Jonathan and David were heroic figures of the The Kingdom of Israel (Hebrew מַלְכוּת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Standard Hebrew Malḫut Yisraʾel, Tiberian Hebrew Malḵûṯ Yiśrāʾēl) according to the Bible, was the nation... Kingdom of Israel, whose An intimate relationship is a interpersonal relationship where there is a great deal of physical or emotional intimacy. It is characterized by romantic or passionate love and attachment. Love Love is an important factor in intimate relationships. Research has established that love is more than just liking a lot, and... intimate relationship was recorded favorably in the The Old Testament or the Hebrew Scriptures constitutes the first major part of the Christian Bible, usually divided into the categories law, history, poetry (or wisdom books) and prophecy. All of these books were written before the birth of Jesus. Canon of the Old Testament Main article: Biblical canon The... Old Testament The Books of Samuel, also referred to as [The Book of] Samuel ( Hebrew: שְׁמוּאֵל), are (two) books in the Hebrew Bible ( Judaisms Tanakh and originally written in Hebrew) and the Old Testament of Christianity. In Hebrew bibles, the two books of... books of Samuel. There is debate amongst religious scholars whether this relationship was The term amor platonicus was coined as early as the 15th Century by Marsilio Ficino, as a synonym for amor socraticus, referring to the affection between Socrates and his pupils. The English term dates back as far as Sir William Davenants Platonic Lovers (1636). It is derived from the... platonic or Romantic love is a form of love that is often regarded as different from simply sexual love, or lust. Romantic love generally means both an emotional and sexual love, as opposed to Platonic love. There is more emphasis on the emotions than on the bodily pleasures and, as far as... romantic.

Story of Jonathan and David

"Saul Throws Spear at David" by George Tinworth

Michelangelos David This page is about the Biblical king David. For other uses see: David (disambiguation) David (דָּוִד Beloved, Standard Hebrew Dávid, Tiberian Hebrew Dāwiḏ; Arabic داود Dāʾūd Beloved) was one of... David, a handsome, ruddy-cheeked youth and the youngest son of Jesse is a common first name in many English speaking countries. This spelling is most often used as the male variant of the name, while Jessie (shortened from Jessica) is the most common spelling for the female variant. Origin Jesse or Yishai (Hebrew יִשַׁי / י... Jesse, a wealthy elder of This article is about the city in the West Bank. For other articles subjects named Bethlehem, see Bethlehem (disambiguation). Bethlehem (Arabic بيت لحم Bayt Laḥm house of meat; בית לחם house of bread, Standard Hebrew Bet léḥem / Bet... Bethlehem who employed the boy as a shepherd, is brought before Saul or Shaul (שָׁאוּל Demanded, Standard Hebrew Šaʾul, Tiberian Hebrew Šāʾûl) was the first king of Israel according to the Old Testament of the Bible, as taught in Judaism. His story is found in the first of... Saul, the king of Israel, for having slain the fierce The historic Philistines (see note Philistines below) were a people that inhabited the southern coast of Canaan around the time of the arrival of the Israelites, their territory being named Philistia in later contexts. Their origin has been contended among scholars (see Origins below), but modern archaeology is suggesting early... Philistine warrior The young Hebrew David hoists the head of the Philistine Goliath This page is about a Biblical figure. For other meanings of the word see: Goliath (disambiguation) Goliath (גָּלְיָת Passage; revolution, Standard Hebrew Golyat, Tiberian Hebrew Golyāṯ) was a Philistine warrior... Goliath with only a stone and sling. David had previously served Saul, chosen to entertain the king with his harp playing and named by Saul (who loved him at first sight and requested him from Jesse) to be his armour bearer.

Jonathan (יְהוֹנָתָן / יוֹנָתָן Whom the LORD gave, Standard Hebrew Yəhonatan, Tiberian Hebrew Yəhônāṯān) was a prince of the Kingdom of Israel, son of King Saul... Jonathan, the eldest son of Saul and a general of the army, falls in love with David as he speaks before the king, “And it came to pass, when he [David] had made an end of speaking unto Saul, that the soul of Jonathan was knit with the soul of David, and Jonathan loved him as his own soul.” ( 1 Sam. 18:1 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=1%20Sam.&verse=18:1&src=)). That same day, “Jonathan and David made a covenant, because he loved him as his own soul” ( 1 Sam. 1 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=1%20Sam.&verse=1&src=Sam.)). Jonathan strips himself before David, offering him his rich garments, sharing with him all his worldly possessions, “And Jonathan stripped himself of the robe that was upon him, and gave it to David, and his garments, even to his sword, and to his bow, and to his girdle” ( 1 Sam. 18:4 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=1%20Sam.&verse=18:4&src=)).

"Saul Tries to Kill David" by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld (1794 - 1872), German painter, was born at Leipzig, where he received his earliest instruction from his father Johann Veit Schnorr (1764-1841), a draughtsman, engraver and painter. At seventeen he entered the Academy of Vienna, from which Johann Friedrich Overbeck and others who rebelled against the... Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld

The people of Israel openly accept David and sing of his praises, so much so that it draws the jealousy of Saul ( 1 Sam. 18:5-9 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=1%20Sam.&verse=18:5-9&src=)). Saul tries repeatedly to kill David, but is several times unsuccessful, and David's reputation only grows with each attempt ( 1 Sam. 18:24-25 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=1%20Sam.&verse=18:24-25&src=)). To get rid of David, Saul decides to offer him a daughter in marriage, requesting a hundred enemy foreskins in lieu of dowry - hoping David will be killed trying. David however returns with a trophy of two hundred foreskins and the king is obligated to fulfill his end of the bargain.

Learning of one of Saul’s murder attempts, Jonathan warns David to hide because he “delighted much in David” ( 1 Sam. 19:1-2 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=1%20Sam.&verse=19:1-2&src=)). David is forced to flee more of Saul’s attempts to kill him ( 1 Sam. 19:1-20:1 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=1%20Sam.&verse=19:1-20:1&src=)).

“Then said Jonathan unto David, ‘Whatsoever thy soul desireth, I will even do it for thee’ ... [and] Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David, saying, ‘Let the LORD even require it at the hand of David's enemies.’ And Jonathan caused David to swear again, because he loved him: for he loved him as he loved his own soul” ( 1 Sam. 20:4 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=1%20Sam.&verse=20:4&src=), 1 Sam. 20:16-17 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=1%20Sam.&verse=20:16-17&src=)).

Jonathan embraces David from Caspar Luiken's "Historiae Celebriores Veteris Testamenti Iconibus Representatae" ( Events Treaty of Aargau signed between Catholic and Protestants. Introduced Protestant faith in Switzerland. Thomas Newcomen builds the first piston-operated steam engine at Tipton, Staffordshire, UK. Ongoing events Great Northern War (1700-1721) War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) Births January 24 - Frederick the Great, Prussian king June... 1712)

David agrees to hide, until Jonathan can confront his father and ascertain whether it is safe for David to stay ( 1 Sam. 18-22 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=1%20Sam.&verse=18-22&src=)). But Jonathan discovers Saul’s still angry towards David, and blames Jonathan for his closeness to David: “Then Saul's anger was kindled against Jonathan, and he said unto him, Thou son of the perverse rebellious woman, do not I know that thou hast chosen the son of Jesse [David] to thine own confusion, and unto the confusion of thy mother's nakedness” ( 1 Sam. 20:30 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=1%20Sam.&verse=20:30&src=)).

Jonathan is so upset that he doesn’t eat ( 1 Sam. 20:34 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=1%20Sam.&verse=20:34&src=)). He goes to David at his hiding place to tell him that it is unsafe for him and he must leave. “David arose out of a place toward the south, and fell on his face to the ground, and bowed himself three times: and they kissed one another, and wept one with another, until David exceeded. And Jonathan said to David, Go in peace, forasmuch as we have sworn both of us in the name of the LORD, saying, The LORD be between me and thee, and between my seed and thy seed for ever. And he arose and departed: and Jonathan went into the city” ( 1 Sam. 20:41-42 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=1%20Sam.&verse=20:41-42&src=)).

Saul continues to pursue David ( - 23:14&src= 1 Sam. 20:43 - 23:14 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=1%20Sam.&verse=20:43)); David and Jonathan renew their covenant together (1 Sam. 23:15-18); and eventually Saul and David reconcile ( 1 Sam. 24-26 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=1%20Sam.&verse=24-26&src=)). When Jonathan is slain on Mt. Gilboa by the Philistines ( 1 Sam. 31:2 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=1%20Sam.&verse=31:2&src=)), David laments his death saying, “I am distressed for thee, my brother Jonathan: very pleasant hast thou been unto me: thy love to me was wonderful, surpassing the love of women” ( 2 Sam. 1:26 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=2%20Sam.&verse=1:26&src=)).

Platonic Interpretation

Some scholars claim that the relationship between Jonathan and David, though strong and close, is ultimately an unromantic friendship. This interpretation views the covenant made between the two men as a political, rather than affectionate, commitment. Jonathan and David merely agree to look out for one another and care for each other's family should one of them perish (incidentally, David keeps his word in this respect).

Furthermore, the central themes of the Judeo-Christian Scriptures are reiterated throughout. Relationships between mixed-sex couples are consistent. Yet, nowhere else in any of the Judeo-Christian Scriptures is same-sex romance depicted, thus it would be anomalous to interpret these passages as such.

The books of Samuel document Physical intimacy is: Physical closeness Touching, especially tenderly Touching intimate parts, outercourse Sexual penetration The list is logically in order of increasing degree, with each form implying the previous one, but of course, it is not necessarily in order of increasing enjoyment. Touching may include: Holding hands Hugging: gently enclosing... physical intimacy (hugging and kissing) between Jonathan and David, but do not indicate a sexual component. In addition, David was not only married, but, in fact, had The term polygyny (Greek: poly many, gynaika woman) is used in related ways in social anthropology and sociobiology. Definitions In social anthropology, polygyny is a marital practice in which a man has more than one wife simultaneously. This is the usual form of polygamy. The man may marry more than... multiple wives, one of them being Jonathan`s sister Michal.

Romantic Interpretation

"Jonathan Lovingly Taketh His Leave of David" by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld (1794 - 1872), German painter, was born at Leipzig, where he received his earliest instruction from his father Johann Veit Schnorr (1764-1841), a draughtsman, engraver and painter. At seventeen he entered the Academy of Vienna, from which Johann Friedrich Overbeck and others who rebelled against the... Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld

Other theologians, however, interpret the love between Jonathan and David as more intimate than friendship. They contend the relationship between the two men is addressed with the same words and emphasis as loving mixed-sex relationships in the Old Testament. For example, the anonymous Life of This article is about the fourteenth century king of England. For other uses see Edward II (disambiguation) Edward II, depicted in Cassells History of England, published circa 1902 Edward II, (April 25, 1284- September 21, 1327), of Caernarvon; king of England, the fourth son of Edward I of England... Edward II, ca. Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Osman I (1299-1326) to Orhan I (1326-1359) Aradia de Toscano, is initiated into a Dianic cult of Italian Witchcraft (Stregheria), and discovers through a vision that she is the human incarnation of the goddess Aradia. Known as La Bella... 1326 AD, has:
"Indeed I do remember to have heard that one man so loved another. Jonathan cherished David, For other uses, see Achilles (disambiguation). In Greek mythology, Achilles (etymology unknown), grandson of Aeacus (Αχιλλευς Αιακιδης, Akhilleus Aiákidês, also transliterated as Achilleus, Akhilles, or Akhilleus) was the greatest and the central... Achilles loved In Greek mythology, Patroclus, or Pátroklos (gr. Πάτροκλος glory of the father) was Achilles best friend and possibly lover, son of Menoetius. In the Iliad, the relationship between Patroclus and Achilles is a an important part of the story that contributes... Patroclus." The Hebrew word in the passage, 'ahabah, is typically translated elsewhere as love in the context of a marriage or sexual desire.

When they are alone together, David confides that he has “found grace” in Jonathan’s eyes. Throughout the passages, David and Jonathan consistently affirm and reaffirm their love and devotion to each other. Jonathan is willing to betray his father, family, and traditions for David.

Although there is no explicit mention of any sexual encounter between the two, compared to David and Bathsheba, for example, the story of Bathsheba and David's sexual encounters is critical to the plot and thus had to be explicitely mentioned, and also lies within the second book of Samuel, which derives from a seperate source (the bible names this source as the According to most modern Biblical critics, this is one of the source documents of the Hebrew Bible. However, Richard Elliott Friedman has recently suggested in his book the hidden book in the Bible that this was in fact written by the Yahwist author, and that the two were originally a... Court History of David) to the first book), who had seperate levels of expliciteness. Much of the alleged sexuality of David's encounters with Jonathan are said to be subtle, or implied, or obvious in the original Hebrew, but obscured (accidentally, or deliberately) by translation.

Following their initial covenant, Jonathan strips himself before the youth, handing him his clothing, which, since in that culture they did not wear A pair of mens briefs Undergarments, also called underwear or sometimes intimate clothing, are clothes worn next to the skin, usually under other clothes. Wearing and changing underwear permits outer garments to be worn repeatedly without needing to be cleaned. In addition to keeping outer garments from soiling, undergarments... underwear, rendered him naked, an extremely unusual act for a purely platonic relationship. Likewise, the covenant made between the two men strengthens a romantic rather than political or platonic interpretation of their relationship. When they first make their covenant, not long after their first meeting, the reason supplied is simply because Jonathan “loved [David] as his own soul” ( 1 Sam. 18:3 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=1%20Sam.&verse=18:3&src=)). Each time they reaffirm the covenant, love is the only justification provided. Additionally, it should be observed that the covenants and affectionate expressions were made in private, rather than publicly as would a political bond.

Jonathan and David
The Biblical account of David and Jonathan has been read by some as the story of two lovers.
"La Somme le Roy", Events King Edward I of England banishes all Jews from Britain. University of Lisbon founded. Births John Parricida, son of Duke Rudolph II of Austria Duke Leopold I of Austria - August 4 Deaths May 10 - Duke Rudolph II of Austria December 18 - Sweden 1275-1290 Eleanor of Castile Categories: 1290... 1290 AD; French illuminated ms (detail); British Museum

A while after David has become friends with Jonathan, David proceeds to marry Michal (Saul's daughter), upon which, according to the This page is about the version of the Bible; for the Harvey Danger album, see King James Version (album). The King James Version (KJV) is an English translation of the Holy Bible, commissioned for the benefit of the Church of England at the behest of King James I of England... King James Version, Saul remarks Thou shalt this day be my son-in-law, in the one of the twain (implying that he is son in law thanks to one of the two daughters). However, the words one of the are not in the original Hebrew, although the KJV translators are honest about this, marking the This article is about interpolation in mathematics. See also interpolation (music). In the mathematical subfield of numerical analysis interpolation is a method of constructing new data points from a discrete set of known data points. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, to interpolate is In engineering and science one often... interpolation in italics. A more accurate translation is Thou shalt this day be my son-in-law, in the twain, which implies he is son-in-law twice. Since the second reason for being son in law is clearly his marriage to Michal, it implies that his relationship with Jonathan (his only other relationship with one of Saul's children) has equal standing as a marriage, a conclusion that is avoided by the insertion of the three interpolated words (either deliberately to hide the original meaning, or out of an it can't possibly mean that attempt at obtaining a more ameanable translation).

Though sex is never explicitly depicted, much of the Bible’s sexual terminology is shrouded in euphemism. Numerous passages elude to a physically intimate relationship between the two men: Jonathan’s disrobing, his “delighting much” in David, and the kissing before their departure. Saul accuses Jonathan of exposing the nakedness of his mother with David; the nakedness of one’s parents is a common Biblical metaphor for a sexual relationship (e.g. Lev. 18:6-19 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=%20Lev.&verse=18:6-19&src=); Lev. 20:11 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=%20Lev.&verse=20:11&src=), Lev. 17-21 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=%20Lev.&verse=17-21&src=); Ezek. 16:36-37 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=%20Ezek.&verse=16:36-37&src=); Ezek 23:10 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=%20Ezek&verse=23:10&src=); Hab. 2:15 (http://php.ug.cs.usyd.edu.au/~jnot4610/bibref.php?book=%20Hab.&verse=2:15&src=); etc.).

Some scholars (a strong minority) insinuate innuendo in David’s “bowing three times” before Jonathan or David’s “exceeding” after they have spent time alone together (and they kissed one another and wept with one another, until David exceeded - This page is about the version of the Bible; for the Harvey Danger album, see King James Version (album). The King James Version (KJV) is an English translation of the Holy Bible, commissioned for the benefit of the Church of England at the behest of King James I of England... King James Version). The passage in which David "exceeds" is one of those which varies extensively amongst translations - some, such as the Living Bible fail to mention the kissing altogether, saying instead that they shook hands, wheras others change exceeded into got control of himself. In fact, the word translated in the This page is about the version of the Bible; for the Harvey Danger album, see King James Version (album). The King James Version (KJV) is an English translation of the Holy Bible, commissioned for the benefit of the Church of England at the behest of King James I of England... King James Version as exceeded is, in Hebrew, gadal, which is translated elsewhere as a reference to greatness, i.e. they kissed until David became great, which the strong minority suggest means until David got an Comparison between flaccid and erect states of an uncircumcised penis. Erection, in the sexual sense, is the hardening, enlarging and rising of the penis which often occurs in the sexually aroused male. Erection enables sexual intercourse and some other sexual activities, though it is not essential for all of them... erection, rendering the episode much more explicit than it normally appears in translation (and more explicit than most translators with a religious attitude on the matter are willing to permit to be the translation).

Although David was married, David himself articulates a distinction between his relationship with Jonathan and the bonds he shares with women. He explicitly states, on hearing of Jonathan's death, that his love for Jonathan is greater than any bond he’s experienced with women. Furthermore, relationships (for dynastic procreation, or otherwise) with women, for many of the populations of the Mediterranean basin, particularly in the early times, in which the story of David is set, did not preclude homoerotic relationships.

References

• Same-sex Relationships in the Bible (http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_bmar.htm)

See Also

• History of Early Christianity and Homosexuality