Joseph Louis Proust
French chemist
Born	September 26, 1754 Angers, France
Died	July 5, 1826 Paris,France

Joseph Louis Proust (September 26, 1754 - July 5, 1826) was a French chemist. Image File history File links Proust_joseph. ... A chemist pours from a Florence flask. ... September 26 is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1754 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Location within France Angers is a city in France in the département of Maine-et-Loire, 191 miles south-west of Paris. ... July 5 is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 179 days remaining. ... The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826 1826 (MDCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région ÃŽle-de-France Département Paris (75) Subdivisions 20 arrondissements Mayor Bertrand Delanoë  (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land... September 26 is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1754 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... July 5 is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 179 days remaining. ... The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826 1826 (MDCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... A chemist pours from a Florence flask. ...

Life

Joseph Louis Proust was born on September 26, 1754 in Angers, France. In Angers his father served as an apothecary. Joseph studied chemistry in his father’s shop and later came to Paris where he gained the appointment of apothecary in chief to the Salpetriere [1]. He also taught chemistry along with Pilâtre de Rozier, a famous aeronaut. In 1784, both went on a balloon ascent together. September 26 is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1754 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Location within France Angers is a city in France in the département of Maine-et-Loire, 191 miles south-west of Paris. ... Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier. ...

Under Carlos IV's influence Proust went to Spain. There he taught at the Chemistry School in Segovia and at the University of Salamanca. He was appointed to the Royal Laboratory in Madrid by Carlos IV, however in 1808 Calros IV fell from power and Proust was forced to return to France [2]. Charles IV (November 11, 1748 - January 20, 1819) was King of Spain from December 14, 1788 until his abdication on March 19, 1808. ... Comarca Capital and Metropolitan Area Province Segovia Autonomous community Castilla y León Postal code 40001-40006 Coordinate systems  - Latitude:  - Longitude 40°57 N 4°10 0 Surface 1636 km² Altitude 1002 m Distance 87 km from Madrid 111 km from Valladolid Population  - Total (2004)  - Density 55. ... The University of Salamanca (Spanish Universidad de Salamanca), located in the town of Salamanca, west-northwest of Madrid, is the second oldest university in Spain (the first one is the university of Palencia, now disappeared), and one of the oldest in Europe. ... Location Coordinates : 40° 23’N , 3°43′0″W Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Villa de Madrid (Spanish) Spanish name Villa de Madrid Founded 9th century Postal code 28001-28080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 91 (Villa de Madrid) Website http://www. ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Proust's best known work was derived from a controversy with chemist C.L. Berthollet. Berthollet did not believe that substances always combine in constant and definite proportions as Proust did. Proust eventually was able to prove Berthollet wrong in 1799 and published his own hypothesis. Claude Louis Berthollet Claude Louis Berthollet (December 9, 1748 – November 6, 1822) was a French chemist. ... 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Proust spent a significant part of his career studying sugars in fruits and vegetables. He published his findings in many papers and scientific periodicals including Indagaciones sobre ci estaada dc cobre, la vajilla de estao y el vidriado (1803); Memoire sur le sucre de raisins (1808); Recueil des moines relatifs de la poudre h Canon (1815); and Essai sur une des causes gui peuvent amener la formation du calcul (1824) [3]. In 1816, he was elected to the French Academy of Sciences (Encarta 2005). Proust passed away on July 5th, 1826. 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Battle of New Orleans 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1816 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Louis XIV visiting the Académie in 1671 The French Academy of Sciences (Académie des sciences) is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research. ... Encarta is a digital multimedia encyclopedia published and updated frequently by Microsoft Corporation. ... July 5 is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 179 days remaining. ... The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826 1826 (MDCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Chemistry Studies

Proust’s largest improvement into the realm of science was disproving Berthollet with the law of definite proportions, which is sometimes also known as Proust’s Law (Encarta 2005). Proust studied copper carbonate, the two tin oxides, and the two iron sulfides to prove this law. He did this by making artificial copper carbonate and comparing it to natural copper carbonate. With this he showed that each had the same proportion of weights between the three elements involved (Cu, C, O). Between the two types of the other compounds, Proust showed that no intermediate indeterminate compounds exist between them. Proust published this paper in 1794, but the law was not accepted until 1811, when the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius gave him credit for it (Encarta 2005). One of the fundamental observations of modern chemistry made by Joseph Louis Proust, the law of definite proportions states that, in a pure compound, the elements combine in definite proportions to each other by mass. ... 1794 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1811 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Jöns Jakob Berzelius Statue of Berzelius in the centre of Berzelii Park, Stockholm Jöns Jakob Berzelius (August 20, 1779 - August 7, 1848) was a Swedish chemist. ...

Proust then went on to show how Berthollet was incorrect in his own chemical analyses by showing that Berthollet treated some of the chemicals he used as oxides, when they were actually hydrates containing chemically-bonded water. This invalidated Berthollet’s research completely.

There are, however, exceptions to the Law of Definite Proportions. An entire class of substances does not follow this rule. The compounds are called non-stoichiometric compounds or Barthollides, after Berthollet. The ratio of the elements present in the compound can fluctuate within certain limits, such as in the example of Ferrous oxide. The ideal formula is FeO, but due to crystallographic vacancies it is reduced to about Fe_0.95O. One of the fundamental observations of modern chemistry made by Joseph Louis Proust, the law of definite proportions states that, in a pure compound, the elements combine in definite proportions to each other by mass. ... Iron(II) oxide, also called ferrous oxide, is a black-colored powder with the chemical formula FeO. It consists of the element iron in the oxidation state of 2 bonded to oxygen. ... Crystallography (from the Greek words crystallon = cold drop / frozen drop, with its meaning extending to all solids with some degree of transparency, and graphein = write) is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in solids. ...

Proust was also interested in studying the sugars that are present in sweet vegetables and fruits. In 1799, Proust demonstrated, to his class in Madrid, how the sugar in grapes is identical to that found in honey. This later became known as glucose. Overall, Proust discovered three types of sugar during his studies. 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Location Coordinates : 40° 23’N , 3°43′0″W Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Villa de Madrid (Spanish) Spanish name Villa de Madrid Founded 9th century Postal code 28001-28080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 91 (Villa de Madrid) Website http://www. ... Species Vitis acerifolia Vitis aestivalis Vitis amurensis Vitis arizonica Vitis x bourquina Vitis californica Vitis x champinii Vitis cinerea Vitis x doaniana Vitis girdiana Vitis labrusca Vitis x labruscana Vitis monticola Vitis mustangensis Vitis x novae-angliae Vitis palmata Vitis riparia Vitis rotundifolia Vitis rupestris Vitis shuttleworthii Vitis tiliifolia Vitis... A jar of honey, shown with a wooden honey server and scones. ... Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is the most important carbohydrate in biology. ...

External links

• Joseph Louis Proust (1754 - 1826)
  
• Encyclopedia article on him