John Romulus Brinkley (later John Richard Brinkley) was born on July 8, 1885 and died on May 26, 1942. He was both a controversial medical doctor who experimented with goat glands as a means of curing male impotence and a radio pioneer who created the age of Mexican border blasters. July 8 is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 176 days remaining. ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... May 26 is the 146th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (147th in leap years). ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... The word physician should not be confused with physicist, which means a scientist in the area of physics. ... Species See Species and subspecies The goat is a mammal in the genus Capra, which consists of nine species: the Ibex, the West Caucasian Tur, the East Caucasian Tur, the Markhor, and the Wild Goat. ... Erectile dysfunction (ED) or impotence is a sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis for satisfactory sexual intercourse regardless of the capability of ejaculation. ... Wikibooks has more about this subject: Marketing Note: broadcasting is also a term for hand sowing. ... A border blaster, unlike an international broadcasting station, is a term that has been specifically used to describe licensed commercial radio stations that have transmited at very high power to the United States of America from various points along the Mexican side of the border. ...

John Brinkley was born on July 8, 1885 near Beta, Jackson County, North Carolina, USA. He died in 1941 in San Antonio, Texas. His middle name given at birth was Romulus, but Dr. Brinkley later changed it to Richard. His parents died when he was young and he moved in with an aunt and he attended a one-room school in Tuckasiegee, although he did receive a diploma. July 8 is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 176 days remaining. ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Jackson County is a county located in the southwest of the U.S. state of North Carolina. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area  Ranked 28th  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 150 miles (240 km)  - Length 560[1] miles (901 km)  - % water 9. ...

In 1908 John Brinkley married Sally Wike and the couple had three daughters. In 1913 he divorced and then married Minnie Telitha Jones with whom he had a son. 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Education

In 1907 shortly before his first marriage, John Brinkley continued his education until 1915 with unaccredited schools including Bennett Medical College of Chicago and Eclectic Medical University of Kansas City from which he obtained an M.D. From this background John Brinkley was able to obtain a medical license from the state of Arkansas which he used to establish a medical practice in Milford, Kansas. 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about Illinois largest city. ... Nickname: City of Fountains or Heart of America Location in Jackson, Clay, Platte, and Cass Counties in the state of Missouri. ... Official language(s) English Capital Little Rock Largest city Little Rock Area  Ranked 29th  - Total 53,179 sq mi (137,732 km²)  - Width 239 miles (385 km)  - Length 261 miles (420 km)  - % water 2. ... Milford is a city located in Geary County, Kansas. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Goat gland career

In 1918 Dr. Brinkley began to perform operations which he claimed would restore male virility and fertility by implanting the glands of goats in his male patients at a cost of $750 per operation. He hired a press agent, advertised in newspapers, and used direct mail to promote his procedure to people who wrote asking for information. Year 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... ISO 4217 Code USD User(s) the United States, the British Virgin Islands, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Panama, Turks and Caicos Islands, and the insular areas of the United States Inflation 3. ...

On a trip to Los Angeles, where he was praised by the Los Angeles Times, he toured radio station KHJ, owned by the Times, and decided that radio could be a great sales tool. By 1923 he had enough capital to build KFKB (which stood for ‘’Kansas First, Kansas Best’’) using a 1 kW transmitter, as the first radio station in the state of Kansas. Typical of early radio, it featured live performances by local singers and musicians, but also featured medical talks by Brinkley, including "Medical Question Box." where Brinkley would read listener medical complaints, and suggest treatments. He organized a network of affiliated pharmacies in his coverage area, and prescribed medicine by number which you could only get at the local affiliated pharmacy, who sent a portion of their profit to Brinkley. The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California and distributed throughout the Western United States. ... 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

In 1928 the business of "Doc" Brinkley came to the attention of Dr. Morris Fishbein, executive secretary of the American Medical Association, who disliked Brinkley as an "advertising doctor." The Kansas City Star ran an unfavorable series of reports on him. In 1930 his medical license was revoked by the Kansas State Medical Board and the Federal Radio Commission refused to renew his station’s broadcasting license. He sued the commission, and the case Brinkley v. FRC became a landmark case in broadcast law. 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... The American Medical Association (AMA) is the largest association of medical doctors in the United States. ... The American Medical Association (AMA) is the largest association of medical doctors in the United States. ... 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link is to a full 1930 calendar). ... The Federal Radio Commission (FRC) was a government body that regulated radio use in the United States from its creation in 1927 until its replacement by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1935. ...

Political career

Dr. Brinkley reacted to this double attack by campaigning for Governor of Kansas, a political position which would enable him to appoint his own members to the medical board and thus regain his medical license. His campaign was conducted as an independent write-in candidate. He received 183,278 votes (29%) and lost. The Governor of Kansas holds the supreme executive power of the State as provided by the first article of the Kansas Constitution. ...

Brinkley's radio license renewal was denied in 1930 and he lost his medical license in Kansas. Brinkley then ran for Governor of Kansas that year, receiving 183,278 votes (29.5% of the vote) as a write-in candidate. Brinkley ran again in 1932 as an Independent, receiving 244,607 votes (30.6% of the vote). Because he lacked a medical license to practice in Kansas, in 1933 he moved his medical business into the Roswell Hotel in Del Rio, Texas. Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... Del Rio is a city located in Val Verde County, Texas, United States. ...

Move to Del Rio, Texas

In 1931, Dr. Brinkley obtained a license from the government of Mexico to construct a 75 kW station at 840 kHz on the AM dial which was radiated by a sky wave antenna held aloft by 300-foot towers. His station at Villa Acuña, Coahuila, (since renamed Ciudad Acuña) was located on the other side of the Rio Grande from Del Rio, Texas. Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ... [[Amplitude modulation]] (AM) is a technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a carrier wave wirelessly. ... Ciudad Acuña, also known simply as Acuña, (originally Garza Galán, later Villa Acuña) is a city located in the Mexican state of Coahuila, at and a mean height above sea level of 280 metres. ... Ciudad Acuña, also known simply as Acuña, (originally Garza Galán, later Villa Acuña) is a city located in the Mexican state of Coahuila, at and a mean height above sea level of 280 metres. ... Río Bravo redirects here. ... Del Rio may refer to: Del Rio, Texas Del Rio, California This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ...

Under the call sign of XER, Dr. Brinkley used his new “’’border blaster’’” to resume his campaign for Governor once again by using landlines to the transmitter since its sky wave signal could be heard in Kansas and as far north as Canada. This approach did not work, and he lost yet again. The same thing happened in 1934. Meanwhile Dr. Brinkley had resumed his medical practice over the airwaves. Male listeners were offered an array of expensive concoctions which included Mercurochrome injections and pills, all designed to help them regain their sexual prowess. At the clinic in the hotel he also performed prostate operations. For a short period of time, he lost his license and had to broadcast from XEPN, a "border blaster" in Piedras Negras, Coahuila. XER (1932-1933) are the call letters of a famous border-blaster radio station licensed to Villa Acuña, Coahuila, Mexico upon license appliction of Dr. John R. Brinkley of Kansas. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... XEPN are the call letters of a border-blaster radio station licensed to Piedras Negras, Coahuila, Mexico. ... Piedras Negras is a city in Coahuila, Mexico, located at . ...

His house in Del Rio, commonly called the Brinckley estate, still stands today in Del Rio and is probably considered a historical landmark. It's rumored that two homosexual men own the building. Marc Cardenas has been the biggest supporter of this theory.

XERA

At this time radio station WLW in Cincinnati, Ohio, was operating with an experimental AM broadcasting license with an RCA transmitter power of 500 kilowatts. It was the most powerful AM radio station ever licensed in the USA. Dr. Brinkley asked RCA to build him a similar transmitter to the one used by WLW, so that he could install at his broadcasting site in Mexico. WLW is a radio station located in Cincinnati, Ohio, run by Clear Channel Communications and is located at 700 AM. The station runs under the talk format and is the flagship station for Americas Trucking Network (formerly The Truckin Bozo), a popular nationwide, overnight program especially for truckers. ... Cincinnati, Ohio viewed from the SW, across the Ohio River from Kentucky. ... Official language(s) None Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Largest metro area Cleveland Area  Ranked 34th  - Total 44,825 sq mi (116,096 km²)  - Width 220 miles (355 km)  - Length 220 miles (355 km)  - % water 8. ... RCAs logo as seen today on many products. ...

The government of Mexico issued Dr. Brinkley with a license for his new station under the new call letters of XERA. Up until this time the USA had ignored protests from Mexico about the intrusion of signals from US radio stations onto the Mexican broadcasting band and XERA was a form of radio “war” by retaliation.

When XERA signed on, its huge new high-gain antenna sent its clear sky wave signals over Canada, the North Pole and into Russia. It has been claimed that the USSR tuned to XERA where the NKVD (later KGB), used the programs to train their spies in the English language. The NKVD (Narodnyi Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del )(Russian: НКВД, Народный комиссариат внутренних дел) or Peoples Commisariat for Internal Affairs was a government department which handled a number of the Soviet Unions affairs of state. ... The KGB emblem and motto: The sword and the shield KGB (transliteration of КГБ) is the Russian-language abbreviation for Committee for State Security, (Russian: ; Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti). ...

Other American promoters became inspired by the advent of border blaster radio and many new stations were added along various points of the borders of Mexico with United States. A border blaster, unlike an international broadcasting station, is a term that has been specifically used to describe licensed commercial radio stations that have transmited at very high power to the United States of America from various points along the Mexican side of the border. ...

Wealth

It has been claimed that between 1933 and 1938 Dr. Brinkley earned $12 million which he used to purchase diamonds, cars, aircraft, a yacht (which was reportedly rented to the Duke and Duchess of Windsor for their honeymoon) and a large mansion by which time he had decided to move his medical practice once again. This time his destination was Little Rock, Arkansas, although his home remained in Texas. Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... There is also a Littlerock, California. ... Official language(s) English Capital Little Rock Largest city Little Rock Area  Ranked 29th  - Total 53,179 sq mi (137,732 km²)  - Width 239 miles (385 km)  - Length 261 miles (420 km)  - % water 2. ...

World War II

With the advent of World War II in Europe, but before the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the US declaration of war, Dr. Brinkley extended his radio support to the sympathizers of Nazi Germany by giving airtime to people such as Gerald Winrod, Fritz Kuhn, and William Dudley Pelley. This aroused the ire of the American government. In April 1941, the Mexican Government made a deal with the United States to restrict renegade stations such as XERA. This put Brinkley's station out of business. Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead... Satellite image of Pearl Harbor. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Gerald B. Winrod was a preacher from Kansas. ... Fritz Kuhn (May 15, 1896–December 14, 1951) was the leader of the German-American Bund, prior to World War II. He was a naturalized citizen of the United States and a loyal supporter of the German government led by Adolf Hitler. ... William Dudley Pelley wanted poster William Dudley Pelley (March 12, 1890-July 1, 1965) was an American Fascist and leader of the Silver Legion. ...

Brinkley Act

In retaliation the United States banned cross-border links between US radio studios and Mexican transmitters with legislation which became known as the Brinkley Act. This move was followed by US recognition of Mexico's own clear channels and Mexico's agreement to regulate the border blasters and as a result the government of Mexico took control of XERA in 1939. The Brinkley Act is the popular name given to Section 325(b) of The Communications Act of 1934; United States Public Law 416, 73d Congress, June 19, 1934. ... Clear channel stations are AM radio stations that are designated as such so that only one or two 50,000 watt powerhouses operate at night on each designated frequency, covering a wide area via sky wave propagation. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Death

His final years were not good. Dr. Brinkley had lost his radio station; he had also tried to win a libel suit in which he named Dr. Fishbein as defendant and lost yet again; several of his former patients sued him for malpractice; the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) declared their own war on him and he was indicted for mail fraud by the United States Postal Service. On January 31, 1941 he was forced to declare bankruptcy. In law, malpractice is type of tort in which the misfeasance, malfeasance or nonfeasance of a professional under a duty to act fails to follow generally accepted professional standards. ... The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the United States government agency that collects taxes and enforces the internal revenue laws. ... The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the United States government agency that collects taxes and enforces the internal revenue laws. ... The United States Postal Service (USPS) is an independent establishment of the executive branch of the United States Government (see ) responsible for providing postal service in the United States. ... January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ...

As if his financial setbacks were not enough, Dr. Brinkley then became a medical patient himself, having suffered three heart attacks and the loss of one of his legs by amputation due to a problem with poor circulation. On May 26, 1942 Dr. Brinkley died of heart failure in San Antonio, penniless and heartbroken. He was later buried in Memphis, Tennessee. May 26 is the 146th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (147th in leap years). ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... San Antonio (the Spanish name of Saint Anthony) is a common toponym in parts of the world where the Spanish language is or was spoken: Argentina San Antonio, Jujuy province Belize San Antonio, Cayo District Chile San Antonio Mexico San Antonio, San Luis Potosí Philippines San Antonio, Quezon San Antonio... Flag Seal Nickname: The River City, The Bluff City, M-Town Location Location in Shelby County and the state of Tennessee Coordinates , Government Country State Counties United States Tennessee Shelby County Mayor W. W. Herenton (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 294. ...

Footnote about XERA

XERA ceased to be the licensed station for Villa Acuña in 1939. For a history of the new station that was granted a license by Mexico for Ciudad Acuña at a different location, see the article about XERF. The call letters XERF-AM are assigned to a licensed border-blaster radio station that was located in Villa Acuña (later renamed Ciudad Acuña) and that was operated under the laws of Mexico. ...

See also

• XER – at Villa Acuña, Coahuila, opposite Del Rio, Texas.
• XERA – replaced radio station XER.
• XEAW – at Reynosa, Tamaulipas, opposite McAllen, Texas.

XER (1932-1933) are the call letters of a famous border-blaster radio station licensed to Villa Acuña, Coahuila, Mexico upon license appliction of Dr. John R. Brinkley of Kansas. ... XERA (1935-1939) are the call letters of a famous border-blaster radio station licensed in September 1935 to Cia Mexicana Radiofusori Fronteriza in Villa Acuña, Coahuila, Mexico. ... XEAW-AM are the call letters of a border-blaster radio station located in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico, across the Rio Grande (Río Bravo) from McAllen, Texas, USA. In the 1930s the station came under the control of Dr. John R. Brinkley who became famous for both his controversial treatments...

References

• The Roguish World of Doctor Brinkley by Carson, Gerald. Rinehart, New York.1960.

• Dr. Brinkley, A Man and His Calling, illustrated. (16 page comic book biography) by Musial, Matthew. Matthew Musial, Del Rio. 1983

• Border Radio by Fowler, Gene and Crawford, Bill. Texas Monthly Press, Austin. 1987. ISBN 0-87719-066-6

• The Bizarre Carreers of John R. Brinkley by Lee, R. Alton. University Press of Kentucky. 2002. ISBN 0-8131-2232-5

External links

• Grift, Goats, and Gonads

• Dr. Brinkley, A Man and His Calling