This article is about the person. For the university that bears his name, see Johns Hopkins University. The Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876, is a private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ...

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Johns Hopkins (May 19, 1795 – December 24, 1873) was a wealthy entrepreneur and philanthropist of 19th century Baltimore, now most noted for his philanthropic creation of the institutions that bear his name, such as the Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Image File history File links Jhstamp. ... Image File history File links Jhstamp. ... USPS and Usps redirect here. ... The 78¢ Alice Paul self-adhesive stamp was the last in the Great Americans series. ... is the 139th day of the year (140th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... is the 358th day of the year (359th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Flag Seal Nickname: Monument City, Charm City, Mob Town, B-more Motto: Get In On It (formerly The City That Reads and The Greatest City in America; BELIEVE is not the official motto but rather a specific campaign) Location Location of Baltimore in Maryland Coordinates , Government Country State County United... Philanthropy is the act of donating money, goods, time, or effort to support a charitable cause, usually over an extended period of time and in regard to a defined objective. ... The Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876, is a private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ... The Johns Hopkins Hospital is a teaching hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. ... The Johns Hopkins University is an internationally prestigious private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland. ...

His Birth, Birthplace, Family and Name

On May 19, 1795, Johns Hopkins was born on Whitehall, a 500-acre (two km²) tobacco plantation with approximately 500 slaves located in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. The site of this plantation is now located in the new community of Crofton close to the intersection of Reidel Road and Johns Hopkins Road. At his birth, the paternal side of Johns Hopkins' family had lived in Anne Arundel County almost one hundred thirty five years, and according to one website "The Hopkins family was in the Crofton area for 270 years and accumulated more than 1000 acres (4 km²) of land". Shredded tobacco leaf for pipe smoking Tobacco can also be pressed into plugs and sliced into flakes Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in genus Nicotiana. ... Anne Arundel County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maryland. ... Official language(s) None (English, de facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Area  Ranked 42nd  - Total 12,407 sq mi (32,133 km²)  - Width 90 miles (145 km)  - Length 249 miles (400 km)  - % water 21  - Latitude 37° 53′ N to 39° 43′ N  - Longitude 75° 03′ W to 79° 29... This is about the London neighbourhood of Crofton. ...

Johns Hopkins was the second son and the second child of the eleven children of Samuel Hopkins and Hannah Janney. Samuel Hopkins, his father, was born in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. His mother, Hannah Janney, was born in Loudoun County, Virginia. They were married in a Quaker ceremony on August 19 1792. When they married Samuel Hopkins, born in 1759, was 33 and Hannah Janney, born in 1774, was 18. Johns Hopkins was nicknamed "Johnsie". ^[1].

Gerrard Hopkins was Johns Hopkins' great great grandfather and the paternal ancestor of this branch of the Hopkins' family. He originally came from Canterbury, England. Gerrard Hopkins was a member of the Church of England and he arrived in Anne Arundel County around the 1660s. He later married Thomasin Eard. They had four children, three girls and a boy. The boy who was also named Gerrard Hopkins was Johns Hopkins' great grandfather. The second Gerrard Hopkins later married "Margaret Johns" in a Quaker ceremony. Their tenth and last child was the paternal grandparent of Johns Hopkins. Johns Hopkins was his namesake. Canterbury is a cathedral city in east Kent in South East England and is the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Primate of All England, head of the Church of England and of the worldwide Anglican Communion. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... The Church of England logo since 1998 The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ...

"Johns", his and his grandfather's unusual first name, is often misstated as "John. "Johns" however was the surname of his great-grandmother, Margaret Johns.^[2] The first name "Johns" was, again, given first to Johns Hopkins gradfather and to Margaret Johns' and Gerrard Hopkins' tenth and last child. The name "Johns Hopkins" was then given to his grandfather's oldest son, and next to at least two or more of his grandfather's other sons' children.^[3] Samuel Hopkins was the first son of the third wife of the first Johns Hopkins. He named his second child and second son "Johns Hopkins". A few years before, his younger brother Philip named his first son "Johns Hopkins". Look up John in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Johns Hopkins' mother's family, the Janneys, emigrated from Cheshire, England. The paternal ancestor of the Janney family was a preacher who had been prosecuted in England because of his Quaker faith. Thomas Janney arrived in America with his family in the 1680s. He settled first in a Quaker settlement in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Later the Janney family moved to Loudoun County in Virginia. Both families arrived with indentured servants. By the second generation, this Hopkins' family had converted to the Quaker faith, Gerrard Hopkins had married Margaret Johns in a Quaker ceremony, and this couple had become slave owners like many other tobacco farmers in Anne Arundel County. Cheshire (or, archaically, the County of Chester)[1] is a county in North West England. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Bucks County is a county located in the state of Pennsylvania. ... Loudoun County, Virginia is part of the Washington-Baltimore Metropolitan Area. ...

The Janney family members were rarely slaveowners. Some members of the Janney family were even outspoken opponents of slavery. Yet, at the beginning of the Civil War, one member of the Janney family represented his community in Loudoun County, Virginia where many were opposed to slavery and returned home after giving his support to the Confederacy. In 1778 the first Johns Hopkins freed his slaves. By the time his son, Samuel Hopkins, married Hannah Janney, Samuel Hopkins had become a slaveowner who possessed most of the land he and his brothers had inherited from their father and nearly 500 slaves. ^[4]

The Emancipation and Its Aftermath

In 1807^[5] Johns Hopkins' Quaker parents freed their slaves. The family emancipated their able-bodied slaves, took on the responsibility of taking care of the less able bodied slaves, and did so without any request for compensation, as was decided by members of the local Quaker society and as required by those members who wanted to retain their membership in their local Quaker society. Because of this emancipation, the formal education of Johns and his older brother, Joseph, was interrupted. The two oldest of the eleven siblings, Joseph, the eldest, and Johns, returned home from school to do the farm work. Johns Hopkins also started to help to care for the younger children in the family. Thisand other responsibilities he carried out throughout his life.^[1] Johns Hopkins helped to take care of his mother after his father's death in 1814. His mother died in 1846, a year after her eldest son, Joseph, also died. Johns Hopkins who lived longer than his other brothers helped to take care of his brothers and sisters, and of the families his siblings left after their and their spouses' deaths. Taking care of the elderly or those who were less abled bodied, his siblings and their families, were responsibilities he began to undertake in 1807 and undertook from 1807 onwards. Year 1807 (MDCCCVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Business Years

After he left the plantation, Hopkins worked for a time in his uncle's wholesale grocery business. His first success in business came while his uncle was away during the War of 1812. This also was his first experience operating, or assisting in the operation of, a business during and immediately after a war.

While staying at his uncle's home, he fell in love with his cousin, Elizabeth Hopkins. Among Quakers prejudice against first cousins marrying was strong and Elizabeth's parents would not allow them to marry.^[1] They pledged never to marry anyone else and remained single for the rest of their lives. In his will he provided a home for her where she lived until her death in 1889, and over a decade after his death in 1873. He also provided for his extended family, and his servants.

After he left his uncle's store, Hopkins and Benjamin Moore, also a Quaker, went into business together. The business later became Hopkins & Brothers after Moore dissolved the partnership claiming that Johns loved money more than he did.^[1] One writer though calls this statement a "myth" or "fact" which "was so widely reported that the comment calling Hopkins "the only man more interested in making money than I" is variously attributed to his former business partner, a close associate, and even the international financier, George Peabody". Peabody like Johns Hopkins was also born in 1795. ^[6] George Peabody (February 18, 1795 – November 4, 1869) was an entrepreneur and philanthropist who founded the Peabody Institute. ... 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

After Moore's withdrawal, Hopkins partnered with his three brothers and established Hopkins & Brothers. The company prospered by selling various wares in the Shenandoah Valley from wagons, sometimes in exchange for corn whiskey, which was then sold in Baltimore as "Hopkins' Best." Later, Hopkins invested heavily in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and he also became a banker. He put up his own money more than once to save Baltimore City during financial crises, and at least twice to bail the railroad out of debt, in 1857 and 1873. ^{[7] [8]} As a Union man during the American Civil War, he, the railroad's financial director, and John Work Garrett, the railroad president, were largely responsible for the use of the railroad to support the Union cause. Many Marylanders, including its leading citizens, sympathized with, and often were supporters of, the South and the Confederacy.^[9] One of the first campaigns of the Civil War was planned at his summer estate, Clifton. In a state which did not vote for Lincoln as the US President, at the beginning of the Civil War one finds Johns Hopkins writing a letter to Lincoln telling him to keep the troops that Lincoln had stationed in Maryland in the state. Canoeing on the Shenandoah River near Winchester, VA. The Shenandoah Valley region of western Virginia, from Winchester to Staunton, is bounded by the Blue Ridge mountains to the East and the Allegheny mountains to the West. ... 1876 map The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) is one of the oldest railroads in the United States, with an original line from the port of Baltimore, Maryland, west to the Ohio River at Wheeling and Parkersburg, West Virginia. ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... For other persons named John W. Garrett, see John W. Garrett (disambiguation). ... Motto Deo Vindice (Latin: Under God, Our Vindicator) Anthem (none official) God Save the South (unofficial) The Bonnie Blue Flag (unofficial) Dixie (unofficial) Capital Montgomery, Alabama (until May 29, 1861) Richmond, Virginia (May 29, 1861–April 2, 1865) Danville, Virginia (from April 3, 1865) Language(s) English (de facto) Religion...

His Death and His Philanthropy

Johns Hopkins died without heirs on Christmas Eve, December 24, 1873. He left $7 million, mostly in Baltimore & Ohio Railroad stock, to establish his namesake institutions. This sum was the single largest philanthropic donation ever made to educational institutions up until that time. The bequest was used to found the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum ^[10] first as he requested, in 1875, the Johns Hopkins University in 1876, the Johns Hopkins Press (the longest continuously operating academic press in America) in 1878, the Johns Hopkins Hospital and the Johns Hopkins School of Nursing in 1889, and the Johns Hopkins Medical School in 1893. The first of these posthumously founded institutions, the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum (JHCCOA) aka Johns Hopkins Hospital Colored Children Orphan Asylum (JHHCCOA) ^[11] was founded by the trustees selected by Johns Hopkins to serve on the hospital board of trustees, one of the two interlocking boards of trustees established by him. The Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876, is a private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ... The Johns Hopkins University Press is a publishing house and division of Johns Hopkins University that engages in publishing journals and books. ... The Johns Hopkins Hospital is a teaching hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. ... Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, located in Baltimore, Maryland, is a highly regarded nursing school and research institute in the United States. ... The Johns Hopkins University is an internationally prestigious private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland. ...

The university board of trustees was the first board of trustees set up by Johns Hopkins. The university and the hospital boards of trustees were interlocking ones in that the president of one board was a member of the other board and about nine members of the trustees on one board were also members of the other board. Johns Hopkins University's first president, Dr. Daniel Coit Gilman was unanimously chosen by the trustees of the university board of trustees. Some of these trustees were also the executors of his will. The Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876, is a private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ...

Other bequests in his will went again to his first cousin, Elizabeth, other family members, his servants, one or more who were African Americans, and to other institutions as well. Hopkins provided assistance, including scholarships, to poor youths in his last will and testament. Overall, the views of Johns Hopkins on these bequests can be found in the incorporation papers, filed in 1867, his instruction letter to the hospital trustees dated March 12, 1873. ^[12], and again his will ^[13] and its codicils.

The original site for Johns Hopkins University was chosen personally by Hopkins. It was to be located at his summer estate, Clifton. This property, which is now owned by the city of Baltimore, is the site of a golf course and a park named "Clifton Park." Before it was closed in 1924, the orphan asylum, which was described as a place where "nothing was wanting that could benefit science and humanity" at its opening, later served as a training school for black female domestic workers, an "orthopedic convalescent" home and school for "colored crippled" children, and as an orphanage. It never was reopened. The school of nursing was closed in 1973. It reopened in 1983.^[14]

In addition to his assistance to blacks and women, or to the poor who were black or female, Johns Hopkins provided help to poor youths in his will and before his death. In his will he provided scholarships for poor youths in the states where he had made his wealth. Assistance was given to other orphanages and institutions for youths. Finally, Johns Hopkins provided assistance, sometimes unsolicited, not just to members of his family but also to unrelated youths who needed help to start a career or business. One of these youths asked Thom to write her biography on Johns Hopkins.

The Abolitionist

Johns Hopkins was represented as an abolitionist during three periods in his life in Johns Hopkins: A Silhouette published in 1929 by his biographer and relative Mrs. Helen Hopkins Thom. After the 1970s a few other sources ^[15] represented him as an abolitionist. ^[16]. For instance, almost fifty years' after Thom's 1929 publication Jacob called him an abolitionist and a Unionist during the Civil War in her article "Mr. Johns Hopkins" published in 1974 in the Johns Hopkins Magazine. Cited as the "best brief biography" and "best assessment" of Johns Hopkins, this article was written to commemorate the one hundredth anniversary of Johns Hopkins' death. Johns Hopkins was an abolitionist before the word "abolitionist" was "invented", according to Mike Field in his 1995 article. It was published in the Johns Hopkins Gazette to commemorate the bicentennial anniversary of Johns Hopkins' birth in 1795. Both like Thom before them, portrayed Johns Hopkins as a child, or twelve year old, participant in what Thom referred to as his parents' "abolition" of the family's slaves in 1807.^[1].

None of them mentions that before the Civil War Johns Hopkins also worked with other abolitionists such as Myrtilla Miner^[17] and Henry Ward Beecher^[18]. During the Civil War, he was a supporter of Abraham Lincoln^[19]. Nor do they mention Johns Hopkins' letter to Lincoln was signed "your servant" and "friend" is in the holdings of the Library of Congress. Like most others Jacob and Field point instead to the paucity of his writings. Myrtilla Miner (born March 4, 1815, near Brookfield, New York; died December 17, 1864, Washington, DC) was an American educator and abolitionist whose school for African Americans, established against considerable opposition, grew to a successful and long-lived teachers institution. ... This article or section needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ... For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation). ...

In an 1887 memoir by the mayor of Baltimore when the Civil War began, Mayor George William Brown, Johns Hopkins was referred to as a "wealthy Union man". In all, Thom, Jacob, and Field referred to him as a 12 year old participant in an "abolition". All three discussed the effects of the 1807 emancipation on him, especially on his having to become a school leaver at 12 years old. Other sources cite the end of his formal education at 12, but less so his participation in an emancipation, or his and his family's efforts to continue his education. Nor is his work with two famous abolitionists before the Civil War cited. To Thom and Jacob he was a Union man and abolitionist during the Civil War. Thom and Field represent him as an abolitionist after the Civil War.

After the Civil War, Thom more than any one else reported that he was a banker, a railroad man, an abolitionist and Reconstruction actor who provided instructions in the above mentioned documents that his philanthropy should be used in ways that were often opposed to the racial practices that were beginning to emerge during the American Reconstruction period,^[20] and later even in the posthumously constructed and founded institutions that would carry his name.^[21] Kelly Miller, the future founder of Howard University's sociology department, and Howard University's Dean of the Arts and Sciences, became the first African American student at Johns Hopkins University when he was admitted to its graduate school to study physics, mathematics, and astronomy in the 1880s, many say, because memories of Johns Hopkins were still fresh. He did not graduate because of a tuition increase. Because of segregation at Johns Hopkins University, the first undergraduate African American student, a Baltimore native Frederick Isadore Scott, was not admitted until the 1940s, and he also became the first African American graduate of the Johns Hopkins University in 1950. He majored in chemical engineering.^[22] For other uses, see Reconstruction (disambiguation). ... Kelly Miller Kelly Miller (1863 - 1939) was a mathematician, sociologist, essayist, and newspaper columnist, and an important figure in the intellectual life of black America for close to half a century. ... Segregation means separation. ...

Finally, Reynolds, now almost alone, points in articles yet to be published to his formally stated wish for a colored children orphan asylum, and discusses the trustees' founding of it. Reynolds presents her findings almost seventy years after Thom wrote about his wish for this orphan asylum and said that this wish was stated in Johns Hopkins' "long and painstaking will." Before now, none had noticed his letter to Lincoln at the start of the Civil War.

The Legacy of Johns Hopkins at the Institutions that Carry his Name

In the second major history of Johns Hopkins, Pioneer: A History of the Johns Hopkins University 1874 - 1889, alumnus Hugh Hawkins discussed African Americans and women at the Johns Hopkins University in a chapter with the title "The Uninvited". In his discussion of when Gilman was and was not a "pioneer", Hawkins stated in this chapter that Daniel Coit Gilman, the first president of Johns Hopkins University, was a "conservative" and not a "pioneer" when it came to gender and race relations. ^[23] The Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876, is a private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ... The Uninvited was an ITV science fiction television series first shown in 1997. ... Daniel Coit Gilman Daniel Coit Gilman (July 6, 1831-October 13, 1908) was an American educator. ... The Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876, is a private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ...

Hawkins says little about Johns Hopkins in 'Pioneer" in the 1960 edition of this book or in the 2001 edition published in 2001 by the Johns Hopkins University Press. Hawkins interestingly studied abolitionists and abolitionism, but "Johns Hopkins" was not one of them. Part of the reason for this may be a convention noted recently. The label "abolitionist" coined in 1836 according to the [[Oxford English Dictionary], was long used to refer only to 1830s abolitionists, and their methods and activities. Only recently have works been published on pre-1830s abolitionists, and on their organizations and their methods. In addition, subsequent writers on Johns Hopkins and on the institutions that carry his name rarely use the label of "abolitionist" for Johns Hopkins whether they are writing after Thom and before Jacob, or after Jacob and Field. Outside of a few sources mostly cited herein, Johns Hopkins is rarely represented as an abolitionist, and his words or deeds are rarely represented as abolitionist ones. The Johns Hopkins University Press is a publishing house and division of Johns Hopkins University that engages in academic publishing. ...

Hawkins is critical of Thom's biography on Johns Hopkins because of her lack of knowledge of what was really going on at the university. Jacob similarly calls it "anecdotal". Again, neither he nor the two writers who later labeled Johns Hopkins an abolitionist (Jacob and Field), mention the colored children orphan asylum. Thom however had stated that Johns Hopkins said he wanted it built not just in his "long painstaking will". Johns Hopkins' March 12th, 1873 instruction letter which referred to it was also included at the end of her biography on him. And Reynolds and another archival source state that the orphan asylum was mentioned in 1867 in the papers incorporating the institutions that would be Johns Hopkins' namesakes.

When one looks at Johns Hopkins, it is much more difficult to call persons of African descent "the uninvited". In her biography of Johns Hopkins, Thom also named African born "Mintie" and noted that her elderly daughter as two of the slaves who remained on the White Hall plantation, Johns Hopkins' birthplace, after the able-bodied slaves were freed. One or more letters between Johns Hopkins and his mother mentioned "Mintie". White Hall is the name of some places in the United States of America: White Hall, Alabama White Hall, Arkansas White Hall, Illinois These should be distinguished from places named Whitehall, with no space between the words. ...

Because of memories of Johns Hopkins were still fresh, many say, Kelly Miller, became the first African American student at Johns Hopkins University. He was admitted to its graduate school to study physics, mathematics, and astronomy in the 1880s. He did not graduate because of a tuition increase. He became the future founder of Howard University's sociology department, Howard University's Dean of the Arts and Sciences and a prolific writer. Such memories, his influence, and knowledge of his abolitionism, seemed to have waned both within and outside of the institutions named for him. Because of segregation at Johns Hopkins University, the first undergraduate African American student, a Baltimore native Frederick Isadore Scott, was not admitted until the 1940s. Scott also became the first African American graduate of the Johns Hopkins University in 1950. He majored in chemical engineering.^[24] Kelly Miller Kelly Miller (1863 - 1939) was a mathematician, sociologist, essayist, and newspaper columnist, and an important figure in the intellectual life of black America for close to half a century. ... Howard University is a university located in Washington, D.C., USA. A historically black university, Howard was established in 1867 by congressional order and named for Oliver O. Howard. ... Sociology (from Latin: socius, companion; and the suffix -ology, the study of, from Greek λόγος, lógos, knowledge) is an academic and applied discipline that studies society and human social interaction. ... Howard University is a university located in Washington, D.C., USA. A historically black university, Howard was established in 1867 by congressional order and named for Oliver O. Howard. ... A writer is anyone who creates a written work, although the word more usually designates those who write creatively or professionally, or those who have written in many different forms. ... Segregation means separation. ...

Moreover, because his writings were so few almost no one knows what Johns Hopkins thought about admitting blacks to Johns Hopkins University. He however said specifically about the hospital that it should provide quality personnel, facilities, services and care to the poor, no matter their age first, their sex second, and their color third. When Johns Hopkins Hospital was opened in 1889 African Americans were served and African Americans have been served there thereafter. Still, it was not until 1967, seventeen years after Scott's graduation in 1950, that an African American, the late Robert Gamble and Nigerian born British trained James Nabwangu, graduated from the famed Johns Hopkins Medical School. ^[25] You may also be looking for Robert Gamble, a centenarian. ...

That same year African Americans, Miriam DeCosta Sugarmon and Percy Pierre received doctorates from Johns Hopkins University, she in Romance Languages and he in Electrical Engineering, making them the first African Americans to graduate from Johns Hopkins University's doctoral programs.^[26] That same year, 1967, was the one hundredth anniversary of the documents Johns Hopkins used to incorporate the Johns Hopkins Institutions, the one hundredth and sixtieth anniversary of his family's 1807 emancipation of their slaves, the one hundredth and fiftieth anniversary of the Dred Scott case in 1857 and of Johns Hopkins' service as a trustee of the school Myrtilla Miner founded for black females. This school is now considered to be the founding institution of the University of the District of Columbia (UDC), one of the HBCUs (historically black colleges and universities}. This year, 2007, is the two hundredth anniversary of the 1807 emancipation, and the one hundredth and fortieth anniversary of his incorporation of a university, a hospital, and a colored orphan asylum in 1867. Myrtilla Miner (born March 4, 1815, near Brookfield, New York; died December 17, 1864, Washington, DC) was an American educator and abolitionist whose school for African Americans, established against considerable opposition, grew to a successful and long-lived teachers institution. ... The University of the District of Columbia (also known as UDC) is a public university located in Washington, DC. The university was formed in 1977 through the amalgamation of the Federal City College and Washington Technical Institute - which had both been established in 1966 as the result of a study... In the United States, Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) (a type of Minority Serving Institution or MSI) are colleges or universities that were established before 1964 with the intention of serving the African-American community. ...

DeCosta Sugarmon received a master's degree in Romance Languages from the Johns Hopkins University in 1960 making an African American woman the first to receive a graduate degree from the Johns Hopkins University. James Nabwangu now a neurosurgeon in the Dakotas, received a bachelor's degree from the Johns Hopkins University School of Arts and Sciences in 1964, fourteen years after Scott graduated from the university in 1950 with a bachelor's degree in engineering.

Change was even slower, except in the medical institutions for reasons given below, when it came to persons of African descent and women as faculty members and administrators. In the case of the former Americans change has been so slow that the first students, alumni, faculty, and administrators of the Johns Hopkins University are still living. The first faculty member, staff, and administrator, was Vivien Thomas. He worked on the blue baby experiment with Blalock and Taussig, although he has not always been cited as such. He was the head of a laboratory, a laboratory worker, and a laboratory instructor, starting in the 1940s. Other faculty members following him were Roland Smoot. Vivien Theodore Thomas Vivien Thomas autobiography, Partners of the Heart: Vivien Thomas and His Work With Alfred Blalock Vivien Theodore Thomas (August 29, 1910 – November 26, 1985) was an African-American surgical technician who helped develop the procedures used to treat blue baby syndrome in the 1940s. ... Blalock may refer to: In medicine: Alfred Blalock, 20th century American innovator in the field of medical science most noted for his research on the medical condition of shock and the development of the Blalock-Taussig Shunt Blalock-Taussig shunt, procedure to give palliation to cyanotic heart defects In sports... Taussig, Tausig is a Jewish pedigree; refers to: Edward D(avid). ...

The institutions named after Johns Hopkins seem not to have taken the leadership whether it came to "color", "age", which Johns Hopkins listed before "sex" and 'color",or "sex" which was listed between "age" and "color", in his March 12th 1873 instruction letter to the members of the hospital board of trustees. Johns Hopkins University did not admit undergraduate women to Johns Hopkins University until 1970, making it one of the last educational institutions to admit undergraduate women. Women were attending the other schools. In 1889, the same year that the Johns Hopkins Hospital was founded, the Johns Hopkins Nursing School was founded, as Johns Hopkins had requested in his March 12, 1873 instruction letter to the members of the hospital board of trustees. He sent no instruction letter to the second board of trustees, the university board of trustees. Women did gain entry to the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions in 1893 when they provided the funds needed to open the Johns Hopkins Medical School in 1893. A stipulation that required that women be admitted to the medical institutions was attached to these funds.

Similar to the Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Hospital, and Johns Hopkins Medical School, and the Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, again built in 1889, was segregated until after the 1940s. The Johns Hopkins Hospital, also built in 1889, was segregated in 1892, a few years before the passage of Plessy vs. Ferguson in 1896. His contemporaries' and later generations' definitions of "separate but equal" as "separate and unequal" many times contrasted with his and the leader of the hospital trustees' actions before his death. The decision was made to segregate hospital a few years after its founding led by the president of the hospital trustees, Francis King. King who was also a Quaker, and the person who knew Johns' Hopkins' plans before and better than most others according to French, also took leadership in bulding the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum. Both the hospital and the Johns Hopkins Hospital Colored Children Orphan Asylum, were built by one of the most renown architects of their time,John Niernsee^[27] and only then after travels, correspondences, and visits to similar institutions in Europe. King visited and consulted with {{FLorence Nightingale]] while in Europe, and was a supporter of the women's efforts to attend the university and the hospital in the 1990s, and of their efforts to integrate the university according to Hopkins. 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Plessy v. ... Year 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar). ... Francis Henry King (born 1923) is a British novelist and short story writer, and a poet. ...

Finally, in 1948 and 1949, and about sixty years after Kelly Miller enrolled at the graduate school of Johns Hopkins university, Dr. Clifton Wharton, Jr., attended and graduated from the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies [[[(SAIS)]] in Washington, D.C. making him the first graduate of a Johns hopkins institution, and of a graduate program of the Johns Hopkins Institutions. ^[28] He later become the president of Michigan State University, the first African American CEO of a Fortune 500 company (TIAA-CREF), and a foreign policy advisory to six presidents. Kelly Miller Kelly Miller (1863 - 1939) was a mathematician, sociologist, essayist, and newspaper columnist, and an important figure in the intellectual life of black America for close to half a century. ... The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), based in Washington D.C., is one of the worlds leading graduate schools devoted to the study of international affairs, economics, diplomacy, and policy research and education. ... Michigan State University (MSU) is a co-educational public research university in East Lansing, Michigan USA. Founded in 1855, it was the pioneer land-grant institution and served as a model for future land-grant colleges in the United States under the 1862 Morrill Act. ...

Wharton's graduation occurred about one hundred and fifty four years after this child of Quaker slave owners' birth in 1795, one hundred and forty one years since the 1807 emancipation and eighty years before Johns Hopkins incorporated a university, hospital and colored children orphan asylum, seventy six years after Johns Hopkins' request that the orphan asylum be founded first, sixty four years after the colored orphan asylum was constructed by one of the best architects of his time, and twenty five years after the orphan asylum was closed after about fifty years of existence in 1924. Until today, during founder day celebrations, those at Johns Hopkins Institutions cite and celebrate Gilman, his vision and administrative ability, and less so Johns Hopkins'. Some publications even say that Johns Hopkins had no vision. Publications after both Jacob and Field often do not use the word "abolitionist " to label him as Thom did in her 1929 biography of him. They, with a few exceptions, almost never view and treat him as an abolitionist, or his deeds and writings as abolitionist ones. A graveside ceremony has been conducted on Christmas Eve, December 24th, the day of his death for about a decade.

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Johns Hopkins University - Sheridan Libraries article Mr. Johns Hopkins by Kathryn A. Jacob reproduced from the Johns Hopkins Magazine January 1974 issue (vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 13-17)
2. ^ Johns Hopkins University's website Who was Johns Hopkins
3. ^ [1] Genealogical records of Marylanders' Gerrard, and Margaret Johns. Hopkins
4. ^ Genealogical records of Samuel, and Hannah Janney, Hopkins.
5. ^ Johns Hopkins:A Silhouette, Helen Hopkins Thom, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1929 -- the first and only book-length biography on Johns Hopkins. Used as source by Jacob cited above, Findalibrary
6. ^ [2] If He Could See Us Now: Mr. Johns Hopkins' Legacy Strong University, hospital benefactor turned 200 on May 19, 1995 By Mike Field, Johns Hopkins Gazette
7. ^ [3] Johns Hopkins, Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography
8. ^ [4] Johns Hopkins, Maryland State Archives
9. ^ [5] Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War is the memoir By George William Brown an ex-mayor of Baltimore city and a trustee on the university board of trustees established by Johns Hopkins. Brown said that Johns Hopkins was a wealthy Union man in Baltimore and that the residents of Baltimore city had strong Confederate and Southern leanings.
10. ^ [6] Johns Hopkins University's Website, The Institutional Records of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Colored Orphan Asylum
11. ^ [7] Johns Hopkins Dream for a Model of its Kind: The JHH Colored Orphans Asylum, abstract, 2000 Conference International Society for the History of Medicine By Dr. P. Reynolds
12. ^ [8] The Chronicles of Baltimore: Being a Complete History of "Baltimore Town and Baltimore City from the Earliest Period to the Present Time published in 1874, John Thomas Scharf cited the 1873 instruction letter to the hospital trustees and a city council resolution thanking Johns Hopkins for his philanthropy. Thom's biography and New York and Maryland newspapers were sources that published parts or all of this letter.
13. ^ [9] Obituary, Baltimore Sun, December 25, 1873 in Johns Hopkins Gazette, Jan. 4, 1999,v. 28,no. 16. The first obituary appeared in a rival newspaper in Baltimore, the Baltimore American. There were obituaries in the New York and Chicago newspapers
14. ^ [10] Johns Hopkins University 's website, History of the School of Nursing
15. ^ [11]The Racial Record of Johns Hopkins University in the Journal of Blacks in THigher Education, No. 25, Autumn, 1999, pp. 42-43 in JSTOR
16. ^ [12] See Jacob's 1974 article and Thom's 1929 biography.
17. ^ Myrtilla Miner, 2007 Encyclopædia Britannica
18. ^ Myrtilla Miner, 2007 Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History
19. ^ See Johns Hopkins' letter to Lincoln in the holdings of the Library of Congress
20. ^ [13] Documents cited in "Chronology", Johns Hopkins University's website. See also "The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University",in particular its chronology and the paper by Danton Rodriguez, "The Racial Record of Johns Hopkins University in the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 25, Autumn, 1999, pp. 42-43 in JSTOR
21. ^ [14] The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University" See in particular its chronology and the paper by Danton Rodriguez and the chronology on John Hopkins University's website cited immediately above.
22. ^ "The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University" See in particular the chronology.
23. ^ Hugh Hawkins, Pioneer: A History of the Johns Hopkins University 1874 - 1889, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1960. The author of the first major history was another alumnus and the university librarian, John C. French, A History of the University Founded by Johns Hopkins, published in 1946.
24. ^ "The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University" See in particular the chronology.
25. ^ Kate Ledger,"In a Sea of White Faces", Johns Hopkins Medical News
26. ^ Mathematicians of the African Diaspora
27. ^ [15] Maryland ArtSource-Artists-John Rudolph Niernsee
28. ^ [16] "The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University" See in particular the chronology's references to him, and Decosta.

Appletons Cyclopedia of American Biography is a six-volume collection of biographies of famous Americans, published between 1887 and 1889. ... George William Brown was the mayor of Baltimore, Maryland from 1860 to 1861. ... JSTOR®, begun in 1995, is an online system for archiving academic journals. ...

External links

• Genealogical Records on Marylanders

• Thom and Jacob discuss his love for his cousin and Quaker traditions

• In his 1887 memoir, Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War, George William Brown city Johns Hopkins as a wealthy Union man in Baltimore, a city with strong Confederate and Southern leanings

• In The Chronicles of Baltimore: Being a Complete History of "Baltimore Town" and Baltimore City from the Earliest Period to the Present Time published in 1874, John Thomas Scharf cited the 1873 instruction letter to the hospital trustees and a city council resolution thanking Johns Hopkins for his philanthropy. Thom's biography and New York and Maryland newspapers were sources that published parts or all of this letter

• The Institutional Records of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Colored Orphan Asylum

• Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography

• Abstract Johns Hopkins Dream for a Model of its Kind: The JHH Colored Orphans Asylum", 2000 Conference International Society for the History of Medicine BY Dr. P. Reynolds

• Grave site of Johns Hopkins

• Graveside ceremony for Johns Hopkins

• Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War, the memoir of George William Brown then the mayor of Baltimore city, later a member of the university board of trustees of the Johns Hopkins University

• The Chronicles of Baltimore: Being a Complete History of "Baltimore Town" and Baltimore City from the Earliest Period to the Present Time published in 1874 by John Thomas Scharf

• "If He Could See Us Now: Mr. Johns Hopkins' Legacy Strong University, Hospital Benefactor Turned 200 on May 19, 1995", Mike Field, the author, contradicts this statement

• Chronology, Nursing school

• The Institutional Records of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Colored Orphan

• Abstract Johns Hopkins Dream for a Model of its Kind: The JHH Colored Orphans Asylum" By Dr. P. Reynolds

• Johns Hopkins Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography

• "If He Could See Us Now: Mr. Johns Hopkins' Legacy Strong University, Hospital Benefactor Turned 200 on May 19, 1995" by Mike Field a writer for the Johns Hopkins Gazette. Field, Thom, and Jacob called Johns Hopkins an abolitionist. See also The Racial Record of Johns Hopkins University in the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 25, Autumn, 1999, pp. 42-43/ JSTOR

• Johns Hopkins, Maryland State Archives

• "The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University" See in particular the chronology and the paper by Danton Rodriguez.