Joseph Dalton Hooker

Joseph Dalton Hooker

Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, GCSI, OM, FRS, MD (June 30, 1817 – December 10, 1911) was an English botanist and traveller. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (798x922, 259 KB) Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817–1911), English botanist and traveller. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (798x922, 259 KB) Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817–1911), English botanist and traveller. ... Image File history File links Joseph_Dalton_Hooker_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16935. ... Image File history File links Joseph_Dalton_Hooker_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16935. ... The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India is an order of chivalry founded by Victoria in 1861. ... For other Orders see Order of Merit (disambiguation). ... The Fellowship of the Royal Society was founded in 1660. ... Doctor of Medicine (M.D., from the Latin Medicinæ Doctor) is an academic degree. ... June 30 is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 184 days remaining. ... 1817 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... December 10 is the 344th day (345th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the United Kingdom (light green), with the Republic of Ireland (blue) to its west Languages None official English de facto Capital None official London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked... Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ... A traveller (American English traveler) is a person or an object travelling between two or more locations. ...

Biography

Early life

He was born in Halesworth, Suffolk and was the second son of the famous botanist Sir William Jackson Hooker (1785-1865) by his wife Maria Dawson Turner, eldest daughter of the banker Dawson Turner who had botanical interest, and sister-in-law of Francis Palgrave. He was educated at Glasgow University, where his father was professor in botany. Almost immediately after taking his MD degree there in 1839 at the age of 22, he joined Sir James Clark Ross's Antarctic expedition to the South Magnetic Pole, receiving a commission as assistant-surgeon on the HMS Erebus. In the second year of the expedition, he was appointed their botanist. Halesworth is a town in Suffolk, England, fifteen miles south west of Lowestoft. ... Suffolk (pronounced SUF-fk) is a large traditional and administrative county in the East Anglia region of eastern England. ... Sir William Jackson Hooker (July 6, 1785 - August 12, 1865) was an English botanist. ... Dawson Turner (18 October 1775-21 June 1858) was an English banker, botanist and antiquary. ... Sir Francis Palgrave, born Francis Ephraim Cohen, (1788 - 1861) was a historian. ... The University of Glasgow is the largest of the three universities in Glasgow, Scotland. ... Doctor of Medicine (M.D., from the Latin Medicinæ Doctor) is an academic degree. ... Sir James Clark Ross (April 15, 1800 – April 3, 1862), was a British naval officer and explorer. ... Greek ἀνταρκτικός, opposite the arctic) is a continent surrounding the Earths South Pole. ... Five ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Erebus after Erebus, the dark region of Hades in Greek Mythology. ...

The botanical fruits of the three years he thus spent in the Southern Seas were the two volumes of Flora Antarctica (1844–47), Flora Novae-Zelandiae (1851–53) and Flora Tasmaniae (1853–59), which he published on his return.

He had come across some fossil plants found during his travels. Through a good word of his father, he was appointed botanist to the Geological Survey of Great Britain in 1846. he would stay interested in palaeobotany till the end of his life. Paleobotany (from the Greek words paleon = old and votany = plant) is the branch of paleontology dealing with the recovery and identification of plant remains from geological contexts, and their use in the reconstruction of past environments. ...

His next expedition was to the northern frontiers of India (1847–51), and the expenses in this case also were partially defrayed by the government. The party had its full share of adventure. Hooker and his friend Dr Archibald Campbell were detained in prison for some time by the Raja of Sikkim, but nevertheless they were able to bring back important results, both geographical and botanical. A Raja (sometimes spelled Rajah) is a king, or princely ruler from the Kshatriya lineages. ... Sikkim is a landlocked Indian state nestled in the Himalayas. ... Map of the Earth ( Medium) ( Large 2 MB) Table of geography, hydrography, and navigation, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ...

Their survey of hitherto unexplored regions, the Himalayan Journals, dedicated to Charles Darwin,was published by the Calcutta Trigonometrical Survey Office. In his lifetime Charles Darwin gained international fame as an influential scientist examining controversial topics: portrait by Julia Margaret Cameron. ... This article is on Calcutta/Kolkata, the city. ... Each millennium had thrown up passion for doing something unique. ...

Marriages and children

In 1851 he married Frances Harriet Henslow (1825–1874), daughter of John Stevens Henslow. They had four sons and three daughters: John Stevens Henslow (February 6, 1796 - May 16, 1861) was an English botanist and geologist. ...

• William Henslow Hooker (1853–1942)
• Harriet Anne Hooker (1854–1945) married William Turner Thiselton-Dyer
• Charles Paget Hooker (1855–1933)
• Marie Elizabeth Hooker (1857–1863) died aged 6.
• Brian Harvey Hodgson Hooker (1860–1932)
• Reginald Hawthorn Hooker (1867–1944) statistician
• Grace Ellen Hooker (1868–1873) died aged 5.

After his first wife's death in 1874, in 1876 he married Hyacinth Jardine (1842–1921), daughter of William Samuel Symonds and the widow of Sir William Jardine. They had two sons: Sir William Turner Thiselton Dyer or Thiselton-Dyer (born July 28, 1843 in Westminster; died December 23, 1928 in Whitcombe) was a British botanist. ... Reginald Hawthorn Hooker (January 12, 1867 - June 2, 1944) English civil servant, statistician and meteorologist. ... William Samuel Symonds (1818 - September 15, 1887), English geologist, was born in Hereford. ... Dr. William Jardine (1784-1843) was a ship surgeon who went into the opium trading business in China, where he became a powerful merchant and was instrumental in starting the First Opium War. ...

• Joseph Symonds Hooker (1877–1940)
• Richard Symonds Hooker (1885–1950)

Career

He then started the series Flora Indica in 1855, together with Thomas Thompson. Their botanical observations and the publication of the Rhododendrons of Sikkim-Himalaya (1849–51), formed the basis of elaborate works on the rhododendrons of the Sikkim Himalaya and on the flora of India. His works were illustrated with lithographs by Walter Hood Fitch. This article is about the plant. ... Sikkim is a landlocked Indian state nestled in the Himalayas. ... Perspective view of the Himalaya and Mount Everest as seen from space looking south-south-east from over the Tibetan Plateau. ... Walter Hood Fitch (February 28th, 1817 - 1892) was a Victorial botanical artist. ...

In 1859 he published the Introductory Essay to the Flora Tasmaniae, the final part of the Botany of the Antarctic Voyage. It was in this essay (which appeared just one month after the publication of Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species"), that Hooker announced his support for the theory of evolution by natural selection, thus becoming the first recognised man of science to publicly back Darwin.

Among other journeys undertaken by Hooker were those to Palestine (1860), Morocco (1871), and the United States (1877), all yielding valuable scientific information. Map of the British Mandate of Palestine. ...

In the midst of all this travelling in foreign countries he quickly built up for himself a high scientific reputation at home.

In 1855 he was appointed assistant-director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and in 1865 he succeeded his father as full director, holding the post for twenty years. Under the directorship of father and son Hooker, the Royal Botanical gardens of Kew rose to world renown. Royal Botanic Gardens redirects here. ...

At the early age of thirty he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1873 he was chosen its president (till 1877). He received three of its medals: the Royal Medal in 1854, the Copley in 1887 and the Darwin Medal in 1892. The premises of the Royal Society in London (first four properties only). ... The Royal Medals of the Royal Society of London were established by King George IV. They were further supported with certain changes to their conditions, by King William IV and Queen Victoria. ... The Copley Medal is a scientific award for work in any field of science, the highest award granted by the Royal Society of London. ... The Darwin Medal is given by the Royal Society on even years to a biologist or a husband and wife team of biologists. ...

His greatest botanical work was the Flora of British India, published in seven volumes between 1872 and 1897.

He acted as president of the British Association at its Norwich meeting of 1868, when his address was remarkable for its championship of Darwinian theories. Of Darwin, indeed, he was an early friend and supporter: it was he who, with Charles Lyell, first induced Darwin to make his views public, and the author of The Origin of Species recorded his indebtedness to Hooker's wide knowledge and balanced judgment. The British Association or the British Association for the Advancement of Science or the BA is a learned society with the object of promoting science, directing general attention to scientific matters, and facilitating intercourse between scientific workers. ... Norwich (pronounced variously Norritch, Norridge) is a city in East Anglia, in Eastern England, and the regional administrative centre and county town of Norfolk. ... In his lifetime Charles Darwin gained international fame as an influential scientist examining controversial topics: portrait by Julia Margaret Cameron. ... Charles Lyell The frontispiece from Principles of Geology Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet Kt (November 14, 1797 – February 22, 1875), British lawyer, geologist, and popularizer of uniformitarianism. ... The title page of the 1859 edition of On the Origin of Species. ...

He was the author of numerous scientific papers and monographs, and his larger books included, in addition to those already mentioned, a standard Students Flora of the British Isles and a monumental work, the Genera plantarum (1860–83), based on the collections at Kew, in which he had the assistance of George Bentham. George Bentham George Bentham (September 22, 1800 – September 10, 1884) was an English botanist, perhaps the greatest systematic botanist of the 19th century. ...

On the publication of the last part of his Flora of British India in 1897 he was created GCSI, of which order he had been made a knight commander twenty years before; and ten years later, on attaining the age of ninety in 1907, he was awarded the Order of Merit. The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India is an order of chivalry founded by Victoria in 1861. ... For other Orders see Order of Merit (disambiguation). ...

In 1904, at the age of 87, he published A sketch of the Vegetation of the Indian Empire.

Joseph Hooker died on 10 December 1911. His wife declined the proposal of a burial of his body in Westminster Abbey alongside Darwin. The Abbeys western façade The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to as Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral, in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ...

Hooker Oak in Chico, California is named after him. Hooker Oak was a large oak tree in Chico, California. ... Chico is a city located in Butte County, California. ...

In biology, binomial nomenclature is the formal method of naming species. ... u fuck in ua ... Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ... This is a list of botanists by their author abbreviation. ...

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

Encyclopædia Britannica, the 11th edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

External links

• Joseph Dalton Hooker Joseph Dalton Hooker's work on orchids
• A website dedicated to J D Hooker
• Joseph Hooker's Gravesite
• Works by Joseph Dalton Hooker at Project Gutenberg
  • Gutenberg e-text of Hooker's Himalayan Journals
• Scanned books at http://gallica.bnf.fr
  • Himalayan journals : notes of a naturalist in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, the Khasia mountains, &c.. Vol. I
  • Himalayan journals : notes of a naturalist in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, the Khasia mountains, &c.. Vol. II
  • The flora of British India. Vol. I, Ranunculaceae to sapindaceae / by J. D. Hooker
  • The flora of British India. Vol. II, Sabiaceae to cornaceae / by Sir J. D. Hooker
  • The flora of British India. Vol. III, Caprifoliaceae to apocynaceae / by Sir J. D. Hooker
  • The flora of British India. Vol. 4, Asclepiadeae to amarantaceae / by Sir J. D. Hooker
  • The flora of British India. Vol. V, Chenopodiaceae to orchideae / by Sir J. D. Hooker
  • The flora of British India. Vol. VI, Orchideae to cyperaceae / by Sir J. D. Hooker
  • The flora of British India. Vol. VII, Cyperaceae, gramineae and general index / by Sir J. D. Hooker
  • The rhododendrons of Sikkim-Himalaya : being an account, botanical and geographical of the rhododendrons recently discovered in the mountains of Eastern Himalaya, from drawings and descriptions made on the spot, during a government botanical mission to that country / by Joseph Dalton Hooker,; ed. by Sir W. J. Hooker
  • The rhododendrons of Sikkim-Himalaya : being an account, botanical and geographical of the rhododendrons recently discovered in the mountains of Eastern Himalaya, from drawings and descriptions made on the spot, during a government botanical mission to that country. Part I / by Joseph Dalton Hooker ; ed. by Sir W. J. Hooker
  • The rhododendrons of Sikkim-Himalaya : being an account, botanical and geographical of the rhododendrons recently discovered in the mountains of Eastern Himalaya, from drawings and descriptions made on the spot, during a government botanical mission to that country. Part II / by Joseph Dalton Hooker ; ed. by Sir W. J. Hooker
  • The rhododendrons of Sikkim-Himalaya : being an account, botanical and geographical of the rhododendrons recently discovered in the mountains of Eastern Himalaya, from drawings and descriptions made on the spot, during a government botanical mission to that country. Part III / by Joseph Dalton Hooker ; ed. by Sir W. J. Hooker
  • The student's flora of the British island / by sir J. D. Hooker