NationMaster - Encyclopedia: John Money

John William Money, Ph.D. (8 July 1921–7 July 2006) was a psychologist and sexologist well-known for his specialized research in sexual identity. Money created several influential concepts and terms during his career, including gender identity, gender role, gender-identity/role, and lovemap. For his groundbreaking work he was awarded in 2002 the Magnus Hirschfeld Medal for sexual science. July 8 is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 176 days remaining. ... 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 177 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Psychology is an academic and applied field involving the study of the human mind, brain, and behavior. ... Sexology is the systematic study of human sexuality. ... Sexual identity is the sex with which a person identifies, or is identified. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A bagpiper in Scottish military clan-uniform. ... The term Gender-Identity/Role has been coined by the Dr. John Money, Emeritus Professor of Medical Psychology and behavioral sciences and of Pediatrics at The Johns Hopkins Hospital and School of Medicine. ... A lovemap is a concept originated by John Money to assist a discussion of why people like what they like sexuoerotically. ... The Magnus Hirschfeld Medal is awarded by the German Society for Social-Scientific Sex Research for outstanding service to sexual science. ...

Money was a professor of pediatrics and medical psychology at Johns Hopkins University from 1951 until his death. While there Money was involved with the Sexual Behaviours Unit, which ran a sex reassignment surgery (the program was closed in 1979)^[1]. He is also known for the controversial case of David Reimer. Money reported Reimer was successfully reassigned as a female in infancy after a botched circumcision, then failed to report that the reassignment was actually not successful. A professor giving a lecture The meaning of the word professor (Latin: one who claims publicly to be an expert) varies. ... Pediatrics (also spelled paediatrics) is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents (from newborn to age 18-21). ... Psychology is an academic and applied field involving the study of the human mind, brain, and behavior. ... The Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876, is a private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ... Sex reassignment surgery (SRS) includes the surgical procedures by which a persons physical appearance and function of their existing sexual characteristics are changed to that of the other sex. ... David Reimer (August 22, 1965 â€“ May 5, 2004) was a Canadian man who was born as a mentally and biologically healthy boy, but was sexually reassigned and raised as a girl in an attempt to improve his life after his penis was inadvertently destroyed during circumcision. ...

Personal life

Born in Morrinsville, New Zealand to a Brethren family, Money initially studied psychology at Victoria University of Wellington^[2]. He immigrated to the United States in 1947 to study at the Psychiatric Institute of the University of Pittsburgh. He left Pittsburgh and earned his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1952. He was married briefly in the 1950s and had no children. Morrinsville is a town in the Waikato region of New Zealands North Island. ... The Brethren are any of several Christian denominations, most of which are Anabaptist-Pietist. ... Psychology is an academic and applied field involving the study of the human mind, brain, and behavior. ... Victoria Universitys Kelburn Campus. ... The University of Pittsburgh is a state-related, doctoral/research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ... Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. ... Harvard redirects here. ...

Money was an early supporter of New Zealand's arts, both literary and visual. He was a noted friend and supporter of author Janet Frame. In 2002, as his Parkinson's disease worsened, Money donated a substantial portion of his art collection to the Eastern Southland Art Gallery in Gore, New Zealand. ^[3] Janet Paterson Frame ONZ, CBE, (August 28, 1924 - January 29, 2004) was a New Zealand writer. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Gore is a town and surrounding borough in the South Island of New Zealand. ...

Money died following hospitalization in Towson, Maryland. ^[4] Towson is an unincorporated community and a census-designated place located in Baltimore County, Maryland. ...

Sexual identity, gender identity and gender roles

Money's definition of gender is based on his understanding of sex differences among human beings. According to Money, the fact that one sex produces ova and the other sex produces sperm is the irreducible criterion of sex difference. However, there are other sex-derivative differences that follow in the wake of this primary dichotomy. The word gender describes the state of being male, female, or neither. ... Look up Sex in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A human ovum An ovum (loosely, egg or egg cell) is a female sex cell or gamete. ... The signifier sperm can refer to: (mass noun, from Greek sperma = seed) a substance which consists of spermatozoa and which is a component of semen (mass noun) semen itself (informally, count noun with plural sperm or sperms) a single spermatozoon (= sperm cell) sperma ceti (Latin ceti, genitive of cetus = whale...

These differences involve the way urine is expelled from the human body and other questions of sexual dimorphism. According to Money's theory, sex-adjunctive differences are typified by the smaller size of females and their problems in moving around while nursing infants. This then makes it more likely that the males do the roaming and hunting. Sex-arbitrary differences are those that are purely conventional; for example, color selection (baby blue for boys, pink for girls). Some of the latter differences apply to life activities, such as career opportunities for men versus women. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Female (left) and male Common Pheasant, illustrating the dramatic difference in form between the sexes Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species. ... Wean redirects here: see #Weaning. ...

Finally, Money created the now-common term, gender role, which he differentiated from the concept of the more traditional terminology, sex role. According to Money, the genitalia and erotic sexual roles were now, by his definition, to be included under the more general term "gender role;" including all the non-genital and non-erotic activities that are defined by the conventions of society to apply to males or to females. A bagpiper in Scottish military clan-uniform. ... The shield and spear of the Roman God Mars are often used to represent the male sex In heterogamous species, male is the sex of an organism, or of a part of an organism, which typically produces smaller, mobile gametes (spermatozoa) that are able to fertilise female gametes (ova). ... The hand mirror and comb of the Roman Goddess Venus is often used to represent the female sex. ...

Money made the concept of gender a broader, more inclusive concept than one of male/female. Now, gender includes not only one's status as a man or a woman, but as a matter of personal recognition, social assignment, or legal determination; not only on the basis of one's genitalia but also on the basis of somatic and behavioral criteria that go beyond genital differences.

Gender identity is one's own categorization of one's individuality as male, female, or ambivalent as experienced in self-awareness of one's own mental processes and one's own actual behavior.

Gender role is the public manifestation of one's gender identity, the things that one says and that one does that gives people a basis for inferring whether one is male, female, or fits neither of those categories.

To stress the idea that gender identity and gender role are two aspects of the same thing, Money coined a new term: Gender-Identity/Role, which he frequently abbreviates as "G-I/R." The term Gender-Identity/Role has been coined by the Dr. John Money, Emeritus Professor of Medical Psychology and behavioral sciences and of Pediatrics at The Johns Hopkins Hospital and School of Medicine. ...

Money also coined the term lovemap. A lovemap is a concept originated by John Money to assist a discussion of why people like what they like sexuoerotically. ...

Critiques and comments

David Reimer

Money's ideas relating to gender and gender identity formation have come under criticism. Money maintained that a child's gender identity is fluid up to a certain age, after which this gender would become consolidated and more-or-less immutable. This theory was applied in the case of a male child, David Reimer, whose penis was destroyed due to a botched circumcision. This became to be known as the John/Joan case. ^[5] The child was subsequently sexually reassigned as female. However, even though David Reimer was raised as a girl and never knew his early history, he behaved in a masculine way appropriate to a boy while he was a young child. Later attempts to socialize him as a girl failed. Money knew this yet never revealed this information for years. He was eventually exposed in 1997 in a paper authored by Milton Diamond and Keith Sigmundson. ^[6] His decision to "cover up" the facts of the case caused Money great difficulty in the medical community. David Reimer (August 22, 1965 â€“ May 5, 2004) was a Canadian man who was born as a mentally and biologically healthy boy, but was sexually reassigned and raised as a girl in an attempt to improve his life after his penis was inadvertently destroyed during circumcision. ... The penis (plural penises, penes) is an external male sexual organ. ... Seixas Family circumcision set and trunk, ca. ... Sex reassignment surgery (SRS) includes the surgical procedures by which a persons physical appearance and function of their existing sexual characteristics are changed to that of the other sex. ... Milton Diamond (born 6 March 1934 in New York, New York) is a professor of anatomy and reproductive biology at the University of Hawaii. ...

As for Reimer, when he finally reached the age to make his own medical decisions, he was so distressed by Money's demand for further surgery to complete his "female" genitals, that his parents decided to reveal his medical history to him. He immediately re-transitioned to a male gender role and later underwent genital reassignment surgery again, in order to complete his male gender identity with male genitalia. He underwent four rounds of reconstructive surgery to facilitate his reappropriation of the male sex. Towards the end of his life he lost his job, was separated from his wife, failed a financial investment, and mourned the suicide of his twin brother Brian. He committed suicide on May 5, 2004. John Colapinto, who publicised Reimer's story in a Rolling Stone article ^[7] and the book As Nature Made Him ^[8], speculated that Reimer never psychologically recovered from his childhood trauma: Sex reassignment surgery (SRS) includes the surgical procedures by which a persons physical appearance and function of their existing sexual characteristics are changed to that of the other sex. ... May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (126th in leap years). ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... John Colapinto (Toronto 1958) is an award-winning journalist for Vanity Fair, The New Yorker, Esquire and since 1995 a contributing editor at Rolling Stone. ... Rolling Stone is an American magazine devoted to music, politics and popular culture. ...

Money claimed that media response to the exposé was due to right-wing media bias and "the antifeminist movement." He claimed his detractors believed "masculinity and femininity are built into the genes so women should get back to the mattress and the kitchen." ^[10] However, intersex activists also criticized Money, stating that the unreported failure had led to the surgical reassignment of thousands of infants as a matter of policy. ^[11] Privately, Money was mortified by the case, colleagues said, and as a rule did not discuss it. ^[12] Media bias is a term used to describe a real or perceived bias of journalists and news producers within the mass media, in the selection of which events will be reported and how they are covered. ...

It should also be pointed out that the Johns-Hopkins University no longer performs the kind of research and surgeries pioneered by Money due to their lack of a valid scientific basis. ^[13]

On pedophilia

John Money was critical in the debate on pedophilia. He felt that both sexual researchers and the public do not make distinctions between affectional paedophilia and sadistic pedophilia, including infantophilia (occasionally referred to as nepiophilia), pedophilia and ephebophilia. For Money, affectional pedophilia is about love and not sex. Pedophilia or paedophilia (see spelling differences) is the paraphilia of being sexually attracted primarily or exclusively to prepubescent or peripubescent children. ... Infantophilia or nepiophilia (From Greek nepion, infant + -philia) is the primary sexual attraction of adults to very small children (defined by various studies as 0â€“4). ... Pedophilia or paedophilia (see spelling differences) is the paraphilia of being sexually attracted primarily or exclusively to prepubescent or peripubescent children. ... An Ephebe Kisses A Man Tondo from an Attic kylix, 5th c. ...

His view was that affectional pedophilia is caused by a surplus of parental love that became erotic, and is not a behavioral disorder. Rather, he felt that heterosexuality is another example of a societal and therefore, a superficial, ideological concept. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Bibliography

Money, John. Hermaphroditism: An Inquiry into the Nature of a Human Paradox. Thesis (Ph. D.)--Harvard University, 1952.
Money, John. The Psychologic Study of Man (1957) Thomas: ASIN B0007E4LMC
Money, John. A Standardized Road-Map Test of Direction Sense (1965) Academic Therapy Publications: ASIN B0006WTB2K
Money, John. Sex Errors of the Body and Related Syndromes: A Guide to Counseling Children, Adolescents, and Their Families , 2nd ed. Baltimore: P.H. Brooks Publishing Company, 1994. ISBN 1-55766-150-2
Money, John, & Anke Ehrhardt. Man & Woman, Boy & Girl: Gender Identity from Conception to Maturity. Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 1996. Originally published: Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972. ISBN 1-56821-812-5
Money, John, and Patricia Tucker. Sexual Signatures on Being a Man or a Woman. (1975) Little Brown & Co: ISBN 0-316-57825-8
Money, John. Love and Love Sickness: the Science of Sex, Gender Difference and Pair-Bonding, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980. ISBN 0-8018-2317-X, ISBN 0-8018-2318-8 (pbk.)
Money, John. The Destroying Angel: Sex, Fitness & Food in the Legacy of Degeneracy Theory, Graham Crackers, Kellogg’s Corn Flakes & American Health History. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1985. ISBN 0-87975-277-7
Money, John. Lovemaps: Clinical Concepts of Sexual/Erotic Health and Pathology, Paraphilia, and Gender Transposition in Childhood, Adolescence, and Maturity. New York: Irvington, 1986. ISBN 0-8264-0852-4
Money, John. Venuses Penuses: Sexology, Sexosophy, and Exigency Theory. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1986 ISBN 0-87975-327-7
Money, John. Gay, Straight, and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-19-505407-5
Money, John. Vandalized Lovemaps: Paraphilic Outcome of 7 Cases in Pediatric Sexology. (1989) Prometheus Books: ISBN 0-87975-513-X
Money, John, and H. Musaph (eds). Biographies of Gender and Hermaphroditism. (1991) Elsevier Publishing Company: ISBN 0-444-81403-5
Money, John, Gordon Wainwright, David Hingsburger. The Breathless Orgasm: A Lovemap Biography of Asphyxiophilia. (1991) Prometheus Books: ISBN 0-87975-664-0
Money, John. The Kaspar Hauser Syndrome of "Psychosocial Dwarfism": Deficient Statural, Intellectual, and Social Growth Induced by Child Abuse. (1992) Prometheus Books: ISBN 0-87975-754-X
Money, John. The Adam Principle: genes. genitals, hormones, and gender: Selected readings in sexology. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1993. ISBN 0-87975-804-X
Ronald W. Keyes and John Money. The Armed Robbery Orgasm: A Lovemap Autobiography of Masochism. (1993) Prometheus Books: ISBN 0-87975-856-2
Money, John. Principles of Developmental Sexology. New York: Continuum, 1994. ISBN 0-8264-1026-X
Money, John. Reinterpreting the Unspeakable: Human Sexuality 2000 : The Complete Interviewer and Clinical Biographer, Exigency Theory, and Sexology for the Third. New York: Continuum, 1994. ISBN 0-8264-0651-3
Money, John. Gendermaps: Social Constructionism, Feminism, and Sexosophical History. New York: Continuum, 1995. ISBN 0-8264-0852-4
Money, John. The Lovemap Guidebook: A Definitive Statement. (1999) Continuum: ISBN 0-8264-1203-3
Krivacska, James J., and John Money, eds. The Handbook of Forensic Sexology: Biomedical & Criminological Perspectives. (1994) Prometheus: ISBN 0-87975-883-X

Image File history File links Wikiquote-logo-en. ... Wikiquote logo Wikiquote is a sister project of Wikipedia, using the same MediaWiki software. ... Harvard redirects here. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

References

^ Duffy, J. (Winter 1999). Sexual Healing, Hopkins Medical News.
^ (July 10, 2006). Kiwi sexologist dies in US hospital. New Zealand Herald
^ Brewington, Kelly (July 9, 2006). Dr. John Money 1921-2006: Hopkins pioneer in gender identity. Baltimore Sun
^ Associated Press (July 9, 2006). Pioneer sex researcher dies at 84. via Seattle Post-Intelligencer
^ Money J (1975). Ablatio penis: normal male infant sex-reassigned as a girl. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 1975 Jan;4(1):65-71.
^ Diamond M, Sigmundson HK (1997). Sex reassignment at birth. Long-term review and clinical implications. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine. 1997 Mar;151(3):298-304.
^ Colapinto, John (December 11, 1987). The True Story of John/Joan. Rolling Stone 54–97
^ Colapinto, John (2000). As Nature Made Him; the boy who was raised as a girl. Harper Collins: ISBN 0-06-092959-6
^ Colapinto, John (June 3, 2004). Gender Gap: What were the real reasons behind David Reimer's Suicide? Slate
^ Walker, Jesse (May 24, 2004). The Death of David Reimer: A tale of sex, science, and abuse. Reason
^ Who was David Reimer (also, sadly, known as "John/Joan")? via Intersex Society of North America. Retrieved July, 10, 2006.
^ Carey, Benedict (July 11, 2006). John William Money, 84, Sexual Identity Researcher, Dies. New York Times
^ McHugh, Paul (November, 2004).[http://www.firstthings.com/ftissues/ft0411/articles/mchugh.htm Surgical Sex First Things
^ Interview: John Money. PAIDIKA: The Journal of Paedophilia, Spring 1991, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 5.

The New Zealand Herald is a daily broadsheet newspaper published in Auckland, New Zealand. ... The Baltimore Sun is the major newspaper in Baltimore, Maryland, with a daily press run of about 430,000 copies, and a Sunday run of 540,000 copies. ... Rolling Stone is an American magazine devoted to music, politics and popular culture. ... Slate is an online news and culture magazine created in 1996 by former The New Republic editor Michael Kinsley and owned by Microsoft (as part of MSN). ... The libertarian Reason Magazine dedicated an issue to Ayn Rands influence one hundred years after her birth. ... The Intersex Society of North America is an organisation formed to represent the interest of intersexuals: people whose bodies do not fit the accepted conventional ideas of male or female. External links Intersex Society of North America Categories: Intersexual ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... First Things is a contemporary intellectual journal concerned with the creation of a religiously informed public philosophy for the ordering of society (First Things website}. Father Richard John Neuhaus, a prominent American Catholic intellectual, is the founder and editor in chief. ...

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