John Pemberton

John Stith Pemberton (July 8, 1831–August 16, 1888) was an American druggist and the creator of Coca-Cola. is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Leopold I 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... is the 228th day of the year (229th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Pharmacists are health professionals who practice pharmacy. ... The wave shape (known as the dynamic ribbon device) present on all Coca-Cola cans throughout the world derives from the contour of the original Coca-Cola bottles. ...

Early life and education

John Pemberton (b. 1831 in Georgia) was the son of James Clifford Pemberton (b. 1803 in North Carolina) and Martha L. Worsham Gent (b. about 1791 in Virginia). James and Martha married July 20, 1828, in Crawford County, Georgia. Martha was the daughter of Archer Worsham (born in Virginia) and Nancy Clark Smith from Baldwin County, Georgia. The Pemberton family moved to Rome, Georgia, and John attended medical school in Macon, receiving his degree at the age of nineteen. Leopold I 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Largest metro area Charlotte metro area Area  Ranked 28th  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 150 miles (240 km)  - Length 560[1] miles (900 km)  - % water 9. ... 1791 (MDCCXCI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... is the 201st day of the year (202nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1828 (MDCCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Crawford County is a county located in the state of Georgia. ... Baldwin County is a county located in the Georgia. ... Aerial view of downtown Rome Location of Rome and major highways Nestled in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, Rome is the largest city in and the county seat of Floyd County, Georgia, United States. ... Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center in Lubbock, Texas, USA. A medical school or faculty of medicine is a tertiary educational institution — or part of such an institution — that teaches medicine. ... Macon is a city located in central Georgia, USA. It is among the largest metropolitan areas in Georgia, and the county seat of Bibb County, It lies near the geographic center of Georgia, approximately 75 miles (129 km) south of Atlanta, hence the citys nickname as the Heart of...

Pemberton rejected heroic medicine, popularized by Benjamin Rush, which attempted to cure through bloodletting. Rather, he attended a school in the tradition of Samuel Thompson, a controversial herbalist who cured through steam baths and the ingestion of lobelia. Pemberton also received a graduate degree in pharmacy. Thompson, like Pemberton, made his living selling patent medicines of dubious value (but, no more dubious than the prevailing medicine of the time). Pemberton married Wesleyan College student Ann Eliza Clifford Lewis and moved to Columbus, Georgia in 1853. The couple had a son, Charley Pemberton, born in 1854. Heroic medicine is a term for aggressive medical practices or methods of treatment, and usually refers to those which were later superseded by scientific advances. ... Dr. Benjamin Rush, painted by Charles Willson Peale, c. ... Ancient Greek painting in a vase, showing a physician (iatros) bleeding a patient. ... Samuel Thomson (9 February 1769 - 5 October 1843) was the founder of the Thomsonian System of medicine. ... See also Herbalism A Herbalist is: 1. ... Species See text. ... For other uses, see Pharmacy (disambiguation). ... Patent medicine is the term given to various medical compounds sold under a variety of names and labels, though they were for the most part actually trademarked medicines, not patented. ... Wesleyan College is a private, liberal arts womens college located in Macon, Georgia. ... Columbus is a city in Muscogee County, Georgia, United States. ... 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Charley Pemberton ( 1854- 1894) was the son of John Pemberton, the inventor of Coca-Cola. ...

Professional and military career

Pemberton served in the army of the Confederate States of America where he was wounded. It was through this wound that Pemberton came to be addicted to pain killers especially a form of morphine. Pemberton worked as a druggist in Columbus and built a laboratory where he made and sold medicines, photographic chemicals, and cosmetic products, including a popular perfume he called Sweet Southern Bouquet. He moved his family to Atlanta in 1870 and in March of that year was given US patent 100439 for an Improved Medical Compound From Globe Flower ^ . Pemberton served on the first pharmacy licensing board in the state, established a modern chemical laboratory that was the first state-run facility to test soil and crop chemicals, and was a trustee of Emory University School of Medicine. He assisted the state of Georgia in catching and prosecuting so-called "snake oil salesmen" who sold fake chemicals to farmers with the promise they would help their crops grow. This article is about the state capital of Georgia. ... 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Emory University is a private university located in the metropolitan area of the city of Atlanta and in western unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. ... Emory University is an undergraduate, graduate, and research institution in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Emory is one of the most prestigious large private universities in the South and within the United States, according to yearly rankings by US News & World Report. ... This article is about medicinal compounds. ...

Pemberton fought for the Confederacy, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel in the 3rd Georgia Cavalry regiment. Motto Deo Vindice (Latin: Under God, Our Vindicator) Anthem (none official) God Save the South (unofficial) The Bonnie Blue Flag (unofficial) Dixie (unofficial)  States that seceded under CSA control  States and territories claimed by CSA without formal secession and/or control Capital Montgomery, Alabama (until May 29, 1861) Richmond, Virginia...

It is likely that Pemberton served in either the Georgia reserve force or the Georgia State Line, perhaps commanding a contingent of other cavalrymen from Muscogee County. He was, as were other state soldiers, allowed to go home by early 1865; however, his city of Columbus was attacked by Maj. Gen James H. Wilson on Easter Day, 1865. Records show Pemberton gathered his men and fought Wilson's Raiders in Girard, Alabama (now Phenix City), just across the Chattahoochee River from Columbus. It is said, though no record shows this, that he was shot once and slashed with a saber and would have died had his friend James Carter not grabbed the reins of his horse and led him from the battlefield. His severe wounds from the war led him, as many other civil war veterans wounded in battle, to morphine addiction. Muscogee County is a county located in the state of Georgia. ... Portrait of James Wilson during the Civil War James Harrison Wilson (September 2, 1837 – February 23, 1925) was a U.S. Army topographic engineer, a Union Army general in the American Civil War and later wars, a railroad executive, and author. ... Map of the Apalachicola River system with the Chattahoochee highlighted. ... This article is about the drug. ...

Invention of Coca-Cola

When he was a druggist and chemist in Columbus, Pemberton began work on a coca and kola (cola) nut beverage. It was intended to stop headaches and calm nervousness, but others insist he was attempting to create a pain reliever for himself and other wounded Confederate veterans. He began this process at his Columbus laboratory, but soon after the war, moved his entire operation to Atlanta. For other uses, see Coca (disambiguation). ... Species See text Kola nut (Cola) is a genus of about 125 species of trees native to the tropical rainforests of Africa, classified in the family Malvaceae, subfamily Sterculioideae (or treated in the separate family Sterculiaceae). ...

The original formula was created in his laboratory as a nonalcoholic alternative to his French Wine Coca in the event that the pending national temperance movement prohibited the sale of the latter. Frank Mason Robertson came up with the name "Coca Cola" for the alliterative sound, which was popular among other wine medicines of the time. Although the name quite clearly refers to the two main ingredients, the controversy over cocaine content would later prompt The Coca-Cola Company to state that it is "meaningless but fanciful." Frank Robertson also hand wrote the Spenserian writing on the bottles and ads. Pemberton also made many health claims for his product and marketed it as 'delicious, refreshing, exhilarating, invigorating' and touted as a 'valuable brain tonic' that would to cure headaches, relieve exhaustion and calm nerves. Frank Mason Robertson wrote the Coca-Cola writing. ... For other uses, see Cocaine (disambiguation). ... The Coca-Cola Company (NYSE: KO) is one of the largest manufacturers, distributors and marketers of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups in the world. ...

One hundred years have brought many changes. In 1894 Coke was for the first time sold in bottles. During World War II, bottling plants were set up in Europe, Africa, and the Pacific. Today The Coca-Cola Company is the world's largest soft drink producer. Coca-Cola is sold in more than 160 countries. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... For other meanings of Pacific, see Pacific (disambiguation). ... A soft drink is a drink that contains no alcohol. ...

Pemberton was plagued by his morphine addiction and imbibed his cocawine and soda in an effort to control the addiction (both beverages contained coca leaf, of which cocaine) is isolated. The original formula allegedly called for 8.46 mg of cocaine, while an average dose of the street drug is between 20-30 mg. However, the effects of the coca leaf is greatly compounded by the presence of caffeine from the kola nut. Coca-Cola was originally advertised as a cure for morphine and opium addictions among a multitude of other health benefits. This article is about the drug. ... Cocawine was an alcoholic beverage that combined wine and cocaine. ... For other uses, see Cocaine (disambiguation). ...

Later life, death and legacy

Pemberton's behavior grew increasingly erratic as he neared the end of his life. He purposefully sold the rights to manufacture Coca-Cola twice. First, to two investors, from whom Asa Griggs Candler acquired his stake in the business. Then, to three more investors who had no knowledge of the previous sale and were left without a dime when Candler acquired exclusive rights to the formula in 1888. Asa Griggs Candler (December 30, 1851 - March 12, 1929) was a business tycoon who made most of his money selling Coca-Cola. ... Year 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Pemberton's son Charley returned to Atlanta that same year and claimed his father had promised him a stake in the business. At first, Pemberton insisted that Charley be included in the enterprise that also included Candler and Robinson. However, a principal investor grew tired of the alcoholic young man's antics. In an effort to make peace, Pemberton declared that Charley owned the rights to the name, but not the formula. Charley then began to manufacture his own version of the popular beverage.

This complex situation was resolved when Candler acquired the formula from John Pemberton and two investors to whom Pemberton had sold partial rights in order to fund his addiction, Margaret Dozier and Woolfolk Walker. However, later handwriting analysis revealed that Pemberton's signature on the bill of sale was most likely a forgery, and the Pemberton family long after suspected foul play.

Pemberton died on August 16, 1888, only a few months after Candler incorporated the first Coca Cola Corporation. He is buried in Linwood Cemetery in Columbus, Georgia. is the 228th day of the year (229th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Coca Cola Corporation was incorporated by Asa Candler, Charley Pemberton and Woolfolk Walker in 1888 and was a forerunner of todays The Coca Cola Corporation. ...

External links

• John Stith Pemberton Entry in the New Georgia Encyclopedia
• ^ http://www.google.com/patents?vid=USPAT100439&id=uFpRAAAAEBAJ Patent for the Improved Medical Flower from Globe Compound