"The Invaders" of The Johnson County Cattle War. Photo Taken at Fort D.A. Russell near Cheyenne, Wyoming May 1892.

The Johnson County War, also known as the War on Powder River or Wyoming Civil War, was a range war which took place in Johnson County, Wyoming, USA, in April 1892. It was a battle between small farmers and large, wealthy ranches in the Powder River Country that culminated in a lengthy shootout between local farmers, a band of hired killers, and a sheriff's posse, eventually requiring the intervention of the U.S. Cavalry on the orders of the President of the United States. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Fort D. A. Russell was a post and base of operations for the United States Army located in Cheyenne, Wyoming. ... Nickname: Location in Wyoming Coordinates: , Country State County Laramie Founded 1867 Government  - Mayor Jack R. Spiker Area  - City  21. ... Oldelpaso 12:53, 25 February 2006 (UTC) Category: ... Johnson County is a county located in the north central of the state of Wyoming. ... The Powder River Country is depicted in red on a map of the western United States The Powder River Country refers to an area of the Great Plains in northeastern Wyoming in the United States. ... In common law, posse comitatus (Latin, county force, meaning a sort of local militia) referred to the authority wielded by the county sheriff to conscript any able-bodied male over the age of fifteen to assist him in keeping the peace or to pursue and arrest a felon; compare hue... The United States Cavalry was a horse-mounted cavalry force that existed in various forms between 1775 to 1942. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ...

The events have since become a highly mythologized and symbolic story of the Wild West, and variations of the storyline have served as the basis for numerous popular novels, films, and television shows. Great Basin region, typical American West The Western United States has played a significant role in history and fiction. ...

Background

Violent conflict over land use has been a somewhat common occurrence in the development of the American West, but was particularly prevalent during the late 1800s and early 1900s when large portions of the west were becoming settled by the American population for the first time. It is a period which historian Richard Maxwell Brown has called the "Western Civil War of Incorporation"^[1] and of which the Johnson County War was part. The Western United States, also referred to as the American West or simply The West, traditionally refers to the region constituting the westernmost states of the United States (see geographical terminology section for further discussion of these terms). ... This article is about the occupation of studying history. ...

In the early days in Wyoming, most of the land was in the public domain, open both to stockraising as open range and to homesteading. Large numbers of cattle were turned loose on the open range by large ranches, sometimes financed by British and other investors. Official language(s) English Capital Cheyenne Largest city Cheyenne Area  Ranked 10th  - Total 97,818 sq mi (253,348 km²)  - Width 280 miles (450 km)  - Length 360 miles (580 km)  - % water 0. ... Open Range is a 2003 movie based on the novel The Open Range Men by Lauran Paine. ... The Homestead Act was a United States Federal law that gave freehold title to 160 acres (one quarter section or about 65 hectares) of undeveloped land in the American West. ... For general information about the genus, including other species of cattle, see Bos. ... Ranching is the raising of cattle or sheep on rangeland, although one might also speak of ranching with regard to less common livestock such as elk, bison or emu. ...

Ranchers would hold a spring roundup where the cows and the calves belonging to each ranch were separated and the calves branded. Before the roundup, calves (especially orphan or stray calves) were sometimes surreptitiously branded, and thus taken. The large ranches aggressively defended against cattle rustling by often forbidding their own employees from owning cattle and by lynching (or threatening to lynch) suspect rustlers. Property and use rights were usually respected among big and small ranches based on who was first to settle the land and the size of the herd. Nevertheless, large ranching outfits would sometimes band together and use their power to monopolize large swaths of range land, preventing newcomers from settling the area. Cattle rustling or cattle raiding is the act of stealing livestock. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial...

The WSGA

Ella Watson, lynched by wealthy ranchers in 1889 on dubious evidence for cattle rustling.

Jim Averell, Johnson County businessman lynched in 1889 for cattle rustling, though he owned no cattle.

Many of the large ranching outfits in Wyoming were organized as the Wyoming Stock Growers Association (the WSGA) and gathered socially as the Cheyenne Club in Cheyenne, Wyoming. Comprised of some of the state's wealthiest and most popular residents, the organization held a great deal of political sway in the state and region. A primary function of the WSGA was to organize the cattle industry by scheduling roundups and cattle shipments^[2], while the WSGA also employed an agency of detectives to investigate cattle rustling against its members. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 485 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,333 × 1,648 pixels, file size: 294 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Ella Watson. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 485 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,333 × 1,648 pixels, file size: 294 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Ella Watson. ... Ella Cattle Kate Watson is pictured atop a horse in this undated photo. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Wyoming Stock Growers Association (WSGA) is a historic and influential American cattle organization created in 1873. ... The Wyoming Stock Growers Association (WSGA) is a historic and influential American cattle organization created in 1873. ... Nickname: Location in Wyoming Coordinates: , Country State County Laramie Founded 1867 Government  - Mayor Jack R. Spiker Area  - City  21. ...

The often uneasy relationship between larger, wealthier ranches and smaller ranch settlers became steadily worse after the poor winter of 1887-1888, when a series of blizzards and temperatures of 40-50 degrees below 0° F had followed an extremely hot and dry summer.^[3] Thousands of cattle were lost and large companies began to aggressively appropriate land and control the flow and supply of water in this area. Some of the harsher tactics included forcing settlers off their land and setting fire to settler buildings, as well as vigorously trying to exclude the smaller ranchers from participation in the annual roundup. They justified these excesses on what was public land by using the catch-all allegation of rustling. For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ...

With rustling in the area likely increasing due to the harsh grazing conditions, and with emotions running high, agents of the larger ranches killed several alleged rustlers from smaller farms. However, many were killed on dubious evidence or were simply found dead while the killers remained anonymous. Frank M. Canton, who was the Sheriff of Johnson County in the early 1880's, and better known as a detective for the WSGA, was rumored behind many of the deaths. The double lynching of innocents Ella Watson and Jim Averell took place in 1889, an event that enraged local residents. A number of additional dubious lynchings of alleged rustlers took place in 1891. Frank M. Canton, born as Joe Horner, was a famous Western Lawman and Gunfighter, and at one point in his life, an outlaw. ... Ella Cattle Kate Watson is pictured atop a horse in this undated photo. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial...

A group of smaller Johnson County ranchers led by a local settler named Nate Champion began to form their own Northern Wyoming Farmers and Stock Grower's Association (NWFSGA) to compete with the WSGA. The WSGA "blacklisted" the NWFSGA and told them to stop all operations, but the NWFSGA refused the powerful WSGA's orders to disband and instead made public their plans to hold their own roundup in the spring of 1892.^[4]

The war

Frank M. Canton, former Sheriff of Johnson County, was hired to lead the band of Texas killers.

The WSGA, under the direction of Frank Walcott (WSGA Member and large North Platte rancher), hired 28 gunmen from Texas and organized an expedition of 50 men with the intention of eliminating alleged rustlers in Johnson County and break up the NWFSGA. To lead the expedition, the WSGA hired Frank M. Canton, the former Johnson County Sheriff-turned-gunman. The group became known as "The Invaders", or alternately, "Walcott's Regulators". Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Frank M. Canton, born as Joe Horner, was a famous Western Lawman and Gunfighter, and at one point in his life, an outlaw. ... Frank Wolcott was born on 13th December, 1840 in Canandaigua, NY. He served in the Civil War in the 2nd Ohio Infantry and was discharged in 1866 with the rank of Major. ... Grain elevator along the Union Pacific Railroad in downtown North Platte North Platte is a small city located in Lincoln County in southwestern Nebraska on Interstate Highway I-80 where the South Platte River and the North Platte River join to form the Platte River. ... Official language(s) No official language See languages of Texas Capital Austin Largest city Houston Largest metro area Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington Area  Ranked 2nd  - Total 261,797 sq mi (678,051 km²)  - Width 773 miles (1,244 km)  - Length 790 miles (1,270 km)  - % water 2. ... Frank M. Canton, born as Joe Horner, was a famous Western Lawman and Gunfighter, and at one point in his life, an outlaw. ...

The group organized in Cheyenne and proceeded by train to Casper, Wyoming and then toward Johnson County on horseback, cutting the telegraph lines north of Douglas, Wyoming in order to prevent an alarm. Canton and the skilled gunmen traveled ahead while a party of WSGA officials led by Walcott followed closely behind. This latter group included such Wyoming dignitaries as State Senator Bob Tisdale, state water commissioner W.J. Clarke, and W.C. Irvine and Hubert Teshemacher, both instrumental in organizing Wyoming's statehood 4 years earlier^{[5] [6]}. They were also accompanied by Asa Shinn Mercer, the editor of the WSGA's newspaper, and an east coast newspaper reporter whose lurid first-hand accounts later appeared in the eastern newspapers. Casper is the only city in Natrona County, Wyoming, United States, although the county is home to a number of small towns and Casper suburbs. ... horse, see Horse (disambiguation). ... Telegraph and Telegram redirect here. ... Douglas is a city located in Converse County, Wyoming. ... Asa Shinn Mercer (June 6, 1839 August 10, 1917) was the first president of the Territorial University of Washington and a member of the Washington State Senate. ... This article is about journalistic reporters. ...

Nate Champion and the KC Ranch

The first target of the WSGA was Nate Champion at the KC Ranch (name sake for today's town of Kaycee), a small rancher who was active in the efforts of small ranchers to organize a competing roundup. The group traveled to the ranch late in the night of Friday, April 8th, 1892, quietly surrounded the buildings and waited for daybreak. ^[7] Three men besides Champion were at the KC. Two men who were evidently spending the night on their way through were captured as they emerged from the cabin early that morning to collect water at the nearby Powder River, while the third, Nick Ray, was shot while standing inside the doorway of the cabin and died a few hours later.^[8] Champion was besieged inside the log cabin. Nate Champion (September 29, 1857 – April 9, 1892) was a key figure in the Johnson County War. ...

During the siege, Champion kept a poignant journal which contained a number of notes he wrote to friends while taking cover inside the cabin. "Boys, I feel pretty lonesome just now. I wish there was someone here with me so we could watch all sides at once." he wrote. The last journal entry read: "Well, they have just got through shelling the house like hail. I heard them splitting wood. I guess they are going to fire the house tonight. I think I will make a break when night comes, if alive. Shooting again. It's not night yet. The house is all fired. Goodbye, boys, if I never see you again."^[9].

With the house on fire, Nate Champion signed his journal entry and put the journal in his pocket before running from the back door with a six shooter in one hand and a knife in the other.^[10]. As he emerged he was gunned down by four different men and the invaders later pinned a note on Champion's bullet-riddled chest that read "Cattle Thieves Beware". ^{[11] [12]}

Two passers-by noticed the ruckus that Saturday afternoon and local rancher Jack Flagg rode to Buffalo (the county seat of Johnson County), where the sheriff raised a posse of 200 men over the next 24 hours and the party set out for the KC on Sunday night, April 10th.^[13] Buffalo is a city located in Johnson County, Wyoming. ... A county seat is a term for an administrative center for a county, primarily used in the United States. ... Look up Sheriff in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In common law, posse comitatus (Latin, county force, meaning a sort of local militia) referred to the authority wielded by the county sheriff to conscript any able-bodied male over the age of fifteen to assist him in keeping the peace or to pursue and arrest a felon; compare hue...

The TA Ranch

A map of the TA Ranch during the Johnson County War. Depicts the positions of the Invaders, posse, and 6th Cavalry.

The WSGA force then headed north on Sunday toward Buffalo to continue their show of force. However, the posse led by the sheriff caught up with the gunman by early Monday morning of the 11th, and besieged them at the TA Ranch on Crazy Woman Creek. The group took refuge inside a log barn on the ranch, and on Monday a group of 10 gunman tried to escape the barn in a blaze of bullets, however they were beaten back by the posse and 3 Texans were killed. ^[14] However, one of the WSGA members managed to escape and was able to contact the acting Governor of Wyoming, Amos W. Barber the next day. Frantic efforts to save the WSGA group ensued, and two days into the siege Barber was able to send a subsequent telegraph to President of the United States, Benjamin Harrison late on the night of April 12th, 1892. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Crazy Woman Creek is a creek in the United States, in Johnson County, Wyoming. ... Dr. Amos Walker Barber (April 26, 1861 – May 19, 1915) was an American surgeon and politician. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... Benjamin Harrison, VI (August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901) was a sex offender from Arkansas, serving one term from 1889 to 1893. ...

The telegram read: ^[15]

Barn at the TA Ranch, where the "regulators" had had been besieged by the Sheriff's posse.

Harrison immediately ordered the United States Secretary of War, Stephen B. Elkins, to remedy the situation under Article IV, Section 4, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution, which allows for the use of U.S. forces under the President's orders for "protection from invasion and domestic violence". ^[16] The Sixth Cavalry from Fort McKinney near Buffalo was ordered to proceed to the TA ranch at once and take custody of the WSGA expedition. The 6th Calvary left Mt. McKinney a mere few hours later, at 2am on April 13th, and reached the TA ranch at 6:45am. The expedition surrendered to the 6th soon thereafter, and was saved just as the posse had finished building a series of breastworks to shoot gunpowder on the invader's log barn shelter so that it could be set on fire from a distance.^{[17] [18]} The 6th Calvary took possession of Walcott and 45 other men, along with 45 rifles, 41 revolvers, and some 5,000 rounds of ammunition. ^[19] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Secretary of War was a member of the United States Presidents Cabinet, beginning with George Washingtons administration. ... Stephen Benton Elkins (September 26, 1841 - January 4, 1911) was an American industrialist and political figure. ... Article Four of the United States Constitution relates to the states. ... Page I of the Constitution of the United States of America Page II of the United States Constitution Page III of the United States Constitution Page IV of the United States Constitution The Syng inkstand, with which the Constitution was signed The Constitution of the United States is the supreme... The 6th Cavalry is a historical organization within the United States Army that began as a regiment of cavalry in the American Civil War; vestiges of this historic unit remain in the modern army. ... Breastwork may mean: A form of temporary fortification Breastwork (fortification). ...

The text of Barber's telegram to the President was printed on the front page of The New York Times on April 14th, ^[20] along with a first-hand account of the siege at the T.A., and the events immediately became a news sensation. The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ...

The WSGA group was taken to Cheyenne to be held at the barracks of Fort D.A. Russell, as the Laramie County jail was unable to hold that many prisoners. They received very preferential treatment, and were allowed to roam the base by day as long as they agreed to return to the jail to sleep at night. Johnson County officials were upset that the group was not kept locally at Ft. McKinney, however the General in charge of the 6th Cavalry felt that the tensions were too high to for the prisoners to remain in the area. Indeed, hundreds of locals from both sides of the conflict were reported to have descended on Ft. McKinney over the next several days under the mistaken impression the invaders were being held there. ^{[21] [22]} Fort D. A. Russell was the name of two United States Military posts in the western United States. ...

The Johnson County attorney began to gather evidence for the case, and the details of the WSGA's plan emerged. Canton's gripsack was found to contain a list of seventy rustlers, who were either to be shot or hanged, also a list of ranch houses that were burned, as well as a contract to pay the Texans $5 a day each, plus a bonus of $50 for every rustler killed. ^[23] It was reported that the invader's plans included eventually killing rustlers as far away as Casper and Douglas. The Times reported on April 23rd, that “The evidence is said to implicate more than twenty prominent stockmen of Cheyenne whose names have not been mentioned heretofore, also several wealthy stockmen of Omaha, as well as to compromise men high in authority in the State of Wyoming. They will all be charged with aiding and abetting the invasion, and warrants will be issued for the arrest of all of them.” ^[24]

Those charges on the men "high in authority" in Wyoming were never filed however, and eventually the invaders were released on bail and were told to return to Wyoming for the trial. Many simply fled back to Texas and were never seen again. In the end the WSGA group went free after the charges were dropped on the excuse that Johnson County refused to pay for the costs of prosecution. The costs of simply housing the men at D.A. Russell was said to cost over $18,000, and the sparsely populated Johnson County was unable to pay. ^{[25] [26]}

Meanwhile, tensions in Johnson County remained high, and the 9th Calvary of "Buffalo Soldiers" was specifically called upon to Fort McKinney to replace the 6th as the 6th cavalry was said to be swaying under the local political and social pressures and were unable to keep the peace in the tense environment. The buffalo soldiers responded with about two weeks from Nebraska and moved the men to the rail town of Suggs, Wyoming creating "Camp Bettens" despite a racist and hostile local population. One soldier was killed and two wounded in gun battles with locals. Nevertheless, the 9th Calvary remained in Wyoming until November to quell tensions in the area.^{[27] [28]} Buffalo Soldiers was the name given by the Plains Indians to the United States Army regiments composed of African-American soldiers that served on the American frontier after the Civil War. ...

Aftermath

Emotions ran high for many years following the polarizing events of the so-called Johnson County Cattle War, as some viewed the large and wealthy ranchers as heroes who took justice into their own hands in order to defend their rights, while others saw the WSGA as heavy-handed villains intent on monopolizing what was public land.

Although many of the leaders of the WSGA's hired force, such as W. C. Irvine, were themselves Democrats, the ranchers who had hired the group were tied to the Republican party, and their opponents were mostly Democrats. Many viewed the rescue of the WSGA group at the order of President Harrison, a Republican, and the failure of the courts to prosecute them a serious political scandal with overtones of a class war. As a result of the scandal, the Democratic Party became popular in Wyoming for a time^{[citation needed]}, and Wyoming voted Democratic in the 1896 U.S. Presidential Election. A scandal is a widely publicized incident involving allegations of wrong-doing, disgrace, or moral outrage. ... This article is about the organisation and newspaper Class War. ... The Democratic Party is one of two major political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ...

A longer economic legacy was that Johnson County was slower to develop economically than some other parts of the state as the shadow of the war and subsequent events created the view that the area was a volatile place to live^{[citation needed]}.

The War In Popular culture

The Johnson County War, with its overtones of class warfare, and intervention of the President of the United States to save the lives of a gang of hired killers and set them free, does not fit in well with the American myth of the west. The Virginian, a seminal 1902 western novel, solved the problem by taking the side of the wealthy ranchers, creating a highly mythologized tale dealing with the themes of the Johnson County war but bearing little resemblance to the actual events. The novel was popular, striking a strong chord with the public and later made into no less than six film versions (in 1914, 1923, 1929, 1946, 1962, and 2000). Class conflict is both the friction that accompanies social relationships between members or groups of different social classes and the underlying tensions or antagonisms which exist in society. ... Popular culture, sometimes abbreviated to pop culture, consists of widespread cultural elements in any given society. ... The Virginian was a pioneering Wild West (see also Frontier and Western movie) novel by the American author Owen Wister, published in 1902. ...

Though not explicitly connected with Johnson County,The Ox-Bow Incident (1940), by Walter Van Tilburg Clark, is a novel that dramatizes and condemns a lynching of the sort that Wister's novel appears to defend.

Jack Schaefer's popular 1949 novel Shane also dealt with the strong themes associated with the Johnson County War, but instead took the side of the settlers. The novel spawned both a film Shane (1953) and a 17-episode TV Series (1966). Jack Schaefer was a 20th century American author, known for his Westerns. ... For other uses, see Shane. ... Shane is a 1953 western film made by Paramount Pictures. ... Shane (1966) was a television series based upon the 1953 film, Shane, and was directed by Herschel Daugherty and Gary Nelson. ...

The 1980 film Heaven's Gate and a TV movie called The Johnson County War (2002) also painted the wealthy ranchers as the "bad guys." Heaven's Gate was a dramatic romance somewhat based on the historical events, while The Johnson County War was based on the 1957 novel Riders of Judgment. Yet another novel titled Riders of Judgment was released in 2001 that also depicts fictional events similar to that of the Johnson County Cattle War, except this Riders of Judgment was written by Robert Vaughn under the pen name of the now deceased legendary western author Ralph Compton . Heavens Gate (1980) is a big-budget western movie, depicting a fictionalized account of the Johnson County War between land barons and European immigrants in 1890s Wyoming. ... Frederick Feikema Manfred (January 6, 1912 to September 7, 1994) was a noted Western author. ... A pen name or nom de plume is a pseudonym adopted by an author. ... Ralph Compton (April 11, 1934—September 16, 1998) was an American writer of western fiction. ...

In addition, numerous western films and novels have been made that borrow small facets of the Johnson County War and combine them with otherwise invented storylines. One example is the 1970 film The Cheyenne Social Club with depicts the Cheyenne Club as a brothel taken over by two Texans ultimately besieged by a throng of angry local ranchers. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Cheyenne Social Club is a 1970 western comedy directed by Gene Kelly and starring James Stewart and Henry Fonda. ...

The story of the Johnson County War from the point of view of the small ranchers was chronicled by Kaycee resident Chris LeDoux in his song Johnson County War on the 1989 album Powder River. The song included references to the burning of the KC Ranch, the capture of the WCGA men, the intervention of the US Cavalry, and the release of the cattlemen and hired guns. Kaycee is a town located in Johnson County, Wyoming in the USA. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 249. ... Chris LeDoux (October 2, 1948 – March 9, 2005) was an American country music singer-songwriter, bronze sculptor and rodeo champion. ...

The Banditti of the Plains

In 1894, eyewitness Asa Shinn Mercer published an indignant account of the war, titled The Banditti of the Plains. The book was effectively suppressed for many years, as the WSGA actively tracked down and destroyed all but a few of the first edition copies from 1894 printing, and was rumored to have hijacked and destroyed the second printing as it was being shipped from a printer north of Denver, Colorado ^[29]. The book was later successfully reprinted several times during the 20th Century. Asa Shinn Mercer (June 6, 1839 August 10, 1917) was the first president of the Territorial University of Washington and a member of the Washington State Senate. ... The Banditti of the Plains, Or the Cattlemens Invasion of Wyoming in 1892 (The Crowning Infamy of the Ages) is a book written by Asa Shinn Mercer. ... see also: The First Edition, a musical group fronted by Kenny Rogers. ... Nickname: Location of Denver in Colorado Location of Colorado in the United States Coordinates: , Country State Founded [1] November 22, 1858 Incorporated November 7, 1861 Government  - Type Strong Mayor/Weak Council  - Mayor John Hickenlooper (D) Area [1]  - City & County  154. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

See also

• Kaycee, Wyoming
• Lincoln County War

Kaycee is a town located in Johnson County, Wyoming in the USA. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 249. ... The Lincoln County War was a conflict between two entrenched factions in 19th century Americas western frontier. ...

References

The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... A Sunday Edition of the Casper Star-Tribune The Casper Star-Tribune is a newspaper published in Casper, Wyoming. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... The Journal of American History (sometimes abbreviated as JAH), is the official journal of the Organization of American Historians. ...

External links

• Photographs and a brief account of Johnson County War