NationMaster - Encyclopedia: John Pershing

John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing (September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948) was an officer in the United States Army. Pershing eventually rose to the highest rank ever held in the United States Army—General of the Armies—equivalent only to the posthumous rank of George Washington. Pershing led the American Expeditionary Force in World War I and was regarded as a mentor by the generation of American generals who led the United States army forces in Europe during World War II, including George C. Marshall, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley and George S. Patton, Jr. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3730x4533, 1254 KB) Description U.S. General John Pershing. ... Laclede is a city located in Linn County, Missouri. ... Nickname: DC, The District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia. ... The United States Army is the largest branch of the United States armed forces and has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... In the United States Army military hierarchy, General of the Armies is traditionally considered a rank superior to a five-star general. ... Officers of the American Expeditionary Forces and the Baker mission The American Expeditionary Forces or AEF was the United States military force in World War I. The AEF helped the French defend the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive in May. ... The Flag of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army The Chief of Staff of the United States Army (CSA) is the professional head of the United States Army who is responsible for insuring readiness of the Army. ... Combatants Native Americans Various (see text) Indian Wars is the name used by historians in the United States to describe a series of conflicts between the United States and Native American peoples (Indians) of North America. ... The Spanish-American War took place in 1898, and resulted in the United States of America gaining control over the former colonies of Spain in the Caribbean and Pacific. ... The Philippine-American War was a war between the armed forces of the United States and the Philippines from 1899 through 1913. ... Combatants Allied Powers: British Empire France Italy Russia United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Paul... The Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) is the second highest military decoration of the United States Army which is awarded for extreme gallantry and risk of life in actual combat with an armed enemy force. ... The Distinguished Service Medal is a military award of the United States Army which is presented to any person who, while serving in any capacity with the United States military, has distinguished himself or herself by exceptionally meritorious service to the Government in a duty of great responsibility. ... Military Badge of the Order of the Bath The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725. ... Chiang Kai-sheks LÃ©gion dhonneur. ... September 13 is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years). ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... July 15 is the 196th day (197th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 169 days remaining. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The United States Army is the largest branch of the United States armed forces and has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... The United States Army is the largest branch of the United States armed forces and has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... In the United States Army military hierarchy, General of the Armies is traditionally considered a rank superior to a five-star general, also known as General of the Army (note the difference between the two ranks). ... George Washington (February 22, 1732â€“December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775â€“1783), and was later elected the first President of the United States. ... Officers of the American Expeditionary Forces and the Baker mission The American Expeditionary Forces or AEF was the United States military force in World War I. The AEF helped the French defend the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive in May. ... Combatants Allied Powers: British Empire France Italy Russia United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Paul... George C. Marshall George Catlett Marshall (December 31, 1880–October 16, 1959), an American military leader and statesman, was born into a middle-class family in Uniontown, Pennsylvania. ... Dwight David Eisenhower (also known as Ike) (born David Dwight Eisenhower on October 14, 1890 â€“ March 28, 1969) was an American soldier and politician. ... Omar Nelson Bradley (February 12, 1893 â€“ April 8, 1981) was one of the main U.S. Army field commanders in North Africa and Europe during the World War II and a General of the Army of the United States Army. ... General George Smith Patton Jr. ...

Early life

John Joseph Pershing was born on September 13, 1860, on a farm near the town of Laclede, Missouri. John's father, John Fletcher Pershing was a local businessman who owned a general store in Laclede and moved his family into the town at the start of 1861. When the American Civil War began, John Fletcher Pershing worked as a sutler for the 18th Missouri Volunteer Infantry Regiment, but himself did not serve in the military nor participate in combat. September 13 is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years). ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... Laclede is a city located in Linn County, Missouri. ... A general store is usually a retailer located in a small town or in a rural area with a broad selection of merchandise crammed into a relatively small space. ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Lincoln, President Ulysses S. Grant, General Jefferson Davis, President Robert E. Lee, General Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action... Sutler, a camp-follower who sells provisions, liquor and other supplies to an army in the field, in camp or in quarters. ...

John J. Pershing attended a small school in Laclede that was seen as a "select school" and reserved for the more intelligent children who were sons and daughters of high profile citizens. As Pershing's father was a well known businessman in the Laclede area, both Pershing and his brother attended this early form of preparatory school. A university-preparatory school or college-preparatory school (usually abbreviated to preparatory school, college prep school, or prep school) is a private secondary school designed to prepare a student for higher education. ...

Upon graduation from secondary school in 1878, Pershing became a local teacher and became involved with educating local African American children. In this way, although living in an atmosphere of 19th century United States racism, Pershing developed an understanding of racial tolerance that would later come to play in his military career when he commanded a racially diverse unit of soldiers. An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ...

Between 1880 and 1882, Pershing attended the First Missouri Normal School in Kirksville, Missouri, later Truman State University. In the spring of 1882, already twenty one years old, Pershing applied to the United States Military Academy after hearing that West Point offered an excellent college level education. Pershing would later admit to his sister that a desire to serve in the military was secondary to attending West Point and that he mainly applied to the school because the education offered was better than that of rural Missouri at that time. Truman State University is a public liberal arts and sciences university in the U.S. state of Missouri. ... Kirksville is a city located in Adair County, Missouri. ... Truman State University is a public liberal arts and sciences university in the U.S. state of Missouri. ... The United States Military Academy, also known as West Point, or simply USMA (or Army, for NCAA purposes), is a United States Army fort and military academy. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

West Point years

John J. Pershing was sworn in as a West Point Cadet in the fall of 1882. He was selected early for leadership and rose to become First Corporal, First Sergeant, First Lieutenant, and First Captain, the highest possible cadet rank at West Point. Ex Officio of his position, Cadet First Captain Pershing commanded the West Point Honor Guard that escorted the funeral of President Ulysses S. Grant. Image File history File links John J. Pershing as a West Point Cadet File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links John J. Pershing as a West Point Cadet File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The presidential seal was used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ... Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant, April 27, 1822 â€“ July 23, 1885) was an American general and politician who was elected as the 18th President of the United States (1869â€“1877). ...

Pershing graduated from West Point in the summer of 1886 and was commended by the Superintendent of West Point, General Merritt, as having high leadership skills and possessing "superb ability".

Just prior to graduation, Pershing briefly considered petitioning the Army to let him study law and delay his commission. He applied for a furlough from West Point, but soon withdrew the request in favor of active Army duty. He was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the United States Army in the fall of 1886, at the age of twenty six, graduating thirtieth in a class of seventy seven from West Point. His father died on April 5, 1886. His mother passed a week and a half later, much to his dismay. Second Lieutenant is the lowest commissioned rank in many armed forces. ... The United States Army is the largest branch of the United States armed forces and has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... April 5 is the 95th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (96th in leap years). ... 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ...

Early career

Pershing reported for active duty on September 30, 1886, and was assigned to Troop L of the 6th U.S. Cavalry stationed at Fort Bayard, New Mexico. While serving in the 6th Cavalry, Pershing participated in several Indian campaigns and was cited for bravery for actions against the Apache. September 30 is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ... The 6th Cavalry was organized in August, 1861, where it took to the fields as part of the Army of the Potomac. the regiment took part in sixteen campaigns, among them Antietam, Gettysburg, the Wilderness Campaign and Appomattox. ... Group of Apaches Apachean tribes ca. ...

Between 1887 and 1890, Pershing served with the 6th Cavalry at various postings in California, Arizona, and North Dakota. He also became an expert marksman and, in 1891, was rated second in pistol and fifth in rifle out of all soldiers in the U.S. Army. Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area Ranked 3rd - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 kmÂ²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 770 miles (1,240 km) - % water 4. ... It has been suggested that Arizona Governors Mansion be merged into this article or section. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

On December 9, 1890, Pershing and the 6th Cavalry arrived at Sioux City, Iowa where Pershing played a role in suppressing the last uprisings of the Lakota (Sioux) Indians. A year later, he was assigned as an instructor of military tactics at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Pershing would hold this posting until 1895, but was not promoted, remaining as a Second Lieutenant at the age of 35 years old. December 9 is the 343rd day (344th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... A Sioux warrior (Karl Bodmer) Funeral scaffold of a Sioux chief (Karl Bodmer) Horse racing of the Sioux Indians (Karl Bodmer) The Sioux (IPA ) are a Native American people. ... The University of Nebraskaâ€“Lincoln is a state-supported institution of higher learning located in Lincoln, Nebraska, USA. Often referred to as simply Nebraska or UNL, it is the flagship and largest campus of the University of Nebraska system. ...

While in Nebraska, Pershing also attended law school and graduated in 1893. Additionally, he formed a drill company in 1894 that won the Omaha Cup.

On October 1, 1895, Pershing was promoted to First Lieutenant and took command of a unit within the United States Army's 10th Cavalry Regiment (one of the original Buffalo Soldier regiments), which was comprised of African-American soldiers under white officers. From Fort Assinniboine in north central Montana, he commanded an expedition to the south and southwest that rounded up and deported a large number of Cree Indians to Canada. Though, like the rest of the nation at the time, he was unsympathetic to Native Americans, Pershing was an outspoken advocate of the value of African American soldiers in the U.S. military. October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... First Lieutenant is a military rank. ... The United States Army is the largest branch of the United States armed forces and has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... Soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback in combat are commonly known as cavalry (from French cavalerie). ... Saddle and acessories of the Buffalo Soldier. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... White is the color of things that reflect light of all parts of the visible spectrum equally and are not dull (see grey). ... Fort Assinniboine, a fort in the U.S. state of Montana, was built in 1879, in the aftermath of the disastrous defeat of U.S. Army forces led by General Custer at the Battle of Little Big Horn on June 25, 1876. ... Cree camp near Vermilion, Alberta The Cree form an aboriginal nation of North America. ...

In 1897, Pershing became an instructor at West Point where he joined the tactical staff. While at West Point, cadets upset over Pershing's harsh treatment and high standards took to calling him "Nigger Jack" as a reference to his service with the 10th Cavalry. This was softened to "Black Jack" by reporters covering Pershing during World War I. Combatants Allied Powers: British Empire France Italy Russia United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Paul...

Spanish and Philippine-American wars

Upon the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, First Lieutenant Pershing (now 38 years old) was offered a brevet rank and was commissioned a Major of Volunteers on August 26, 1898. He fought with distinction at Kettle and San Juan Hill in Cuba and was cited for gallantry. In 1919, he was awarded the Silver Citation Star for these actions and, in 1932, the award was upgraded to the Silver Star Medal. Combatants United States Republic of Cuba First Philippine Republic Spain Commanders Nelson A. Miles William R. Shafter George Dewey MÃ¡ximo GÃ³mez Emilio Aguinaldo Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera Casualties 379 U.S. dead; considerably higher although undetermined Cuban and Filipino casualties Unknown[1] The Spanish-American War took place... In the US military, brevet referred to a warrant authorizing a commissioned officer to hold a higher rank temporarily, but usually without receiving the pay of that higher rank. ... August 26 is the 238th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (239th in leap years). ... 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Combatants United States Republic of Cuba Spain Commanders William Rufus Shafter Joseph Wheeler Arsenio Linares Strength 15,000 regulars 4,000 guerrilleros 12 field guns 4 Gatling guns 800 regulars 5 field guns Casualties 124 dead 817 wounded 58 dead 170 wounded 39 captured The Battle of San Juan Hill... Example of Citation Star on WWI Victory Medal The Citation Star was an award of the United States Army which was first established by the United States Congress on July 9, 1918. ... The Silver Star is the fifth highest military decoration that can be awarded to a member of the United States Armed Forces, and the third highest given for valor (in the face of the enemy). ...

In March 1899, after suffering from malaria and spending a sick furlough in the United States, Pershing was put in charge of the Office of Customs and Insular Affairs which oversaw occupation forces in territories gained in the Spanish-American War, to include Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam. Image File history File links CAPTJPershing. ... Image File history File links CAPTJPershing. ... Malaria is an infectious disease that is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. ...

When the Philippine-American War broke out, Pershing was ordered to Manila and reported for duty on August 17, 1899. He was assigned to the Department of Mindanao and Jolo and commanded efforts to suppress the Philippine rebellion. On November 27, 1900, Pershing was appointed Adjutant General of his Department and served in this posting until March 1, 1901. He was cited for bravery for actions on the Cagayan River while attempting to destroy a rebel stronghold at Macajambo. Combatants United States Philippines Commanders William McKinley Emilio Aguinaldo Strength 126,000 soldiers 80,000 soldiers Casualties 4,324 U.S. soldiers dead 2,000 Philippine Constabulary 16,000 soldiers killed est. ... The City of Manila (Filipino: Lungsod ng Maynila), or simply Manila, is the capital of the Philippines. ... August 17 is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Map of the Philippines showing the island groups of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost island in the Philippines and one of the three island groups in the country, with Luzon and Visayas being the other two. ... Jolo is an island in the southwest Philippines. ... November 27 is the 331st day (332nd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... March 1 is the 60th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (61st in leap years). ... 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The CagayÃ¡n River is located on the northern half of LuzÃ³n, in the Philippines. ...

In the spring of 1901, Pershing's brevet commission was revoked and he was recommissioned as a Captain in the Regular Army. He served with the U.S. 1st Cavalry Regiment in the Philippines, continuing actions against Philippine rebels. He later joined the U.S. 15th Cavalry Regiment where he served as Intelligence Officer, participating in actions against the Moros, where he was cited for bravery at Lake Lanao. In June 1901, he also briefly served as Commander of Camp Vicars, Philippines, after the previous camp commander had been promoted to Brigadier General. The Regular Army is the permanent force of the United States Army that is maintained during peacetime, as opposed to those persons who may be part of a reserve or national guard outfit. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Lake Lanao a large lake in the Philippines, located in Lanao del Sur province in the countrys southern island of Mindanao. ... A Brigadier General, or one-star general, is the lowest rank of general officer in the United States and some other countries, ranking just above Colonel and just below Major General. ...

Rise to General

In June 1903, Pershing was ordered to return to the United States. He was forty-three years old and still a Captain in the U.S. Army. President Theodore Roosevelt petitioned the Army General Staff to promote Pershing to Colonel, but Pershing's superiors declined the notion and also would not consider a promotion to Lieutenant Colonel or even Major. This angered Roosevelt, but since the President could only promote Army officers in the General ranks, his hands were tied. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. ... Colonel (IPA: or ) is a military rank of a commissioned officer, with the corresponding ranks existing in nearly every country in the world. ... Lieutenant Colonel of the United States Army and Air Force Lieutenant Colonel of the United States Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel is a rank of the United States armed forces which is currently used by the United States Army, United States Air Force and United States Marine Corps. ... Major is a military rank the use of which varies according to country. ...

In 1904, Pershing was assigned as the Assistant Chief of Staff of the Southwest Army Division stationed at Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. In October 1904, he attended the Army War College and then was ordered to Washington, DC for "general duties unassigned". Nickname: Capital of the New Century, OKC, O-City Location in Oklahoma County and the state of Oklahoma. ... The United States Army War College is a U. S. Army school located in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, specifically in the historic Carlisle Barracks. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United...

Since Theodore Roosevelt could not yet promote Pershing, he petitioned the United States Congress to authorize a diplomatic posting and Pershing was stationed as military attaché in Tokyo in 1905. Also, in 1905, Pershing married the daughter of powerful U.S. Senator Francis E. Warren, a Wyoming Republican. The union greatly helped his military career. John Pershing This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 50 years. ... John Pershing This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 50 years. ... Seal of the U.S. Congress. ... Tokyo , literally Eastern capital) is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, the home of the Japanese Imperial Family, and the de facto[1] capital of Japan. ... Francis Emroy Warren (June 20, 1844-November 24, 1929) was an American politician of the Republican Party best known for his years in the United States Senate from Wyoming. ... To be more accessible to a general audience, this article or section may require cleanup. ... GOP redirects here. ...

After serving as an observer in the Russo-Japanese War, Pershing returned to the United States in the fall of 1905, now forty-five years old. In a move that shocked the Army establishment, President Theodore Roosevelt convinced Congress to authorize the appointment of Pershing as a Brigadier General in the United States Army, thus skipping three ranks. This promotion outraged several high ranking Army officers who would state, for the rest of their careers, that Pershing's appointment was the result of political connections and not military abilities. Combatants Imperial Russia Empire of Japan Commanders N/A N/A Strength 500,000 Soldiers 400,000 Soldiers Casualties 134,817+ KIA/POW, 170,000 MIA etc. ... A Brigadier General, or one-star general, is the lowest rank of general officer in the United States and some other countries, ranking just above Colonel and just below Major General. ...

In 1908, Pershing briefly served as a U.S. military observer in the Balkans, an assignment which was based out of Paris. Upon returning the United States, at the end of 1909, Pershing was assigned once again to the Philippines, an assignment which he served until 1912. While in the Philippines, he served as Commander of Fort McKinley, near Manila, and also was the governor of the Moro Province. The last of Pershing's four children was born in the Philippines and it was during this time that he became an Episcopalian. Balkan peninsula with northwest border Isonzo-Krka-Sava The Balkans is the historic and geographic name used to describe a region of southeastern Europe. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France RÃ©gion ÃŽle-de-France DÃ©partement Paris (75) Subdivisions 20 arrondissements Mayor Bertrand DelanoÃ« (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land... The word episcopal is derived from the Greek ÎµÏ€Î¯ÏƒÎºÎ¿Ï€Î¿Ï‚, transliterated epÃskopos, which literally means overseer; the word, however, is used in religious contexts to refer to a bishop. ...

Pancho Villa and the Mexican Revolution

In January 1914, Pershing was assigned to command the Army 8th Brigade in Fort Bliss, Texas, responsible for security along the U.S.-Mexico border. In March 1915, under the command of General Frederick Funston, Pershing led the 8th Brigade on the failed 1916–17 Punitive Expedition into Mexico in search of the outlaw Pancho Villa. General Pershing was assigned a 1915 Dodge Brothers touring car, serial number 3066. During this time, George S. Patton served as one of Pershing's aides. Fort Bliss is a census-designated place and United States Army post in El Paso County, Texas, United States. ... The international border between Mexico and the United States runs a total of 3,141 km (1,951 miles) from San Diego, California, and Tijuana, Baja California, in the west to Matamoros, Tamaulipas, and Brownsville, Texas, in the east. ... Brig. ... The Pancho Villa Expedition was an abortive punitive expedition conducted by the United States against the military forces of Mexican Revolutionary General Pancho Villa in retaliation for Villas invasion of the United States and attack on the village of Columbus, New Mexico. ... A graphical timeline is available here: Timeline of the Mexican Revolution Doroteo Arango ArÃ¡mbula (June 5, 1878 â€“ July 23, 1923) â€” better known as Francisco Villa or, in its diminutive form, Pancho Villa â€” was one of the foremost leaders and best known generals of the Mexican Revolution, between 1911 and... Alternate use: Dodge (disambiguation) Categories: Automobile stubs | Corporation stubs | Automobiles | Car companies of the United States | Chrysler | Corporations sponsoring NASCAR drivers ... Horatio Nelson Jackson in his 2-seat Winton touring car, The Vermont, drives across America A touring car was a popular car body style in the early 20th century, being a larger alternative to the runabout. ... George Smith Patton, Jr. ...

After a year at Fort Bliss, Pershing decided to bring his family there. The arrangements were almost complete, when on the morning of August 27, 1915, he received a telegram telling him of a fire in the Presidio of San Francisco. His wife and three young daughters were burned to death in a house fire, only his six-year-old son Warren was saved. Many who knew Pershing said he never recovered from the deaths of his wife and daughters. After the funerals at Lakeview Cemetery in Cheyenne, Wyoming, Pershing returned to Fort Bliss with his son, Warren, and his sister Mae, and resumed his duties of commanding officer. August 27 is the 239th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (240th in leap years), with 126 days remaining. ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Parade Grounds at the Presidio of San Francisco. ... Location in Wyoming Coordinates: County Laramie County Founded 1867 Mayor Jack R. Spiker Area - City 57. ...

World War I

In 1917, following America's entrance into World War I, President Woodrow Wilson named Pershing to command the American Expeditionary Forces, a post which he retained until 1918. Pershing was responsible for the organization, training, and supply of an inexperienced force that eventually grew from 27,000 men to over two million soldiers. In this way, Pershing is credited with the creation of the "National Army", a combined draft and professional Army force that was called upon to fight World War I. Combatants Allied Powers: British Empire France Italy Russia United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Paul... Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 â€“ February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States. ... Officers of the American Expeditionary Forces and the Baker mission The American Expeditionary Forces or AEF was the United States military force in World War I. The AEF helped the French defend the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive in May. ... The National Army was the combined conscript and volunteer force that was was formed by the United States War Department in 1918 to fight in World War I. The National Army was formed from the old corps of the United States Army, augmented by units of the United States National...

Pershing was appointed a Major General in the National Army and his force deployed to Europe. Upon arriving in France, Pershing fought continual political campaigns to keep the AEF from being split up to augment British and French forces. During this time, George C. Marshall served as one of Pershing's assistants and Douglas MacArthur was one of his Division Commanders. His chief of staff was James Harbord, who would work as Pershing's closest assistant through the years and remain extremely loyal to Pershing. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3608x5071, 1169 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): John Pershing Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3608x5071, 1169 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): John Pershing Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... The National Army was the combined conscript and volunteer force that was was formed by the United States War Department in 1918 to fight in World War I. The National Army was formed from the old corps of the United States Army, augmented by units of the United States National... Insignia of a United States Air Force Major General German Generalmajor Insignia Major General is a military rank used in many countries. ... George C. Marshall George Catlett Marshall (December 31, 1880–October 16, 1959), an American military leader and statesman, was born into a middle-class family in Uniontown, Pennsylvania. ... Douglas MacArthur (January 26, 1880 â€“ April 5, 1964) was an American general and Medal of Honor recipient, who was Supreme Commander of Allied forces in the Southwest Pacific Area during World War II. He lost the Philippines, but led the defense of Australia, and the recapture of New Guinea, the... James Harbord was a U.S. Army officer and a business executive. ...

In 1918, Pershing was commissioned as a full General and led the United States' forces in Europe. While in Europe, Pershing openly scorned the slow trench warfare of the previous three years on the Western Front, believing that to fight over a small area of no-man's land was very costly and senseless. Under his command, the American Expeditionary Force developed advanced mobile warfare, relying on direct assaults on enemy positions, as well as close-quarter shelling of targets. Download high resolution version (500x718, 70 KB)Description: General John Pershing. ... Download high resolution version (500x718, 70 KB)Description: General John Pershing. ... Trench warfare is a form of war in which both opposing armies have static lines of defence. ... Officers of the American Expeditionary Forces and the Baker mission The American Expeditionary Forces or AEF was the United States military force in World War I. The AEF helped the French defend the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive in May. ...

The AEF's offensives at Meuse-Argonne and Saint-Mihiel in France were largely responsible for hastening the Allied victory and the German armistice; these successes were largely credited to Pershing, and he became the most celebrated American leader of the war. Critics, however, would claim that Pershing commanded from far behind the lines and was critical of commanders who personally led troops into battle. This would become a hard point with Douglas MacArthur, who saw Pershing as a desk soldier and a negative relationship between the two men had developed by the end of the war. The Meuse-Argonne Offensive was a major battle of World War I. It was the biggest operation and victory of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in that war. ... Combatants United States German Empire Commanders John J. Pershing Georg von der Marwitz Strength American Expeditionary Force German Fifth Army Casualties 7,000 2000 dead and 5500 wounded The Battle of Saint-Mihiel was a World War I battle fought between September 12 - 15, 1918, involving the American Expeditionary Force... Douglas MacArthur (January 26, 1880 â€“ April 5, 1964) was an American general and Medal of Honor recipient, who was Supreme Commander of Allied forces in the Southwest Pacific Area during World War II. He lost the Philippines, but led the defense of Australia, and the recapture of New Guinea, the...

Later career

In 1919, in recognition of his distinguished service during World War I, the US Congress authorized the President to promote Pershing to General of the Armies of the United States, a rank created especially for him and one that only he held at the time (Lieutenant General George Washington was posthumously promoted to this rank by President Gerald Ford in 1976). Pershing was authorized to create his insignia for the new rank but declined, wearing the four stars of a regular General for the rest of his career. Image File history File links GEN_Pershing_as_Chief_Of_Staff. ... Image File history File links GEN_Pershing_as_Chief_Of_Staff. ... Congress in Joint Session. ... In the United States Army military hierarchy, General of the Armies is traditionally considered a rank superior to a five-star general. ... George Washington (February 22, 1732â€“December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775â€“1783), and was later elected the first President of the United States. ... Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. ...

There was a movement to make Pershing President of the United States in 1920, but he refused to actively campaign. In a newspaper article, he said that he "wouldn't decline to serve" if the people wanted him and this made front page headlines. Though Pershing was a Republican, many of his party's leaders considered him too closely tied to the policies of the Democratic Party's President Wilson. The Republican nomination went to Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio, who won the 1920 presidential election. The presidential seal was used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ... The Democratic Party is one of two major political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. ... Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 â€“ August 2, 1923) was an American politician and the 29th President of the United States, from 1921 to 1923, when he became the sixth president to die in office. ... Official language(s) None Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Largest metro area Cleveland Area Ranked 34th - Total 44,825 sq mi (116,096 kmÂ²) - Width 220 miles (355 km) - Length 220 miles (355 km) - % water 8. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ...

In 1921, Pershing became Chief of Staff of the United States Army, serving at this posting for three years. He created the Pershing Map. In 1924, now sixty four years old, Pershing retired from active military service, yet continued to be listed on the active duty rolls as part of his commission as General of the Armies. The Flag of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army The Chief of Staff of the United States Army (CSA) is the professional head of the United States Army who is responsible for insuring readiness of the Army. ...

On November 1, 1921 Pershing was in Kansas City to take part in the groundbreaking ceremony for the Liberty Memorial that was being constructed there. Also present that day were Lieutenant General Baron Jacques of Belgium, Admiral David Beatty of Great Britain, Marshal Ferdinand Foch of France and General Armando Diaz of Italy. One of the main speakers was Vice President Calvin Coolidge of the United States. In 1935 bas-reliefs of Pershing, Jacques, Foch and Diaz by sculptor Walker Hancock were added to the memorial. November 1 is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 60 days remaining. ... 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Nickname: City of Fountains or Heart of America Location in Jackson, Clay, Platte, and Cass Counties in the state of Missouri. ... Liberty Memorial Liberty Memorial, in Kansas City, is dedicated to the victory of liberty over oppression, in World War I against the Triple Alliance. ... David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty (1871-1936), born in County Wexford, Ireland, was an admiral in the Royal Navy. ... Ferdinand Foch OM GCB (October 2, 1851 â€“ March 20, 1929) was a French soldier, military educator and author credited for possessing the most original and subtle mind in the French Army. ... General Armando Diaz Armando Diaz (December 5, 1861â€“February 29, 1928) was a Marshal of Italy. ... John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. ... Walker Kirkland Hancock (born June 28, 1901, St. ...

During the 1930s, Pershing maintained a private life, but was made famous by his memoirs, My Experiences in the World War, which were awarded the 1932 Pulitzer Prize for history. The following are the Pulitzer Prizes for 1932 . ...

In 1940, Pershing was an outspoken advocate of aid for the United Kingdom during World War II. In 1944, with the creation of the new five star rank General of the Army, Pershing was acknowledged as the highest ranking officer of the United States military. When asked if this made Pershing a Six Star General, the then Secretary of War (Henry L. Stimson) commented that it did not, since Pershing never wore more than four stars but that Pershing was still to be considered senior to the present five star Generals of World War II. Image File history File links John J. Pershing in the 1940s File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links John J. Pershing in the 1940s File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead... General of the Army, or less formally five-star general, is historically the second most senior rank in the United States Army. ... The Secretary of War was a member of the Presidents Cabinet, beginning with George Washingtons administration. ... Henry L. Stimson Henry Lewis Stimson (September 21, 1867 â€“ October 20, 1950) was an American statesman, who served as Secretary of War, Governor-General of the Philippines, and Secretary of State at various times. ...

Pershing lived through the entirety of World War II to see America's victory. On July 15, 1948, he died and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, near the gravesites of the soldiers he commanded in Europe, after a state funeral. Download high resolution version (824x921, 406 KB)Black Jack, the riderless horse, trails the caisson bearing the body of former president Lyndon Johnson to Capitol Hill. ... Download high resolution version (824x921, 406 KB)Black Jack, the riderless horse, trails the caisson bearing the body of former president Lyndon Johnson to Capitol Hill. ... July 15 is the 196th day (197th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 169 days remaining. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... [[ Historical Information Arlington National Cemetery Section 27 Facts Pvt. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

Summary of Service

Dates of Rank

Image File history File links John J. Pershings signature File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links John J. Pershings signature File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Second Lieutenant is the lowest commissioned rank in many armed forces. ... The United States Army is the largest branch of the United States armed forces and has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... First Lieutenant is a military rank. ... Major is a military rank the use of which varies according to country. ... This article concerns the rank and title of Captain. ... A Brigadier General, or one-star general, is the lowest rank of general officer in the United States and some other countries, ranking just above Colonel and just below Major General. ... Insignia of a United States Air Force Major General German Generalmajor Insignia Major General is a military rank used in many countries. ... A General is an officer of high military rank. ... The National Army was the combined conscript and volunteer force that was was formed by the United States War Department in 1918 to fight in World War I. The National Army was formed from the old corps of the United States Army, augmented by units of the United States National... In the United States Army military hierarchy, General of the Armies is traditionally considered a rank superior to a five-star general, also known as General of the Army (note the difference between the two ranks). ... John Pershing lands in France. ... John Pershing lands in France. ...

Assignment History

Tokyo (東京; Tōkyō, lit. ... The National Army was the combined conscript and volunteer force that was was formed by the United States War Department in 1918 to fight in World War I. The National Army was formed from the old corps of the United States Army, augmented by units of the United States National...

Awards and decorations

Image File history File links Pershing World War I Ribbons by Wiki User Husnock File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Pershing World War I Ribbons by Wiki User Husnock File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

United States decorations

In 1932, seven years after Pershing's retirement from active service, his silver citation star was upgraded to the Silver Star Medal and he became eligible for the Purple Heart. In 1941, he was retroactively awarded the Army of Occupation of Germany Medal for service in Germany following the close of World War I. Awards and decorations of the United States military are military decorations which recognize a service members service and personal accomplishments while a member of the United States armed forces. ... The Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) is the second highest military decoration of the United States Army which is awarded for extreme gallantry and risk of life in actual combat with an armed enemy force. ... The Distinguished Service Medal is a military award of the United States Army which is presented to any person who, while serving in any capacity with the United States military, has distinguished himself or herself by exceptionally meritorious service to the Government in a duty of great responsibility. ... The World War I Victory Medal is a decoration of the United States military which was first created in 1919. ... Campaign Clasp Examples A Campaign clasp is an attachment to a military award consisting of a metal bar which is pinned to the upper cloth portion of an award medal. ... The Indian Campaign Medal is a decoration of the United States Army which was first created in 1905. ... Army Spanish Campaign Medal The Spanish Campaign Medal was a military award of the United States Armed Forces which recognized those members of the U.S. military who had served in the Spanish-American War. ... Example of Citation Star on WWI Victory Medal The Citation Star was an award of the United States Army which was first established by the United States Congress on July 9, 1918. ... The Army of Cuban Occupation Medal was a military award which was created by the United States War Department in June of 1915. ... Army and Navy versions of the Philippine Campaign Medal The Philippine Campaign Medal is a military decoration of the United States Armed Forces which was created to denote service of U.S. military members in the Philippine-American War between the years of 1898 and 1913. ... Army & Navy Mexican Service Medals The Mexican Service Medal is an award of the United States military which was established by General Orders of the United States War Department on December 12, 1917. ... The Silver Star is the fifth highest military decoration that can be awarded to a member of the United States Armed Forces, and the third highest given for valor (in the face of the enemy). ... For the plant genus, see Purpleheart. ... The Army of Occupation of Germany Medal is a decoration of the United States military which was created by an act of the United States Congress on November 21, 1941. ...

Image File history File links Graphic recreation of General John Pershings award ribbons by Wiki User Husnock File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Graphic recreation of General John Pershings award ribbons by Wiki User Husnock File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Foreign and international awards

Authorized foreign decorations of the United States military are those military decorations which have been approved for wear by members of the United States armed forces but whose awarding authority is the government of a country other than the United States. ... Military Badge of the Order of the Bath The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725. ... The Grand Cross of the Iron Cross was an award intended for senior Generals of the German Army and dated back to 1870. ... Chiang Kai-sheks LÃ©gion dhonneur. ... French Military Medal The MÃ©daille militaire (Military Medal) is a decoration of the French Republic which was first instituted in 1852. ... The Croix de guerre is a military decoration of both Belgium and France which was first created in 1915. ... Order of Leopold The Order of Leopold is the highest military order of Belgium and is named in honor of King Leopold I. The decoration was established in 1832 and is awarded for extreme bravery in combat or for meritorious service of immense benefit to the Belgian nation. ... The Croix de guerre is a military decoration of both Belgium and France which was first created in 1915. ... Virtuti Militari The Virtuti Militari (Latin: For Military Virtue) is Polands highest military decoration for valor in the face of the enemy. ... 4th Class Medal of the Order of the White Lion, Military Division The Order of the White Lion is the highest order of the Czech Republic, which continues a Czechoslovak order of the same name created in 1922 as an award for foreigners ( Czechoslovakia had no decoration for its citizens... World War II Czech War Cross with World War I ribbon The Czechoslovakian War Cross is a military decoration of the former state of Czechoslovakia which was issued as a service medal of both World War I and World War II. There are two versions of the decoration, commonly referred... The Order of the Redeemer (Greek Î¤Î¬Î³Î¼Î± Ï„Î¿Ï… Î£Ï‰Ï„Î®ÏÎ¿Ï‚) is an Order (decoration) of Greece. ... The Military Order of Italy (Ordine Militare dItalia) is the highest military order of Italy, originally established as the Military Order of Savoy on August 14, 1815 by King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia. ... The badge of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus. ... Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun The Order of the Rising Sun or Kyokujitsu sho(æ—æ—¥ç« ) is a Japanese Order (decoration), established in 1875 by Emperor Meiji of Japan. ... Anthem: Oj, svijetla majska zoro Capital (and largest city) Podgorica Serbian of the Ijekavian dialect1 Government Republic - President Filip VujanoviÄ‡ - Prime Minister Å½eljko Å turanoviÄ‡ Independence From Serbia and Montenegro - Declared June 3, 2006 - Recognised June 8, 2006 Area - Total 13. ... Motto: none Anthem: BoÅ¾e pravde (English: God of Justice) Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Serbian, cyrillic script1 Government Republic - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica - President Boris TadiÄ‡ Establishment - Formation 814 - First Serbian Uprising 1804 - Internationally recognized July 13, 1878 - Kingdom of SCS created December 1, 1918 - SCG dissolved June...

Civilian awards

Civilian decorations of the United States are civil decorations of the United States of America which are bestowed by various agencies of the United States government for acts of accomplishment benefiting the government as a whole. ... Congressional Gold Medal presented to Navajo Code talkers in 2000 The Congressional Gold Medal of Honor is the highest award which may be bestowed by the Legislative Branch of the United States government. ... Coordinates: Found 1536, 1580 Mayor Jorge Telerman Area - City 203 kmÂ² (78. ...

Other Honors

Memorial to General Pershing in Pershing Park. ... A balloon launch at the Great Pershing Balloon Derby The Great Pershing Balloon Derby is a hot air balloon festival named in honor of General John J. Pershing and held every year since 1977 over the Labor Day weekend near Brookfield, Missouri. ... Brookfield is a city located in Linn County, Missouri. ... Labour Day (or Labor Day) is an annual holiday that resulted from efforts of the labour union movement, to celebrate the economic and social achievements of workers. ... The University of Nebraskaâ€“Lincoln, often called UNL, but also known as Nebraska or NU, is the flagship institution of the University of Nebraska system. ... Truman State University is a public liberal arts and sciences university in the U.S. state of Missouri. ... The United States Military Academy, also known as West Point, or simply USMA (or Army, for NCAA purposes), is a United States Army fort and military academy. ... The Heavy Tank M26 Pershing was an American tank used during World War II and the Korean War. ... Pershing was a family of solid-fueled two-stage medium-range ballistic missiles designed and built by Martin Marietta to replace the PGM-11 Redstone missile as the Armys primary theater-level weapon. ... The 1st Cavalry Division (1st Cav Div) is a heavy armored division of the United States Army with base of operations in Fort Hood, Texas. ... Pershing County is a county located in the state of Nevada. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (AAR reporting mark CBQ) was a railroad that operated in the Midwestern United States. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A streamliner is a vehicle that incorporates streamlining to produce a shape that provides less resistance to air, and is more pleasing to the eye. ... The General Pershing Zephyr in 1939 near Denver, Colorado. ... The riderless horse, Sargeant York, during the funeral procession for Ronald Reagan, with Reagans own boots reversed in the stirrups. ... Black Jack, the riderless horse A coal black Morgan-Quarter Horse cross, Black Jack served in the 3rd US Infantrys (The Old Guard) Caisson Platoon. ...

Trivia

February 17 is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... 502nd PIR Distinctive Unit Insignia During World War II, the 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment (502d PIR) was a regiment of the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army. ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000...

Bibliography

External links

Categories: 1860 births | 1948 deaths | Congressional Gold Medal recipients | People from Missouri | West Point graduates | American Episcopalians | University of Nebraska-Lincoln alumni | Recipients of Distinguished Service Medal | Recipients of the Silver Star medal | United States Army generals | Spanish-American War people | American World War I people | Recipients of US Distinguished Service Cross | Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath | Croix de guerre recipients | Recipients of Virtuti Militari | Philippine-American War people | Pulitzer Prize for History winners | Burials at Arlington National Cemetery Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid Beels The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... Peyton Conway March (December 27, 1864 - April 13, 1955) was an American soldier and Army Chief of Staff. ... The Flag of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army The Chief of Staff of the United States Army (CSA) is the professional head of the United States Army who is responsible for insuring readiness of the Army. ... General John L. Hines John Leonard Hines (May 21, 1868-October 13, 1968) was an American soldier, who served as Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army from 1924 to 1926. ...

Contents

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