John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, 1783, by Sir Thomas Gainsborough

John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, PC, FRS (3 November 1718 – 30 April 1792)^[1] succeeded his grandfather, the 3rd Earl, in 1729, at the age of ten. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (490x748, 32 KB) Summary John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, 1783, by Sir Thomas Gainsborough; National Maritime Museum, London, England; Greenwich Hospital Collection. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (490x748, 32 KB) Summary John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, 1783, by Sir Thomas Gainsborough; National Maritime Museum, London, England; Greenwich Hospital Collection. ... 1783 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Thomas Gainsborough (14 May 1727 (baptised) – 2 August 1788) was one of the most famous portrait and landscape painters of 18th century Britain. ... John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich (3 November 1718 – 3 April 1792) succeeded his grandfather, Edward, the 3rd Earl, in the earldom in 1729. ... Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. ... The Fellowship of the Royal Society was founded in 1660. ... is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1718 (MDCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1792 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Edward Montagu, 3rd Earl of Sandwich (10 April 1670 – 20 October 1729) was born in Burlington House, London, England to Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Sandwich and Lady Ann Boyle. ... Events July 30 - Baltimore, Maryland is founded. ...

Educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge, he spent some time in travelling, and on his return to England in 1739 he took his seat in the House of Lords as a follower of the Duke of Bedford. He was soon appointed one of the Commissioners of the Admiralty under Bedford and a Colonel in the Army. The Kings College of Our Lady of Eton beside Windsor, commonly known as Eton College or just Eton, is a public school (privately funded and independent) for boys, founded in 1440 by King Henry VI. It is located in Eton, near Windsor in England, north of Windsor Castle, and... Full name The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity Motto Virtus vera nobilitas Virtue is true Nobility Named after The Holy Trinity Previous names King’s Hall and Michaelhouse (until merged in 1546) Established 1546 Sister College(s) Christ Church Master The Lord Rees of Ludlow Location Trinity Street... // About the number 1739 1739 is the smallest integer that can be written as sum of three perfect cubes, in two ways. ... This article is about the British House of Lords. ... John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford (1710-1771), second son of Wriothesley Russell, 2nd Duke of Bedford, by his wife, Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of John Howland of Streatham, Surrey, was born on 30 September 1710. ... Flag of the Lord High Admiral The Admiralty was formerly the authority in the United Kingdom responsible for the command of the Royal Navy. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. ...

In 1746 he was sent as a plenipotentiary to the congress at Breda, and he continued to take part in the negotiations for peace until the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was concluded in 1748. In February 1748 he became First Lord of the Admiralty, retaining this post until June 1751. In August 1753 Sandwich became one of the principal Secretaries of State, and while filling this office he took a leading part in the prosecution of John Wilkes for obscene libel although he had been associated with Wilkes in the notorious Hellfire Club. John Gay's The Beggar's Opera was played in Covent Garden shortly thereafter, and the similarity of Sandwich's conduct to that of Jemmy Twitcher, betrayer of Macheath in that play, permanently attached to him that appellation. // Events Catharine de Ricci (born 1522) canonized. ... The term plenipotentiary (from the Latin, plenus + potens, full + power) refers to, as a noun, a person who has, or as an adjective that confers, full powers. ... Breda is a municipality and a city in the southern part of the Netherlands. ... There were two Treaties of Aix-la-Chapelle. ... Events April 24 - A congress assembles at Aix-la-Chapelle with the intent to conclude the struggle known as the War of Austrian Succession - at October 18 - The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed to end the war Adam Smith begins to deliver public lectures in Edinburgh Building of... The First Lord of the Admiralty was a British government position in charge of the Admiralty. ... Events Adam Smith is appointed professor of logic at the University of Glasgow March 25 - For the last time, New Years Day is legally on March 25 in England and Wales. ... 1753 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... In several countries, Secretary of State is a senior government position. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... John Gay John Gay (30 June 1685 - 4 December 1732) was an English poet and dramatist. ... Painting based on The Beggars Opera, Scene V, William Hogarth, c. ... The Floral Hall of the Royal Opera House The Royal Opera House is a performing arts venue in London. ...

Lord Sandwich was Postmaster General in 1768, Secretary of State in 1770, and again First Lord of the Admiralty in Lord North's administration from 1771 to March 1782. Despite the number of important posts that he held during his career, Sandwich's incompetency and corruptness inspired the suggestion that his epitaph should read: "Seldom has any man held so many offices and accomplished so little." In the United Kingdom, the Postmaster General is a now defunct ministerial position. ... 1768 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... For the village in Queensland, see 1770, Queensland. ... 1771 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1782 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Sandwich married Dorothy Fane, daughter of the 1st Viscount Fane, by whom he had a son, John, Viscount Hinchingbrooke (1743 – 1814), who later succeeded as 5th Earl. Sandwich's first personal tragedy was his wife's deteriorating health and eventual insanity. Later Sandwich found 16 years of happiness with the talented opera singer Martha Ray, who bore him a number of children of whom Basil Montagu (1770 – 1851), writer, jurist and philanthropist, was one. Tragedy was to strike again in April 1779 when Ray was murdered on the steps by a jealous suitor. Sandwich never recovered from his grief. Dorothy Montagu, Countess of Sandwich (22 March 1716/17 - Barnes 17 July 1797), formerly The Hon. ... Britannia gauge silver waiter dated 1732, with Fane crests and arms of Fane impaling Stanhope. ... John Montagu, 5th Earl of Sandwich PC (26 January 1744–6 June 1814) was a British peer. ... Martha Ray (born 1742 - died 1779) was a British singer. ... Basil Montagu (born 24 April 1770 - died in 27 November 1851) was a British nobleman, jurist, barrister, writer and philanthropist. ... 1779 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Dates romantically sharing a chili cheese dog, in a dream sequence Courtship (sometimes called dating or going steady) is the process of selecting and attracting a mate for marriage. ...

A mezzotint print of the noble earl engraved by Valentine Green, after Johann Zoffany, published 30 August 1774

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The Sandwich

The modern sandwich is certainly named after Lord Sandwich. Contemporary accounts refer to the sandwich often with a capital 'S' and date the invention to c. 1762^[2]. An Italian sandwich. ... Look up Circa on Wiktionary, the free dictionary The Latin word circa, literally meaning about, is often used to describe various dates (often birth and death dates) that are uncertain. ... 1762 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

However, the exact circumstances of the invention are still the subject of debate. A rumor in a contemporary travel book called Tour to London by Pierre Jean Grosley formed the popular myth that bread and meat sustained Lord Sandwich at the gambling table^[3]. The sober alternative is provided by Sandwich's biographer, N.A.M. Rodger, who suggests Sandwich's commitments to the navy, to politics and the arts mean the first Sandwich was more likely to have been consumed at his desk. Caravaggio, The Cardsharps, c. ...

It is also possible that Sandwich's Grisons Republic born brother-in-law, Jerome de Salis taught him of the ways of dried meat and bread. Graubünden or Grisons (German:  ; Italian: Grigioni; Romansh: Grischun, French: Grisons) is the largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland. ... Jerome, Count De Salis Image:Wappen-Salis. ...

If the popular myth of the sandwich being created at the gambling table is true, then it is likely that this gambling session was in a room in Hinchingbrooke House, where he was living at the time. Hinchingbrooke House in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, is best known for its time as a school, which was attended by Oliver Cromwell and Samuel Pepys. ...

Sandwich Islands

However, Sandwich was also a great supporter of Cook’s Pacific exploration, and supplied Admiralty funds for the purchase and fit-out of the Resolution, Adventure and Discovery. Captain James Cook named the Sandwich Islands, discovered in 1778, (now Hawaii), after him, as well as the South Sandwich Islands, and also Montague Island in Alaska.^[4] Resolution and Adventure with fishing craft in Matavai Bay by William Hodges, painted 1776, shows the two ships at anchor in Tahiti in August 1773. ... Resolution and Adventure with fishing craft in Matavai Bay by William Hodges, painted 1776, shows the two ships at anchor in Tahiti. ... HMS Discovery was the consort ship of James Cooks third expedition to the Pacific Ocean in 1776 - 1780. ... This article is about the British explorer. ... The Sandwich Islands was the name given to Hawaii by Captain James Cook on his discovery of the islands on January 18, 1778. ... Official language(s) English, Hawaiian Capital Honolulu Largest city Honolulu Area  Ranked 43rd  - Total 10,931 sq mi (29,311 km²)  - Width n/a miles (n/a km)  - Length 1,522 miles (2,450 km)  - % water 41. ... South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, also claimed by Argentina. ...

Music

After his Naval career, Sandwich turned his energy toward music. He became a great proponent of "Ancient music" (defined by him as music more than two decades old). He was the patron of the Italian violinist Felice Giardini, and created a "Catch Club", where professional singers would sing "ancient" and modern catches, glees, and madrigals. He also put on performances of George Frideric Handel's oratorios, masques, and odes at his estate. Sandwich was instrumental in putting together the Concert of Ancient Music, the first public concert to showcase a canonic repertory of old works.^[5] ... Felice Giardini (1716 - 1796) was an Italian composer and violinist. ... A round is a musical composition in which two or more voices sing exactly the same melody over and over again, but with each voice beginning at different times. ... A glee is a part song scored for at least three unaccompanied voices, normally male. ... A madrigal is a setting for two or more voices of a secular text, often in Italian. ... “Handel” redirects here. ... An oratorio is a large musical composition for orchestra, vocal soloists and chorus. ... Costume for a Knight, by Inigo Jones: the plumed helmet, the heroic torso in armour and other conventions were still employed for opera seria in the 18th century. ... For other uses, see Ode (disambiguation). ...

Chronology

• 1718 The 4th Earl of Sandwich is born on November 3, 1718
• 1729 Succeeds his grandfather, Edward the 3rd Earl, in the earldom
• 1729 Educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge
• 1740/41 (old style/new style), March 14, marries The Hon. Dorothy Fane at St. James's, Westminster
• 1746 Sent as plenipotentiary to the congress at Breda, and continues to take part in the negotiations for peace until the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed in 1748
• 1748 Becomes First Lord of the Admiralty
• 1763 Becomes one of the principal secretaries of state
• 1768 Appointed Postmaster General
• 1770 Becomes Secretary of State
• 1771–1782 Becomes First Lord of the Admiralty again
• 1782 Retires in March
• 1792 Dies on April 30

Year 1718 (MDCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1718 (MDCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Events July 30 - Baltimore, Maryland is founded. ... Events July 30 - Baltimore, Maryland is founded. ... Events May 31 - Friedrich II comes to power in Prussia upon the death of his father, Friedrich Wilhelm I. October 20 - Maria Theresia of Austria inherits the Habsburg hereditary dominions (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary and present-day Belgium). ... // Events April 10 - Austrian army attack troops of Frederick the Great at Mollwitz August 10 - Raja of Travancore defeats Dutch East India Company naval expedition at Battle of Colachel December 19 - Vitus Bering dies in his expedition east of Siberia December 25 - Anders Celsius develops his own thermometer scale Celsius... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The prefix The Honourable or The Honorable ( or formerly The Honble) is a title of quality attached to the names of certain classes of persons. ... Dorothy Montagu, Countess of Sandwich (22 March 1716/17 - Barnes 17 July 1797), formerly The Hon. ... St Jamess is an area of west central London, England. ... Westminster is a district within the City of Westminster in London. ... // Events Catharine de Ricci (born 1522) canonized. ... Events April 24 - A congress assembles at Aix-la-Chapelle with the intent to conclude the struggle known as the War of Austrian Succession - at October 18 - The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed to end the war Adam Smith begins to deliver public lectures in Edinburgh Building of... 1763 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1768 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... For the village in Queensland, see 1770, Queensland. ... 1771 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1782 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1782 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1792 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Notes

1. ^ William Weber. "4th Earl of Sandwich", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed December 2, 2006), grovemusic.com (subscription access).
2. ^ History of Sandwiches at WhatsCookingAmerica.net
3. ^ Hexmasters Faktoider: Sandwich
4. ^ etymonline.com
5. ^ William Weber. "4th Earl of Sandwich", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed May 20, 2006), grovemusic.com (subscription access).

The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2001 The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians is an encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians, considered by most scholars to be the best general reference source on the subject in the English language. ... is the 336th day of the year (337th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2001 The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians is an encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians, considered by most scholars to be the best general reference source on the subject in the English language. ... is the 140th day of the year (141st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

• N. A. M. Rodger, The Insatiable Earl: A Life of John Montagu, Fourth Earl of Sandwich (London: Harper Collins, 1993)
• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

N. A. M. Rodger (born 1949) is professor of naval history at the University of Exeter, England. ... Collins was a Scottish printing company founded by a schoolmaster, William Collins, in Glasgow in 1819. ... Encyclopædia Britannica, the eleventh edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

External links

• Montague family history page
• Guide to the papers of Lord Sandwich, 1718–1792 held and digitised by the National Library of Australia
• Smithsonian Magazine Article on the Earl's Love Triangle