John Norquay, Premier of Manitoba

John Norquay (May 8, 1841 – July 5, 1889) was the Premier of Manitoba from 1878 to 1887. He was born near St. Andrews in what was then the Red River Colony, making him the first Premier of Manitoba to have been born in the region. John Norquay (1841 - 1889), Premier of Manitoba, ca. ... John Norquay (1841 - 1889), Premier of Manitoba, ca. ... May 8 is the 128th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (129th in leap years). ... take you to calendar). ... July 5 is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 179 days remaining. ... 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Categories: Canada-related stubs | Manitoba premiers ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar). ... St. ... The Red River Colony was a colonization project set up by Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk in 1811 on 300 000 km² of land granted to him by the Hudsons Bay Company under what is referred to as the Selkirk Concession. ...

Norquay was from Manitoba's Anglo-Metis "mixed-blood" population (referring to persons of English and aboriginal background; the term was not considered offensive at the time). He was educated by Church of England Bishop David Anderson, and worked as a teacher, farmer and fur trader during the 1860s. A division of the Metis people of Canada, the Anglo-Metis were children of the fur trade; typically of Scottish or Orkney descent (although some were English) on their fathers sides and aboriginal on their mothers. ... The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ...

Norquay played only a minor role in the events of Louis Riel's Red River Rebellion (1869-70), but decided to enter public life shortly thereafter. He was acclaimed for the riding of High Bluff in Manitoba's first general election (December 27, 1870), and soon became a leader in the "mixed-blood" community. Louis Riel Louis David Riel (October 22, 1844 – November 16, 1885), was a Canadian politician, a founder of the province of Manitoba, and leader of the Métis people of the Canadian prairies. ... The Métis provisional government The Red River Rebellion of 1869 – 1870 is the term most often used to describe the actions of a provisional government established by Métis leader Louis Riel in 1869 at the Red River Settlement in what is now the Canadian province of Manitoba. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1871, Manitoba's parliamentary opposition agitated for the removal of Provincial Secretary Alfred Boyd. When this opposition became impossible to ignore, he resigned. In withdrawing from office, Boyd suggested that someone from Manitoba's "mixed-blood" community be called to cabinet in his place (Manitoba's government was balanced along ethnic, religious and linguistic lines in this period, but English "mixed-bloods" had been left out of the first cabinet). Norquay was accordingly called to serve as Minister of Public Works and Minister of Agriculture. 1871 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Provincial Secretary was a senior position in the executive councils of British North Americas colonial governments, and was retained by the Canadian provincial governments for at least a century after Canadian Confederation was proclaimed in 1867. ... Alfred Boyd (c. ... The Ministry of Government Services is a former department of the government of Manitoba. ...

While still serving as a provincial Cabinet Minister, Norquay also attempted to enter federal politics in the general election of 1872. Running in the riding of Marquette, he was soundly defeated by Robert Cunningham, an ally of Louis Riel. He would not run for federal office again. 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

Manitoba's first government (which did not have a Premier) lost a vote of confidence in July 1874, after Norquay's electoral redistribution bill met with opposition from both English and French MLAs. Norquay did not serve in the cabinet of Marc-Amable Girard (1874), nor was he called into the first cabinet of Robert A. Davis (1874-1878). In Manitoba's second election (December 30, 1874), he was a leader of the opposition; running in St. Andrew's North, he defeated former Girard minister Edward Henry Hay by 67 votes to 34. 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Marc-Amable Girard (April 25, 1822-September 12, 1892) was an early Premier of the Canadian province of Manitoba. ... 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Robert Atkinson Davis (March 9, 1841-January 7, 1903) was a businessman and Manitoba politician. ... 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... December 30 is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 1 day remaining. ... 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

The 1874 election resulted in a hung parliament, with Davis's support coming primarily from French-speaking constituencies. Davis knew that he would be unable to govern effectively without strong English representation, and invited Norquay to join his cabinet in March 1875. Norquay accepted, and brought with him enough parliamentary support to ensure the ministry's continued survival. 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1875 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Norquay was a prominent minister in the Davis administration, and it was not a surprise when he was called to replace Davis as Premier in November 1878 (he also took the office of Provincial Treasurer). He sought a new mandate on December 18, 1878, and was re-elected with the support of 14-17 MLAs (out of 24). Norquay faced a tough challenge in his own constituency from one John Allan, but won by 62 votes to 54. 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... In Canadian politics the Provincial Treasurer is a senior protfolio in the Executive Council (or cabinet) of provincial governments. ... December 18 is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

In early 1879, Norquay faced a more serious challenge after losing the support of Joseph Royal. Royal was an ultramontane Catholic, and the undisputed leader of the francophone parliamentary bloc. Like Norquay, he had been a prominent minister in the Davis administration (in fact, he had often referred it as the "Davis-Royal" administration). Now, he sought to forge a new parliamentary alliance with opposition leader Thomas Scott, an Orangeman and a leading figure among the new Ontario settlers [he is not to be confused with the figure executed by Louis Riel in 1870]. Royal and Scott wanted to bring formal party politics to Manitoba; both were Conservatives, and Scott believed that he was best positioned to become the leader of a provincial Conservative Party. Norquay was also affiliated with the federal Conservatives, but relied on support from local Liberals to keep his government intact. Accordingly, he wanted to preserve the province's "non-partisan" character. 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba is a right-of-centre political party in Manitoba, Canada. ...

Norquay countered the Royal-Scott "coup attempt" by forging a new parliamentary alliance with all of the province's English MLAs (except Scott), and expelling his French Canadian ministers from cabinet. This reconstituted ministry then sought to pass a variety of bills which were detrimental to francophone interests.

Norquay did not follow through on the worst of his ministry's threats. He recognized the need for conciliation, and soon convinced former Premier Marc-Amable Girard to rejoin cabinet as Provincial Secretary. Norquay would later argue that his "anti-French" ministry was an unpleasant political necessity. The Norquay-Girard government won a new mandate on December 16, 1879, with Norquay re-elected by acclamation in the riding of St. Andrew's. Marc-Amable Girard (April 25, 1822-September 12, 1892) was an early Premier of the Canadian province of Manitoba. ... December 16 is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

In terms of the legislation it promoted, Norquay's ministry may be described as interventionist but not particularly ambitious. Like many other Canadian politicians in the 19th century, Norquay devoted much of his attention to railway development. As a result, he was compelled to walk a thin line between local and federal alliances; eventually, his inability to successfully navigate this course led to his downfall.

During the 1880s, many entrepreneurs in Manitoba tried to develop local rail lines to reduce transporation costs. Although popular with farmers and merchants, these plans were opposed by the Canadian Pacific Railway, which had a guaranteed twenty-year monopoly on "western travel" through the area (some historians have argued that the "local service lines" were a financial impossibility to begin with). Although Norquay initially gave tepid support to these local efforts, the opposition accused him (probably correctly) of having made a secret deal with the CPR and Canadian Prime Minister John A. Macdonald to ensure that they never came to fruition. When Macdonald disallowed Norquay's half-hearted railway legislation in 1882, a coherent local opposition began to form around Thomas Greenway, whose "Provincial Rights" group would soon become the Liberal Party of Manitoba. The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR; AAR reporting marks CP, CPAA, CPI), known as CP Rail between 1968 and 1996, is a Canadian Class I railway operated by Canadian Pacific Railway Limited. ... Sir Robert Walpole, the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ... Sir John Alexander Macdonald, KCMG, GCB, QC, PC, DCL, LL.D (January 11, 1815 – June 6, 1891) was the first Prime Minister of Canada from July 1, 1867 – November 5, 1873 and October 17, 1878 – June 6, 1891. ... 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Thomas Greenway (March 25, 1838 – October 30, 1908) was a politician, merchant and farmer. ... The Manitoba Liberal Party is a political party in Manitoba, Canada. ...

These developments brought Norquay into a reluctant alliance with the province's Conservative establishment (which had opposed him only three years earlier). While Norquay still claimed to be non-partisan, his MLAs were recognized as the de facto Conservative Party within Manitoba. In Manitoba's fifth election (January 23, 1883), "Liberal-Conservative" and "Conservative" candidates won 19 of 30 seats between them; all were regarded as Norquay supporters, set against a Liberal opposition. Formal party government would not arrive until 1888, but a functional two-party system was already in place. January 23 is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1883 (MDCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ...

Although John A. Macdonald was sometimes disparaging of Norquay in private correspondence, he supported the Norquay ministry for most of its nine years in power. Macdonald took Norquay's side in a boundary dispute with Ontario, and personally visited Manitoba in 1886 to ensure Norquay's re-election on December 9 of that year: Norquay's Conservatives won about 21 seats, compared to 14 for Greenway's Liberals with the popular vote almost evenly split. Without Macdonald's visit, Norquay probably would have been defeated. Sir John Alexander Macdonald, KCMG, GCB, QC, PC, DCL, LL.D (January 11, 1815 – June 6, 1891) was the first Prime Minister of Canada from July 1, 1867 – November 5, 1873 and October 17, 1878 – June 6, 1891. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Official languages English (French has some legal status) Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant-Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Parliamentary representation  - House seat  - Senate seats 106 24 Area Total  â€¢ Land  â€¢ Water    (% of total)  Ranked... 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ... December 9 is the 343rd day (344th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Norquay's alliance with Macdonald ended in the summer of 1887, when the provincial government reversed its previous policy and actively promoted the Red River Valley Railroad, a local line meant to link Winnipeg with the American border. Macdonald and the CPR would both play leading roles in Norquay's downfall later in the year. 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar). ...

In September 1887, the Norquay government was accused of using trust funds for Métis children as general revenue. Norquay himself faced extreme pressure to resign, particularly after a tour of eastern cities for railway loans ended without success. His ministry's fate was sealed when Macdonald disallowed the transfer of CPR land to Manitoba, after Norquay's government had already paid $256,000 to the company in compensation. Norquay was abandoned by his ministers, and resigned on December 23, 1887. His successor, David H. Harrison, unsuccessfully tried to keep Norquay's governing alliance together for another month; after this, Greenway was called upon to form a new ministry. 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar). ... The Métis (pronounced MAY tee, IPA: , in French or , in Métis ) are one of three recognized Aboriginal peoples in Canada. ... December 23 is the 357th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (358th in leap years). ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar). ... David Howard Harrison (June 1, 1843-September 8, 1905) was a politician, farmer and physician. ...

Greenway's Liberals won a landslide victory on July 11, 1888. Norquay was narrowly re-elected in Kildonan, defeating Liberal Duncan McArthur by 305 votes to 303. He once again became leader of the opposition, but with a much reduced political base: he was now opposed by John A. Macdonald, distrusted by other Manitoba Conservatives, lacking in popular support, and suffering personal financial hardship. He died on July 55, 1889, without having attained a reversal in his fortunes. July 11 is the 192nd day (193rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 173 days remaining. ... 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... Kildonan is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba. ... 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Despite the tragedy of his last years, Norquay was generally successful in developing Manitoba during his time in office. Between his first election in 1870 and his resignation in 1887, the population of Manitoba had grown tenfold; as Premier, Norquay was responsible for expanding government services accordingly. 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar). ...

In addition to his political career, John Norquay was also a prominent lay member of the Church of England in Manitoba. Beginning in 1875, he was regularly elected as a representative to the synod of the diocese of Rupert's Land. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... 1875 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Ruperts Land Ruperts Land was a territory consisting of much of modern Canada. ...

It may be added that Norquay's career was relatively free of racial prejudice. He was the victim of some racial slurs (Legislative Councilor Donald Gunn once referred to him as "Greasy John"), but his longevity in office suggests that Manitobans were willing to accept an aboriginal Premier, despite the tensions caused by Louis Riel's rebellions. Donald Gunn (1797-1878) was a Manitoba politician and member of the Provinces Legislative Council (which he helped to abolish). ...

In 1904, Mount Norquay in Banff National Park was named after him. Norquay attempted to climb the mountain in 1887 or 1888 but contrary to some reports, did not reach the summit. Poor health and route difficulties presented by the mountain were the likely reasons for not reaching the top. Mount Norquay is a mountain in Banff National Park, Canada that lies directly northwest of the town of Banff. ... Castle Mountain in Banff. ...

External links

• Biography at the Canadian Dictionary of Biography Online