graduated from Amherst College in 1919, and then received an LL.B. from Harvard Law School in 1921. He was a legal counselor to I. G. Farben, and was the Assistant Secretary of War from 1941 to 1945, during which he was noted for opposing the nuclear bombing of Japan[1]. Amherst College is an independent liberal arts college in Amherst, Massachusetts, USA. It is the third oldest college in Massachusetts. ... Harvard Law School (HLS) is one of the professional graduate schools of Harvard University. ... 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... IG Farben (short for Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG) was a German conglomerate of companies formed in 1925 and even earlier during World War I. IG Farben held nearly a total monopoly on the chemical production, later during the time of Nazi Germany. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film) 1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1941 calendar). ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...

During World War II, as Assistant Secretary of War, John J. McCloy was a crucial voice in setting U.S. military priorities. The War Department was petitioned throughout late 1944 to help save Nazi prisoners by ordering the bombing of the railroad lines leading to Auschwitz and the gas chambers in the camp. McCloy responded that only heavy bombers would be able to reach the sites from England, and that those bombers would be too vulnerable and were needed elsewhere. However, only a few months earlier, Allies forces had bombed industrial centers just a few kilometers away from the extermination camp-and would continue to do so- apparently even causing some damage to buildings in Auschwitz,while sustaining very low losses ( reported in Martin Gilbert and Stuart Erdheim). On another occasion McCloy claimed that the final decision on the selection of bombing targets--including those attacked by American planes--lay with the British alone, which we know to have been a lie (Gilbert). In an interview two years before his death with Michael Beschloss two years before his death McCloy claimed that the decision not to bomb Auschwitz was President Roosevelt's and that he was merely fronting for him.^{[citation needed]} This appears plausible given Roosevelt's generally apathetic response to the Holocaust but is otherwise unsupported. The Secretary of War was a member of the Presidents Cabinet, beginning with George Washingtons administration. ... War Department may refer to the military establishments of several different countries: British War Department Confederate War Department United States Department of War, under the leadership of the United States Secretary of War (until 1947) See also: defense minister This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... National Socialism redirects here. ... Auschwitz, in English, commonly refers to the Auschwitz concentration camp complex built near the town of Oświęcim, by Nazi Germany during World War II. Rarely, it may refer to the Polish town of Oświęcim (called by the Germans Auschwitz) itself. ... Gas chamber at San Quentin State Prison A gas chamber is a means of execution whereby a poisonous gas is introduced into a hermetically sealed chamber. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification    - by Athelstan 927  Area    - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK)   50,346 sq mi   - Water (%) Population... In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to achieve some common purpose. ...

From March 1947 to June 1949 he was the president of the World Bank. In 1949 he replaced Lucius D. Clay who was the Military Governor for the U.S.Zone in Germany as the U.S. High Commissioner for Germany and held this position until 1952, during which time he oversaw Germany's return to statehood. At his direction a campaign of wholesale pardoning and commutation of sentences of nazi criminals took place. some of whose loathsome beneficiaries were so heinous that they were retried and convicted in the independent west germany. His successor as High Commissioner was James B. Conant; the office was terminated in 1955. 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... Logo of the World Bank The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, in Romance languages: BIRD), better known as the World Bank, is an international organization whose original mission was to finance the reconstruction of nations devastated by WWII. Now, its mission has expanded to fight poverty by means... Lucius Dubignon Clay (April 23, 1897 - April 16, 1978) was an American general. ... The Allied High Commission (in German Alliierte Hohe Kommission, AHK) was established by Great Britain, France, and the United States of America after the 1948 breakdown of the Allied Control Council to regulate and supervise the development of the newly established Federal Republic of Germany. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... James Bryant Conant (March 26, 1893 - February 11, 1978) was a chemist, educational administrator, and public servant. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Following this, he served as chairman of the Chase Manhattan Bank from 1953 to 1960, and as chairman of the Ford Foundation from 1958 to 1965; he later served as advisor to John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan. He served on the Warren Commission, and was the primary negotiator on the U.S. president's Disarmament Committee. A name partner in the law firm Milbank Tweed Hadley & McCloy, he was sometimes called "Head of the Establishment" or its "Chairman." The Chase Manhattan Bank was formed by the merger of the Chase National Bank and the Bank of the Manhattan Company in 1955. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1953 calendar). ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... The Ford Foundation is a charitable foundation based in New York City created to fund programs that promote democracy, reduce poverty and promote international understanding (see mission statement). ... 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to as John F. Kennedy, JFK or Jack Kennedy, was the 35th President of the United States. ... Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908–January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was an American politician. ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. ... For other uses, see Ronald Reagan (disambiguation). ... Warren Commission report cover page The Presidents Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as The Warren Commission, was established on November 29, 1963 by Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the assassination of the U.S. President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. ...

Further reading

• The Chairman: John J. McCloy - The Making of the American Establishment, Kai Bird, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.

additional sources

 Martin Gilbert - Auschwitz And The Allies. Stuart Erdheim - "Could The Allies Have Bombed Auschwitz-Birkenau?" - Holocaust and Genocide Studies (fall 97) pp 129-170. 

External links

• Biography of John McCloy (website)
• Foreign Affairs article on John McCloy
• John J. McCloy, a biography on Nuclearfiles.org
• The Nazi Connection to the John F. Kennedy Assassination by Mae Brussell
• "The Splendid Reconciliation"
• A letter to John W. Pehle
• Could The Allies Have Bombed Auschwitz-Birkenau?

Mae Brussell (1922, Beverly Hills, California – 1988 October 3, Carmel, California) was a conspiracy theorist and radio personality. ... Eugene Isaac Meyer (October 31, 1875 – July 17, 1959) was an American financier, public official, publisher of the Washington Post newspaper, and the father of Katharine Graham. ... Logo of the World Bank The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, in Romance languages: BIRD), better known as the World Bank, is an international organization whose original mission was to finance the reconstruction of nations devastated by WWII. Now, its mission has expanded to fight poverty by means... This page is about Eugene R. Black, the banker. ...