John Reed's signature

John "Jack" Silas Reed (October 22, 1887 – October 19, 1920) was an American journalist, poet, and communist activist, famous for his first-hand account of the Bolshevik Revolution, Ten Days that Shook the World. He was the husband of the writer and feminist Louise Bryant. Image File history File links Johnreed1. ... October 22 is the 295th day of the year (296th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 70 days remaining. ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ... Nickname: Location in Multnomah County and the state of Oregon Coordinates: Country United States State Oregon County Multnomah County Incorporated February 8, 1851 Government  - Mayor Tom Potter Area  - City  145. ... Official language(s) (none)[1] Capital Salem Largest city Portland Area  Ranked 9th  - Total 98,466 sq mi (255,026 km²)  - Width 260 miles (420 km)  - Length 360 miles (580 km)  - % water 2. ... October 19 is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Position of Moscow in Europe Coordinates: Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Government  - Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Area  - City 1,081 km²  (417. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Louise Bryant (December 5, 1885 - January 6, 1936) born Reno, Nevada was a journalist, writer, and feminist known for her Marxist writings and bohemian lifestyle. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... October 22 is the 295th day of the year (296th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 70 days remaining. ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ... October 19 is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... The poor poet A poet is a person who writes poetry. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... Activism, in a general sense, can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change. ... For other uses, see October Revolution (disambiguation). ... Ten Days that Shook the World (1919) is a book by American journalist and socialist John Reed, about the October Revolution in Russia 1917 which Reed experienced first-hand. ... The term writer can apply to anyone who creates a written work, but the word more usually designates those who write creatively or professionally, or those who have written in many different forms. ... Feminism is a social theory and political movement primarily informed and motivated by the experience of women. ... Louise Bryant (December 5, 1885 - January 6, 1936) born Reno, Nevada was a journalist, writer, and feminist known for her Marxist writings and bohemian lifestyle. ...

Reed and Bryant were the subjects of the film Reds (1981), directed by Warren Beatty. Reds is a 1981 film starring Warren Beatty and Diane Keaton. ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Henry Warren Beatty (born March 30, 1937), better known as Warren Beatty, is an Academy Award and Golden Globe-winning American actor, producer, screenwriter, and director. ...

Early life and education

Reed was born in Portland, Oregon, the son of Charles Jerome and Margaret (Green) Reed. His mother was the daughter of a leading Portland citizen who had made a fortune in pig iron manufacturing. His father, who had recently come from the East when they married in 1886, represented an agricultural machinery manufacturer and with his ready wit quickly won acceptance in Portland’s business community.^[1] Nickname: Location in Multnomah County and the state of Oregon Coordinates: Country United States State Oregon County Multnomah County Incorporated February 8, 1851 Government  - Mayor Tom Potter Area  - City  145. ... Pig iron is raw iron, the immediate product of smelting iron ore with coke and limestone in a blast furnace. ... Red shows states east of the Mississippi River, pink shows states not fully eastern or western The U.S. Eastern states are the states east of the Mississippi River. ...

The young John, universally called Jack, was born in his mother’s mansion and baptized in the fashionable Trinity Episcopal Church (later abandoning religion).^[2] He grew up surrounded by nurses and servants, his upper-class playmates carefully selected. He had a brother, Harry, two years his junior.^[3] A sickly child, he was sent to the recently-established Portland Academy, a private boarding school where he was unhappy, at the age of nine.^[4] In September 1904, he was sent to Morristown School, New Jersey, to prepare for college (his father had not gone to college and wanted his sons to attend Harvard). There, he made the football team and although he did poorly in most subjects, showed literary promise. Around this time his father’s social standing fell due to his muckraking activities in exposing the timber industry’s corruption.^[5] It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. ... It has been suggested that Exposé (journalism) be merged into this article or section. ...

Reed entered Harvard College in September 1906 (passing the entrance examination on his second try – something he was allowed to do despite having earned a C in English, a D in history and French, a pass in Chemistry, and failing Latin and geometry).^[6] Tall, handsome, and light-hearted, he threw himself into all manner of student activities. He was a member of the swimming team and the dramatic club; he served on the editorial boards of the Lampoon and the Harvard Monthly; he served as president of the Harvard Glee Club; he wrote a play produced by the Hasty Pudding Club, and was made ivy orator and poet. He attended meetings of the Socialist Club, which his friend Walter Lippmann founded in May 1908, but never joined – his social conscience was still dormant and there were too many contradictions involved.^[7] He failed to make football and crew, but participated in low-prestige sports like swimming and water polo, at which he excelled.^[8] He was frustrated by the dismissive attitude the Eastern aristocracy showed the energetic young man, passing him over for membership in the waiting clubs (which one joined in preparation of the final clubs) despite his having broken a friendship with a Jewish classmate for the purpose of social advancement.^[9] Still, his mentor, literature professor Charles Copeland, helped develop his talents.^[10] Graduating in 1910, he visited England, France, and Spain before moving to New York City in March 1911. Harvard Yard Harvard College is the undergraduate section and oldest school of Harvard University, having been founded in 1636. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The Harvard Glee Club is a 60-voice, all-male choral ensemble at Harvard University. ... The Hasty Pudding Club was founded by Nymphus Hatch, a Junior at Harvard University, in 1790. ... Walter Lippmann (September 23, 1889 - December 14, 1974) was an influential United States writer, journalist, and political commentator. ... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem God Save the King (Queen) England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II  -  Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification  -  by Athelstan 967  Area... Nickname: Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Settled 1625 Government  - Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area  - City  468. ...

Journalism

He grew to love New York, relentlessly exploring it and writing poems about it; he enjoyed the independence he now had from his parents, from Portland (which he hated), and from Harvard snobbery. Although living in Greenwich Village, he kept somewhat apart from its myriad intense, hostile cliques.^[11] He joined the staff of the American Magazine in 1911 with Lincoln Steffens' invaluable help,^[12] and in 1912 published “Sangar”, probably his finest poem^[13] (Poetry, December 1912; also privately printed), besides producing the first of the Dutch Treat Club shows, "Everymagazine". The following year he issued privately The Day in Bohemia. he was idiot manb ever in life. cuz he did something with his mom. The Washington Square Arch Greenwich Village (IPA pronunciation: ), also called simply the Village, is a largely residential area on the west side of downtown (southern) Manhattan in New York City named after Greenwich, London. ... 1917 issue The American Magazine was founded in June of 1906 stemming from failed publications that had been purchased a few years earlier from publishing mogul Miriam Leslie and operated between 1904 and August of 1905 as Leslies Magazine then until May of 1906 as the American Illustrated Magazine. ... Poetry, published in Chicago, Illinois since 1912, is one of the leading monthly poetry journals in the English-speaking world. ...

His central, tortuous, relationship in New York was with Mabel Dodge, a married woman eight years his senior. They met in early spring 1913. She dominated, suffocated him; she threatened suicide several times when he seemed to neglect her.^[14] Visiting Europe later that year, they consummated their relationship in Paris and friction clearly developed (he was very interested in the sights the continent had to offer; she was mainly preoccupied with him).^[15] Upon their return she continued to try and keep his mind off politics.^[16] Mabel Dodge Sterne Luhan, née Ganson (February 26, 1879 - August 13, 1962) was a wealthy American patron of the arts, and a key figure in the Greenwich Village community in the years 1912 – 1916. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ...

His serious interest in social problems was first aroused, at about this time, by Lincoln Steffens and Ida Tarbell, and once aroused it quickly led him to a far more radical position than theirs. In 1913 he joined the staff of The Masses, edited by Max Eastman; he contributed over fifty articles, reviews and shorter pieces. The first of Reed’s many arrests came in Paterson, New Jersey, in 1913, for attempting to speak on behalf of the strikers in the silk mills. He spent four days in prison, helping to radicalize him and allying him with the IWW (though he was still not a socialist);^[17] his brilliant account of his experiences appeared in June as “War in Paterson”. During the same year, following a suggestion made by Bill Haywood, picked up by Dodge and enthusiastically endorsed by Reed, he put on “The Pageant of the Paterson Strike” in Madison Square Garden for the benefit of the strikers. ^[18] Joseph Lincoln Steffens (April 6, 1866 – August 9, 1936) was an American journalist and one of the most famous and influential practitioners of the journalistic style called muckraking. ... Ida Tarbell Ida Minerva Tarbell (November 5, 1857 - January 6, 1944) was an American author and journalist, known as one of the leading muckrakers. ... June 1914 issue of The Masses. ... Max Eastman in Moscow (1922) Max Forrester Eastman (January 4, 1883–March 25, 1969) was a socialist American writer and patron of the Harlem Renaissance, later known for being an anti-leftist. ... The skyline of Paterson, New Jersey, showing the canyon of the Passaic River in the foreground. ... The Paterson silk strike of 1913 was a strike of the silk mill workers in Paterson, New Jersey. ... The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies) is an international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. At its peak in 1923 the organization claimed some 100,000 members in good standing, and could marshal the support of perhaps 300,000 workers. ... William Dudley Big Bill Haywood (February 4, 1869–May 18, 1928) was a prominent figure in American radical unionism as a leader in the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) and later as a founding member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

In the autumn of 1913 he was sent to Mexico by the Metropolitan Magazine to report the Mexican Revolution; Dodge followed him to El Paso but returned several days later.^[19] He participated for four months in the perils of Pancho Villa’s army, while his brilliant if biased articles brought him national reputation as a war correspondent. They were republished in book form as Insurgent Mexico (1914). He was with Villa's Constitutionalist Army when it defeated Federal forces at Torreón, opening the way for its advance on Mexico City.^[20] He adored Villa; Carranza left him cold; he deeply sympathized with the plight of the peons; and vehemently opposed American intervention, which came shortly after he left. On April 30, he arrived in Colorado, scene of the recent Ludlow massacre; there he spent a little more than a week and investigated the events, spoke on behalf of the miners, wrote an impassioned article on the subject (“The Colorado War”, published in July), and came to believe much more clearly in class conflict.^[21] That summer he spent in Provincetown, Massachusetts with Dodge and her son, putting together Insurgent Mexico and interviewing President Wilson on the subject (the resulting report, much watered down at White House insistence, was not a success).^[22] A graphical timeline is available here: Timeline of the Mexican Revolution Many portions of this article are translations of excerpts from the article Revolución Mexicana in the Spanish Wikipedia. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Texas Coordinates: County El Paso County Government  - Mayor John Cook Area  - City  250. ... A graphical timeline is available here: Timeline of the Mexican Revolution Doroteo Arango Arámbula (June 5, 1878 – July 23, 1923) — better known as Francisco Villa or, by the nickname for Francisco Pancho. Pancho Villa — was one of the foremost leaders of the Mexican Revolution, between 1921 and 1930, and... Torreon Centennary logo Torreón is a city and its surrounding municipality in the Mexican state of Coahuila. ... Nickname: Location of Mexico City in central Mexico Coordinates: Country Mexico Federal entity Federal District Boroughs The 16 delegaciones Founded (as Tenochtitlan) c. ... Venustiano Carranza Garza (December 29, 1859 – May 21, 1920) was one of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution. ... Combatants United States Mexico Commanders Frank Friday Fletcher Gustavo Mass Manuel Azueta Strength Total: 3948 Landing force: 757 N/A Casualties 22 killed 70 wounded 92 total 152-172 killed 195-250 wounded 347-422 total The United States occupation of Veracruz lasted for six months in response to the... Official language(s) English Capital Denver Largest city Denver Area  Ranked 8th  - Total 104,185 sq mi (269,837 km²)  - Width 280 miles (451 km)  - Length 380 miles (612 km)  - % water 0. ... Ludlow massacre monument The Ludlow massacre was the death of about 20 people during an attack by the Colorado National Guard on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families, at Ludlow, Colorado on April 20, 1914. ... Nickname: P-town Location in Massachusetts Coordinates: Country United States State Massachusetts County Barnstable County Settled 1700 Incorporated 1727 Government  - Type Open town meeting  - Town    Manager Keith A. Bergman Area  - Town  17. ... For the pop band, see Presidents of the United States of America. ... Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924), was the 28th President of the United States. ... For other uses, see White House (disambiguation). ...

On August 14, 1914, shortly after Germany declared war on France and set World War I into full swing, he set sail for Italy, having been sent by the Metropolitan. He met Dodge in Naples; they made their way to Paris. They were uneasy with each other and she was depressed, knowing she could never fully possess him. He saw the war as emerging from imperialist commercial rivalries, showing little sympathy for Great Britain; in an anonymous piece (“The Traders’ War”, The Masses, September 1914), he famously wrote, “This is not Our War.” In France he was frustrated by wartime censorship and the difficulty of accessing the front; they went to London and she left for New York, leaving him relieved. The rest of 1914 he spent drinking, with French prostitutes, and with a German woman;^[23] the two went to Berlin in early December but then broke off the affair. While there he interviewed Karl Liebknecht, who had, stunningly, voted against war credits; Reed was deeply disappointed by the general collapse in working-class solidarity promised by the Second International, and by its replacement with militarism and nationalism and their participation in what he saw as a meaningless war. On a visit to the German side of the Front south of Ypres on January 12, 1915, he probably fired two shots in the direction of the French, which earned him widespread condemnation.^[24] August 14 is the 226th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (227th in leap years), with 139 days remaining. ... 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... “Napoli” redirects here. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Location of Berlin within Germany / EU Coordinates Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE3 City subdivisions 12 boroughs Governing Mayor Klaus Wowereit (SPD) Governing parties SPD / Left. ... â–¶ (help· info) (August 13, 1871 - January 15, 1919) was a German socialist and a co-founder of the Spartacist League and the Communist Party of Germany. ... The phrase Second International has two meanings: For the international association of socialist parties of the late 19th century, see Second International (politics) and a successor organization, the Socialist International For one of the Merriam-Webster dictionaries of American English, see Websters New International Dictionary, Second Edition This is... Ypres municipality and district in the province West Flanders Ypres (French, pronounced generally used in English1) or Ieper (official name in Dutch, pronounced ) is a Belgian municipality located in the Flemish province of West Flanders. ... January 12 is the 12th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Returning to New York in the middle of that month, he for the most part failed to reconcile with Dodge, and spent time writing about the war until going on a three-month visit to Eastern Europe later that year with Canadian Boardman Robinson. Going up from Thessaloniki, they met scenes of profound devastation in Serbia (including a bombed-out Belgrade), also going through Bulgaria and Romania. They passed through the Jewish Pale of Settlement in Bessarabia, and in Chełm they were arrested, incarcerated for several weeks and liable to be shot for espionage had not the American ambassador shown some interest. Going to Petrograd, an outraged Reed found the ambassador inclined to believe they were spies, and they were re-arrested when they tried to slip into Romania; it was the British ambassador (Robinson being a British subject) who finally secured permission for them to leave, but not before all their papers were seized in Kiev. It was at this time that his hatred for the Tsarist regime and love for the Russian people began to develop. In Bucharest they spent time piecing together their journey (Reed at one point traveling to Constantinople, hoping to see action at Gallipoli, but being rebuffed), from which Reed’s The War in Eastern Europe (April 1916) would emerge. He sailed for New York in October. The Masses, October 1916, cover illustration by Boardman Robinson Boardman Robinson (September 6, 1876 - September 5, 1952) was a Canadian-American artist, illustrator and cartoonist. ... Thessaloniki, (Greek: Θεσσαλονίκη), is Greeces second-largest city and the capital of the Greek region of Macedonia and the periphery of Central Macedonia. ... Anthem Serbia() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Official languages Serbian language 1 Recognised regional languages Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak, Romanian, Rusyn 2 Albanian, English 3 Government Parliamentary republic  -  President Boris Tadić  -  Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Establishment  -  Formation 8th century   -  First unified state c. ... Location of Belgrade within Serbia Coordinates: Country Serbia District City of Belgrade Municipalities 17 Government  - Mayor Nenad Bogdanović (DS) (since 2004)  - Ruling parties DS/DSS/G17+ Area  - City 3,222. ... The Pale of Settlement (Russian: Черта оседлости - cherta osedlosti) was a western border region of Imperial Russia in which permanent residence of Jews was allowed, extending from the pale or demarcation line, to near the border with eastern/central Europe. ... 1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia (Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian, Besarabya in Turkish) is a historical term for the geographic entity in Eastern Europe bounded by the Dniester River on the East and the Prut River on the West. ... CheÅ‚m ( ; Ukrainian: , Kholm) is a town in eastern Poland with 72,595 inhabitants (2005). ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... Map of Ukraine with Kiev highlighted Coordinates: Country Ukraine Oblast Kiev City Municipality Raion Municipality Government  - Mayor Leonid Chernovetskyi Elevation 179 m (587. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 238 km² Population (2005) 1,924,959[1] Density 8,088 inh/km² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ... Map of Constantinople. ... Gallipoli peninsula (Turkish: , Greek: ) is located in Turkish Thrace, the European part of Turkey, with the Aegean Sea to the west and the Dardanelles straits to the east. ...

After returning to New York, he paid a visit to his mother in Portland, where he fell in love with Louise Bryant, who joined him east in January 1916. Bryant was less domineering than Dodge, and both had affairs rather freely. Early in 1916 Reed met Eugene O’Neill, and beginning that May the three rented a cottage in Provincetown, where Bryant and O’Neill, who fascinated her, began a romance. At one point during this love triangle, Dodge showed up in Provincetown but Reed told her firmly that he was not interested in renewing their relationship.^[25] He opposed the March 1916 intervention of General Pershing into Mexico, seeing it as futile.^[26] That summer Reed covered the Presidential nominating conventions, showing pity for the Progressives, whose nomination Theodore Roosevelt, now an inveterate war agitator, declined.^[27] Reed himself endorsed Wilson, hoping he would keep America out of the war.^[28] He married Bryant in Peekskill in November before heading for an operation at Johns Hopkins Hospital resulting in the removal of one kidney (he wanted her as a beneficiary), staying in hospital until mid-December. One of his doctors was Carl Binger, the Jewish friend he had dropped at Harvard, but nothing was said of the matter.^[29] The operation rendered him ineligible for conscription and saved him from the fate of a conscientious objector. During 1916 he published privately Tamburlaine and Other Poems. Louise Bryant (December 5, 1885 - January 6, 1936) born Reno, Nevada was a journalist, writer, and feminist known for her Marxist writings and bohemian lifestyle. ... Eugene ONeill Eugene Gladstone ONeill (October 16, 1888 – November 27, 1953) was a Nobel and Pulitzer Prize winning American playwright. ... John Joseph Black Jack Pershing (September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948) was an officer in the United States Army. ... The United States Progressive Party of 1912 was a political party created by a split in the Republican Party in the presidential election 1912. ... Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. ... Peekskill, New York is a distinct scenic community along the Hudson River, located in an area where the river winds through the Bear Mountain highlands. ... The Johns Hopkins Hospital is a teaching hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. ... John T. Neufeld was a WWI conscientious objector sentenced to 15 years hard labour in the military prison at Leavenworth. ...

As the country drifted toward war, Reed was marginalized: his relationship with the Metropolitan was over, he pawned his late father’s watch and sold his Cape Cod cottage to Margaret Sanger.^[30] When Wilson asked for a declaration of war on April 2, 1917, Reed shouted at a hastily-convened People’s Council in Washington: “This is not my war, and I will not support it. This is not my war, and I will have nothing to do with it.”^[31] In July and August Reed continued to write very strong articles for The Masses, which the Post Office now refused to mail, and for Seven Arts, which as a result of an article by Reed and one earlier in the summer by Randolph Bourne, had its financial backing cut off and ceased publication.^[32] Reed was stunned by the nation’s pro-war fervor, and his career lay in ruins.^[33] Cape Cod (or simply the Cape) is an arm-shaped peninsula coextensive with Barnstable County, Massachusetts and forming the easternmost portion of the state of Massachusetts, in the Northeastern United States. ... Margaret Higgins Sanger (September 14, 1879 – September 6, 1966) was an American birth control activist, an advocate of negative eugenics, and the founder of the American Birth Control League (which eventually became Planned Parenthood). ... April 2 is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 273 days remaining. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Nickname: Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia Coordinates: Country United States Federal District District of Columbia Government  - Mayor Adrian M. Fenty (D)  - City Council Chairperson: Vincent C. Gray (D) Ward 1: Jim Graham (D) Ward 2: Jack... The United States Postal Service (USPS) is an independent establishment of the executive branch of the United States government (see 39 U.S.C. Â§ 201) responsible for providing postal service in the U.S. Within the United States, it is colloquially referred to simply as the post office. ... Randolph Silliman Bourne (May 30, 1886 – December 22, 1918) was a progressive writer and public intellectual born in Bloomfield, New Jersey, and a graduate of Columbia University. ...

Communism

Reed and Bryant traveled to Russia in August-September 1917; she stayed until January 20, 1918 and he until early February. Upon his arrival he was greatly excited by the fervor of revolution and the American Ambassador placed him under close surveillance. Reed sensed that power was draining away from the Provisional Government to the Soviets,^[34] something which was confirmed by an October 10 visit to the Latvian Front, where he observed the troops’ usual deference had been replaced by defiance to their officers.^[35] However, unlike Trotsky and other Bolsheviks, who would later claim that their party had planned and guided events leading up to the October Revolution (of which Reed and Bryant were enthusiastic observers), Reed saw a much more chaotic version of events that lacked inevitability.^[36] He wrote much of the Bolshevik propaganda dropped over the German lines. He met Trotsky and was introduced to Lenin during a break of the Constituent Assembly on January 18, 1918. By December, his initial $2000 grant (donated by a wealthy American radical^[37]) was nearly exhausted and, desperate for cash, he took employment with an American, Raymond Robins of the Red Cross, who wished to set up a newspaper promoting American interests; Reed complied, but in the dummy issue he prepared he included a warning beneath the masthead: “this paper is devoted to promoting the interests of American capital.”^[38] The dissolution of the Constituent Assembly left Reed unmoved, and two days later, armed with a rifle, he joined a patrol of Red Guards prepared to defend the Foreign Office from counter-revolutionary attack.^[39] Reed then attended the opening of the Third Congress of Soviets, where he gave a short speech promising to bring the news of the revolution to America, where he hoped it would “call forth an answer from America’s oppressed and exploited masses.” American journalist Edgar Sisson told Reed that he was being used by the Bolsheviks for their propaganda, a rebuke he accepted.^[40] In January, Trotsky, responding to Reed's concern about the safety of his substantial archive, offered Reed the post of Soviet Consul in New York; as the United States did not recognize the Bolshevik government, his credentials would almost certainly have been rejected and he faced prison (which would have given the Bolsheviks some propaganda material). The appointment was viewed as a massive blunder by most Americans in Petrograd, and the businessman Alex Gumberg directly approached Lenin, showing him a prospectus in which Reed called for massive American capital support for Russia and for the setting up of a newspaper to express the American viewpoint on the negotiations at Brest-Litovsk. Lenin found the proposal unsavory and withdrew the nomination; thereafter, Reed only mentioned Gumberg’s name with a string of epithets attached.^[41] Ten Days that Shook the World would emerge from these experiences, being published early in 1919 and subsequently translated into numerous languages. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... A soviet (Russian: , IPA: , council[1]) originally was a workers local council in late Imperial Russia. ...   (Russian: Лев Давидович Троцкий, Lyov Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij, Trockij and Trotzky) (November 7 [O.S. October 26] 1879 – August 21, 1940), born. ... Bolshevik Party Meeting. ... For other uses, see October Revolution (disambiguation). ... The Russian Constituent Assembly (Всероссийское Учредительное Собрание, Vserossiyskoye Uchreditelnoye Sobranie) was a democratically elected constitutional body convened in Russia after the overthrow of Tsar Nicholas II. It met for 13 hours, 4 p. ... ISO 4217 Code USD User(s) the United States, the British Indian Ocean Territory,[1] the British Virgin Islands, Cambodia, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, Maldives the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Panama, Turks and Caicos Islands, and the insular areas of the United States Inflation 2. ... The Red Cross and the Red Crescent emblems, the symbols from which the Movement derives its name. ... In the context of the history of Russia and Soviet Union, Red Guards (Russian: Красная Гвардия) was armed groups of workers formed in the time frame of the Russian Revolution. ... The first two pages of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, in (left to right) German, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Ottoman Turkish and Russian The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus) between the Russian SFSR and the Central Powers, marking...

Reed, denied a visa, stayed in Kristiania until April; during this period and after, US government surveillance of his activities and correspondence remained intense. His papers were not returned to him until November. Back in America, he took pains to defend the Bolsheviks and oppose American intervention, but a hyper-patriotic public incensed at Russia’s departure from the war gave him a generally cold reception. While he was in Russia, his articles in The Masses and particularly a headline, “Knit a straight-jacket for your soldier boy”, had been largely instrumental in bringing an indictment against that magazine for sedition. The first Masses trial ended the day before he arrived in a hung jury; the defendants, including himself, were to be retried, so after returning, he immediately posted $2000 bail on April 29.^[42] The second trial also ended in a hung jury. In Philadelphia, he stood outside a closed hall on May 31, harangued a crowd of 1,000 until police dragged him away, was charged with inciting a riot, and posted $5000 bail. He was now more aggressively political, intolerant, and self-destructive;^[43] his third arrest since his return from Russia came on September 14, when he was charged with violating the Sedition Act and freed on $5000 bail. This was a day after possibly the largest demonstration for Bolshevik Russia held in the United States (in The Bronx), when Reed passionately defended the revolution, which he seemed to think was coming to America as well.^[44] He tried to prevent Allied intervention, arguing that the Russians were contributing to the war effort by checking German ambitions in the Ukraine and Japanese designs on Siberia, but this came to nought.^[45] On February 21-22, 1919, Bryant was fiercely grilled before a Senate committee exploring Bolshevik propaganda activities in the US, but emerged resilient; Reed followed on the 22nd, delivering quick, subtle testimony which was however savagely distorted by the press.^[46] Later that day he went to Philadelphia to stand trial for his May speech; despite a hostile judge, press, and patriotic speech by the prosecutor, Reed’s lawyer convinced the jury the case was about free speech, and he was acquitted.^[47] Returning to New York, Reed continued speaking widely and participating in the various twists of socialist politics that year. County Oslo NO-03 District Viken Municipality NO-0301 Administrative centre Oslo Mayor (2004) Per Ditlev-Simonsen (H) Official language form BokmÃ¥l Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 224 454 km² 426 km² 0. ... Sedition is a term of law to refer to covert conduct such as speech and organization that is deemed by the legal authority as tending toward insurrection against the established order. ... Nickname: Motto: Philadelphia maneto - Let brotherly love continue Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States Commonwealth Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Founded October 27, 1682 Incorporated October 25, 1701 Government  - Mayor John F. Street (D) Area  - City 369. ... The Sedition Act of 1918 was an amendment to the Espionage Act of 1917 passed at the urging of President Woodrow Wilson, who was concerned any widespread dissent in time of war constituted a real threat to an American victory. ... The Bronx is New York Citys northernmost borough. ... Britain, France, Canada and the United States, along with other World War I Allied countries, conducted a military intervention into the Russian Civil War during the period of 1918 through 1920. ... Siberian Federal District (darker red) and the broadest definition of Siberia (red) arctic northeast Siberia Udachnaya pipe Siberia (Russian: , Sibir; Tatar: ) is a vast region of Russia constituting almost all of Northern Asia and comprising a large part of the Euro-Asian Steppe. ... Seal of the U.S. Senate Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures State Courts Counties, Cities, and Towns Other countries Politics Portal      Senate composition following 2006 elections The United States Senate is...

Affiliated with the Left Wing of the Socialist Party, Reed with the other radicals was expelled from the National Socialist Convention in Chicago on August 30, 1919. The radicals then split into two bitterly hostile groups, forming the Communist Labor Party (Reed’s, in the creation of which he had been indispensable) and, the next day, the Communist Party. Reed was the international delegate of the former, wrote its manifesto and platform, edited its paper, The Voice of Labor, and was denounced as “Jack the Liar” in the Communist Party organ, The Communist. Reed’s writings from 1919 display doubts about Western-style democracy and defend the dictatorship of the proletariat, which he saw as a necessary step that would prefigure the true democracy “based upon equality and the liberty of the individual.”^[48] The Socialist Party of America (SPA) is a socialist political party in the United States. ... The Communist Labor Party together with the Communist Party of America was one of the predecessors of the Communist Party USA. It was formed August 31, 1919 by John Reed, Benjamin Gitlow and others who had been expelled from the Socialist Party of America. ... The dictatorship of the proletariat is a term employed by Karl Marx in his 1875 Critique of the Gotha Program that refers to a transition period between capitalist and communist society in which the state can be nothing but the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat. The term refers to a...

Indicted for sedition and hoping to secure Comintern backing for the CLP, he escaped from America in early October on board a Scandinavian frigate by means of a forged passport, working his way to Bergen as a stoker. Given shore leave, he disappeared to Kristiania, crossed into Sweden on October 22, passed through Finland and made his way to Moscow by train. In the cold winter of 1919-1920, he traveled in the region around Moscow, observing factories, communes, and villages; filling notebooks; and carrying on an affair with a Russian girl.^[49] His feelings about the revolution were now ambiguous: on the one hand, he told Emma Goldman, who had recently arrived aboard The Buford and especially complained about the Cheka, that the enemies of the revolution deserved their fate. However, he suggested that she see Angelica Balabanoff, a critic of the current situation, indicating he wanted Goldman to hear the other side.^[50] The Comintern (Russian: Коммунистический Интернационал, Kommunisticheskiy Internatsional – Communist International, also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organization founded in March 1919, in the midst of the war communism period (1918-1921), by Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), which intended to fight by all available means, including... County Hordaland District Midhordland Municipality NO-1201 Administrative centre Bergen Mayor (2006) Herman Friele (H) Official language form Neutral Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 215 465 km² 445 km² 0. ... Position of Moscow in Europe Coordinates: Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Government  - Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Area  - City 1,081 km²  (417. ... Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) aka Red Emma, was a Lithuanian-born anarchist known for her writings and speeches. ... The Buford was a ship used to transfer many suspected socialist and anarchists to the Soviet Union. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Reed, although facing arrest in Illinois, tried to go back after February 1920, when the Soviets called for a merger convention to create a United Communist Party of America.^[51] He first tried to leave through Latvia that month but his train never came and he returned in the boxcar of an eastbound military train, appearing frozen and exhausted in Petrograd.^[52] In March, he crossed into Helsinki, where he had radical friends, and was hidden in the hold of a freighter; on the 13th, customs officials found him in a coal bunker. Taken to the police station, he maintained that he was the seaman “Jim Gormley”, until his jewels, photographs, letters, and fake documents made him give his real name. Although beaten several times and threatened with torture, he refused to give the names of his local contacts. Because of his silence, he could not be tried for treason, instead being convicted of smuggling and having his jewels (102 small diamonds worth $14000) confiscated. The US Secretary of State was satisfied with his arrest and pressured the Finns for his papers, which were eventually delivered; otherwise, American authorities remained indifferent to his fate.^[53] Although he paid the fine for smuggling, he was still detained illegally, and his physical condition and state of mind deteriorated sharply. He suffered from depression and insomnia, wrote alarming letters to Bryant, and threatened a hunger strike on May 18.^[54] He was finally released in early June, sailing for Tallinn on the 5th. Two days later he traveled to Petrograd, recuperating from malnourishment and scurvy (having been fed dried fish almost exclusively) but in high spirits.^[55] Founded 1550 Country Finland Province Southern Finland Region Uusimaa Sub-region Helsinki Area[1] - Of which land - Rank 185. ... Seal of the United States Department of State. ... County Harju County Mayor Jüri Ratas Area 159. ...

At the end of June he went to Moscow and after discussing with Bryant the possibility of her joining him, she sailed on a Swedish tramp steamer on July 30, arriving in Gothenburg on August 10.^[56] In July, Reed attended the second Comintern congress. There, although he was as jovial and boisterous as ever with other delegates, he appeared much thinner, weak and sallow, his face lined.^[57] He bitterly objected to the meek submission that other revolutionaries showed to Russian wishes, which assumed the tide of revolutionary fervor that had marked the end of the war had now ebbed and it was the duty of communists to work within existing institutions – a policy he thought disastrous.^[58] He was contemptuous of the bullying tactics displayed during the congress by Karl Radek and Grigory Zinoviev, who ordered Reed to attend a large anti-colonialist congress to be held at Baku on August 15. It was a long journey, five days by train through countryside devastated by civil war and infected by typhus. Reed was reluctant to go and asked to arrive later, as he had planned to go first to Petrograd, where Bryant was traveling from Murmansk. Zinoviev insisted Reed take the official train: “the Comintern has made a decision. Obey.” Reed would normally have rebelled at being spoken to with such contempt, but he needed Soviet good-will at the moment and was not prepared for a final break with the Comintern, so he made the trip with great reluctance.^[59] Location of Gothenburg in northern Europe Coordinates: Country Sweden County Västra Götaland County Province Västergötland Charter 1621 Government  - Mayor Göran Johansson Area  - City 450 km²  (174 sq mi)  - Water 14. ... Karl Bernhardovich Radek (October 31, 1885 - May 19, 1939) was a Bolshevik and an international Communist leader. ... Grigory Zinoviev Grigory Yevseevich Zinoviev (Григо́рий Евс́еевич Зин́овьев, alternative transliteration Grigorii Ovseyevish Zinoviev, real name Ovsei-Gershon Aronovich Radomyslsky (Радомысльский), also known as Hirsch Apfelbaum, primary revolutionary pseudonym Grigory, privately Grisha), (September 23 [O.S. September 11] 1883 - August 25, 1936) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and a Soviet Communist politician. ... Municipality: Baku Area: 260 km² Altitude: -28 m Population: 2,074,300 census 2003 Population density: 1280 persons/km² Postal Code: AZ10 Area code: +99412 Municipality code: BA Latitude: 40° 23 N Longitude: 49° 52 E Mayor: Hajibala Abutalybov The Baku region. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Epidemic typhus. ... Murmansk, Archangelsk, Dikson, Tiksi, on the Arctic Ocean Murmansk coin Murmansk (Russian: ) is a city in the extreme northwest of Russia (north of the Arctic circle) with a seaport on the Kola Gulf, 12 km from the Barents Sea on the northern shore of the Kola Peninsula, not far from...

John Reed's funeral in Moscow 1920

What Reed did and thought on the way to the congress, while there, and returning is a matter of speculation, but years after abandoning Communism, his friend Benjamin Gitlow asserted that after the treatment he received from Zinoviev, Reed died in bitter disillusionment with the Communist movement.^[60] While in Baku, Reed received a telegram announcing Bryant’s arrival in Moscow, where he impatiently came on September 15 and was able to tell her something of the preceding eight months, now looking older and wearing rags. He took her to meet Lenin, Trotsky, Lev Kamenev, and other leading Bolsheviks, and to visit Moscow’s ballet and art galleries. Reed, a frightening intensity about him, was determined to return home, but fell ill on September 25. At first diagnosed with influenza, he was hospitalized five days later and was found to have spotted typhus. Bryant spent all her time with him, but there were no medicines to be obtained due to the Allied blockade. His mind started to wander, and then he lost the use of the right side of his body and could no longer speak. His wife was holding his hand when he died.^[61] After a hero’s funeral, his body was buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis. Image File history File links JOhnReedFuneral1920Moscow-l. ... Image File history File links JOhnReedFuneral1920Moscow-l. ... Benjamin Gitlow (1891 - 1965) was a prominent American socialist of the early twentieth century. ... Lev Borisovich Kamenev   (Russian: Лев Борисович Каменев, born Rosenfeld, Розенфельд) (July 18 [O.S. July 6] 1883 – August 25, 1936) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and a prominent Soviet politician. ... Influenza, commonly known as flu, is an infectious disease of birds and mammals caused by an RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses). ... Kremlin Wall Necropolis The Kremlin Wall Necropolis (Некрополь у Кремлёвской стены in Russian) is a part of the Kremlin Wall, which surrounds the Moscow Kremlin and overlooks the Red Square. ...

Legacy

Reed, allowed to occupy the roles of "romantic revolutionary" and "playboy" in American culture,^[62] was also used as a symbol by the Communist movement to which he belonged. He was the only American buried in the Kremlin, although half of Bill Haywood's ashes are there as well. By the 1930s, John Reed Clubs, affiliated with the Communist Party, existed in his honor in nearly all the large cities of the United States.

The 1981 film Reds, starring Warren Beatty, Diane Keaton, and Jack Nicholson and based on his life, won three Academy Awards, and was nominated for nine more. Other film portrayals of Reed include the 1982 two-part Soviet production Red Bells, starring Franco Nero; and the 1973 film Reed: Mexico Insurgente, based on his accounts of the Mexican Revolution. Reds is a 1981 film starring Warren Beatty and Diane Keaton. ... Henry Warren Beatty (born March 30, 1937), better known as Warren Beatty, is an Academy Award and Golden Globe-winning American actor, producer, screenwriter, and director. ... Diane Keaton (born Diane Hall on January 5, 1946) is an Oscar-winning American film actress, director and producer. ... John Joseph Nicholson (born April 22, 1937), better known as Jack Nicholson or The Jack is an iconic, three-time Academy Award and seven time Golden Globe winning American method actor known for his often dark-themed portrayals of neurotic characters. ... Although he never won an Oscar for any of his movie performances, the comedian Bob Hope received two honorary Oscars for his contributions to cinema. ... Franco Nero Franco Nero (born November 23, 1941) is an Italian actor. ...

A perennial urban legend in Reed's hometown states that Reed College was named for him. Despite the college's reputation for leftist politics, there is no truth to this rumor. An urban legend or urban myth is a kind of modern folklore consisting of stories often thought to be factual by those circulating them. ... Reed College is a liberal arts college located in Portland, Oregon in the Eastmoreland neighborhood. ...

Bibliography

• Insurgent Mexico (1914)
• The War in Eastern Europe (1916)
• Ten Days that Shook the World (1919)
• Daughter of the Revolution and Other Stories (1927)

Ten Days that Shook the World (1919) is a book by American journalist and socialist John Reed, about the October Revolution in Russia 1917 which Reed experienced first-hand. ...

Notes

References

• Homberger, Eric. John Reed: Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1990.
• Dictionary of American Biography, vol. 15, pp. 450-51. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1935.

Charles Scribners Sons is a publisher that was founded in 1846 at the Brick Church Chapel on New Yorks Park Row. ...

External links

Wikisource has original works written by or about:

John Reed

• The John Reed Internet Archive on Marxists.org
• The Last Days With John Reed by Louise Bryant
• Works by John Reed at Project Gutenberg
• Ten Days That Shook The World, available at Project Gutenberg.