NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Jozef Tiso

Monsignor Jozef Tiso (October 13, 1887–April 18, 1947) was a Roman Catholic priest who became a deputy of the Czechoslovak parliament, a member of the Czechoslovak government, and finally the President of Independent Slovak Republic from 1939-1945, allied with Nazi Germany. After the end of World War II, Tiso was executed by Czechoslovak authorities. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Image File history File links Tiso1. ... Image File history File links Tiso1. ... Monsignor is an ecclesiastical honorific title for clergy of the Roman Catholic Church. ... October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ... April 18 is the 108th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (109th in leap years). ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... Catholic - derived, through Latin, from the Greek adjective , meaning general, universal (cf. ... Roman Catholic priests in clerical clothing. ... Warning: Value not specified for common_name Motto: Czech: Pravda vÃtÄ›zÃ (Truth prevails; 1918-1989) Latin: Veritas Vincit (Truth prevails; 1989-1992) Anthem: Kde domov mÅ¯j and Nad Tatrou sa blÃ½ska Capital Prague Language(s) Czech, Slovak Government Republic President - 1918-1935 TomÃ¡Å¡ Masaryk - 1989-1992 V... President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, trade unions, universities, and countries. ... The Slovak Republic (Slovak: SlovenskÃ¡ republika) was an independent national Slovak state and ally of Nazi Germany during World War II on the territory of present-day Slovakia with the exception of the southern and eastern parts of present-day Slovakia. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Combatants Allied Powers Axis Powers Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total dead: 50,000,000 Military dead: 8,000,000 Civilian dead: 4,000,000 Total dead 12,000,000 World War II (abbreviated WWII), or the Second World War, was a worldwide conflict...

Early life

Born in Veľká Bytča (today's Bytča), he graduated from the "Pasmaneum" in Vienna in 1910 as a theologian, and afterwards worked as a Catholic curate in several towns, teaching Slovak spelling, organising theatre performances and doing cultural work. BytÄa is a town in northwestern Slovakia. ... Vienna (German: , see also other names) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... From the Latin curatus (compare Curator), a curate is a person who is invested with the care, or cure (cura), of souls of a parish. ...

At the beginning of World War I he served as a military chaplain. In 1915 he became the director of the Theological Seminary of Nitra and a teacher at the Piarist High School in the same town. From 1921 to 1924 he served as the secretary of the bishop and teacher at the Seminary of Divinity at Nitra. In 1924 he became the dean and parish priest of the town of Bánovce nad Bebravou. Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Robert Nivelle Herbert Henry Asquith Sir Douglas Haig Sir John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Woodrow... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Nitra - City Center Nitra (German: ( ); Hungarian: / Nyitria [archaic]) is a city in western Slovakia (and the fourth largest urban settlement in Slovakia) situated at the foot of Zobor Mountain in the Nitra River valley. ... The Pauline Congregation of the Mother of God or short Piarists is name of a Catholic educational order, the clerici regulares scholarum piarum, the , founded by Joseph Calasanza (Josephus a Matre Dei) at Rome in the beginning of the 16th century. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for full calendar). ... Year 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Nitra - City Center Nitra (German: ( ); Hungarian: / Nyitria [archaic]) is a city in western Slovakia (and the fourth largest urban settlement in Slovakia) situated at the foot of Zobor Mountain in the Nitra River valley. ... In religious terminology, a dean is a title accorded to persons holding cartain positions of authority within a religious heirarchy. ... BÃ¡novce nad Bebravou (Hungarian: BÃ¡n) is a town in Slovakia. ...

Political Ascent

Tiso became one of the leaders of the Slovak People's Party. Father Andrej Hlinka had founded the Slovak People's Party as a Roman Catholic grouping in 1913, while Austria-Hungary still ruled Slovakia. The party sought the autonomy of Slovakia within Czechoslovakia and after 1923 became the largest party in Slovakia. It comprised one of the two purely Slovak parties in Slovakia; the remaining parties either represented national minorities, or functioned (at least nominally) throughout Czechoslovakia. When Hlinka died in 1938, Tiso became de facto leader of the party (officially he served as deputy-leader of the party from 1930 to October 1, 1939, becoming the official party leader only after that date). Image File history File links Tiso. ... Image File history File links Tiso. ... Hitler redirects here. ... The Slovak Peoples Party (Slovak: SlovenskÃ¡ Ä¾udovÃ¡ strana, SÄ½S, after 1925 Hlinkas Slovak Peoples Party / Hlinkova slovenskÃ¡ Ä¾udovÃ¡ strana/ HSÄ½S, after 1938 Hlinkas Slovak Peoples Party - Party of Slovak National Unity/Hlinkova. ... Andrej Hlinka (September 27, 1864 - August 16, 1938) was a Slovak politician and Catholic priest, one of the most important Slovak public activists in the pre-WWII Czechoslovakia, leader of the Slovak Peoples Party (until his death), papal chamberlain (since 1924), infulled papal protonotary (since 1927), member of the... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... An autonomous (subnational) entity is a subnational entity that has a certain amount of autonomy. ... 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... In sociology and in voting theory, a minority is a sub- group that forms less than half of the population, and — as a rule — is outnumbered by at least one other sub-group. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link is to a full 1930 calendar). ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Even during his presidency, Tiso continued to work actively as the parish priest of the town of Bánovce nad Bebravou (from 1924 to 1945). From 1925 to 1939 he served as a deputy in the Czechoslovak parliament in Prague, and from 1927 to 1929 as a member of the Czechoslovak government - the Minister of Health and Sports, and 6 October to 28 November 1938 again as Czechoslovak Minister for Slovak Affairs. Year 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Nickname: City of a Hundred Spires Motto: Praga Caput Rei publicae Location within the Czech Republic Coordinates: Country Czech Republic Region Capital City of Prague Founded 9th century - Mayor Pavel BÃ©m Area - City 496 kmÂ² (191. ...

Adolf Hitler's Germany annexed the Sudetenland (the German part of Czechoslovakia) and the Czechoslovak president Edvard Beneš fled the country in October 1938. During the chaos which resulted, the Slovaks (who had lacked any form of autonomy within Czechoslovakia) declared their autonomy within Czechoslovakia and Tiso, as the leader of one of the Slovak parties - the "Hlinka's Slovak People's Party" -, became (until March 9, 1939) the prime minister of this autonomous Slovakia. Hungary, having never really accepted the separation of Slovakia from its control in 1918, took advantage of the situation and managed to persuade Germany and Italy to force Slovakia to let it (Hungary) occupy one third of Slovak territory in November 1938, by the so-called Vienna Award (Vienna Arbitration). Hitler redirects here. ... Sudetenland (German; Sudety in Czech and Polish) was the name used in the first half of the 20th century for the regions inhabited mostly by Germans in the border areas of Bohemia, Moravia, and those parts of Silesia associated with Bohemia. ... Edvard BeneÅ¡ Edvard BeneÅ¡ with wife 1921, autochrome portrait by Josef JindÅ™ich Å echtl Edvard BeneÅ¡ (May 28, 1884 - September 3, 1948) was a leader of the Czechoslovak independence movement and the second President of Czechoslovakia. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... March 9 is the 68th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (69th in Leap years). ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... Year 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... The two Vienna Awards or Vienna Arbitration Awards or Vienna Arbitral Awards or Vienna Diktats or Viennese Arbitrals is the name of two arbitral awards (1938 and 1940), by which arbiters of the National Socialist Germany and of Fascist Italy tried to enforce territorial claims of the Revisionist Hungary ruled...

In the light of this situation, all Czech or Slovak political parties in Slovakia (except for the Communists) voluntarily joined forces and set up the "Hlinka's Slovak People's Party - Party of Slovak National Unity" in November 1938, which created the basis for the future authoritarian regime in Slovakia. (The same happened in the Czech part of the country two weeks later for Czech parties.) In January 1939, the Slovak government officially prohibited all parties apart from the Party of Slovak National Unity, the "Deutsche Partei" (a party of Germans in Slovakia) and the "Unified Hungarian Party" (a party of Hungarians in Slovakia). Image File history File links Tiso2. ... Image File history File links Tiso2. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ...

From February 1939, representatives of Germany - planning to occupy the Czech part and basically not interested in Slovakia - started to officially persuade Slovak politicians to declare the independence of Slovakia. On March 9, 1939, Czech troops occupied Slovakia and Tiso lost his post of Prime Minister. On March 13, 1939, Adolf Hitler lost his patience. He invited Tiso - as the deposed prime minister - to Berlin, and personally forced him to immediately (as he said "in a flash") declare the independence of Slovakia under German "protection", otherwise Germany would allow Hungary (and partly Poland) to annex the remaining territory of Slovakia. Under these circumstances, Tiso spoke by phone to the Czechoslovak president Emil Hácha and to the then Prime Minister of Slovakia, Karol Sidor, and they agreed to convene the Slovak parliament the next day and let it decide. On March 14, the Slovak parliament unanimously declared the independence of Slovakia, and on March 15, Germany invaded the remaining Czech lands - exactly according to German plans. March 9 is the 68th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (69th in Leap years). ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Hitler redirects here. ... Emil HÃ¡cha (July 12, 1872 â€“ June 26, 1945) was a Czech lawyer, the third President of Czechoslovakia, taking office in 1938, and the first and only State President of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. ... For the Lebanese political coalition, see March 14 Alliance. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (75th in Leap years). ...

Tiso served as the Prime Minister of independent Slovakia from March 14, 1939 until October 26, 1939. On October 26 he became President of Slovakia (separate from the Prime Ministerial office). On October 1, 1939 he officially became the president of the Slovak People's Party. According to the pro-nazi nationalist fashion, from 1942 he was self-styled Vodca "Leader", an imitation in the national language of Führer (compare in that article). For the Lebanese political coalition, see March 14 Alliance. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... (Fuehrer when an umlaut is not used) is a proper noun meaning leader or guide in the German language. ...

Policies and Demise

The "independence" of Slovakia remained largely illusory in the sense that Slovakia had become a German puppet state. The Slovak People's Party functioned as almost the sole legal political organisation in Slovakia. The Party under Tiso's leadership aligned themselves with Nazi policy on anti-Semitic legislation in Slovakia. This was no hard task, given Hlinka's policy of a "Slovakia for the Slovaks", a line vehemently adhered to by Jozef Tiso. The respective main act was the so-called Jewish Code. Under the anti-Semitic Jewish Code, Jews in Slovakia could not own any real estates or luxury goods, were excluded from public jobs and free occupations, could not participate in sport or cultural events, were excluded from secondary schools and universities, and were required to wear the star of David in public. Tiso himself - like many people in Central Europe at that time - had definite anti-Semitic views (as some of his own letters from the end of World War II suggest). In general, opinions differ widely on his role in the Jewish deportations from Slovakia, but it is known that he adhered to the Nazi line to a great extent. Some sources prefer the view that Tiso supported the deportations tacitly; other sources point out that the first deportations had to take place secretly behind his back due to his "personal opposition". As to the then Slovak government, however, documents concerning the holocaust in Slovakia (such as E.Niznansky et al. (eds.), Holokaust na Slovensku, vols. 1-5. Bratislava: NMS/ZNO, 2001-2004) prove that the Slovak government consentingly cooperated with Germans and even somewhat coordinated deportations. In fact, Hitler praised the policy concerning the Jews of Slovakia in a meeting with Tiso in the Klassheim Castle in Salzburg (Ostmark) on 22nd April 1942. A puppet state is a state whose government, though notionally of the same culture as the governed people - owes its existence (or other major debt) to being installed, supported or controlled by a more powerful entity, typically a foreign power. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Salzburg is a city in western Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg (population 150,000 in 2006). ... Motto: none Anthem: (German) Land of Mountains, Land on the River Capital (and largest city) Vienna Official languages German1 Government Republic - President Heinz Fischer - Chancellor Alfred Gusenbauer Independence - Austrian State Treaty in force July 27, 1955 - Declaration of Neutrality October 26, 1955 Accession to EU January 1, 1995 Area - Total... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ...

The deportations of Jews from Slovakia started in March 1942, but were stopped - despite heavy opposition to this from Germany, which demanded they resume - in October 1942 by the Slovaks, when it became clear that Nazi Germany had not "only" misused the Slovakian Jews as forced labour workers but had also partly executed them in camps, and when public protests arose as well as pressure from the Holy See to stop the deportations. Slovakia became the first state in the Nazi sphere to rigorously stop deportations of Jews, but some 58,000 Jews (75% of Slovak Jewry) had already suffered deportation, mostly to Auschwitz, of whom only a minority survived. Between October 1942 and October 1944, Independent Slovakia even served as a safe last resort for Jews suffering persecution in Nazi-occupied neighbouring countries such as annexed Austria, the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, Poland and occupied Ukraine. Auschwitz (Konzentrationslager Auschwitz) was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Capital Prague Language(s) Czech, German Politcal structure Protectorate Reichsprotector - 1939-1941 Konstantin von Neurath - 1941-1942 Reinhard Heydrich (acting) - 1942-1943 Kurt Daluege (acting) Staatspresident - 1939-1945 Emil HÃ¡cha Historical era World War II - Occupation March 15, 1939 - Fall of Prague May 13, 1945 Currency Bohemian and Moravian...

Jewish deportations were resumed by German occupation authorities in October 1944, when the Soviet army reached the Slovak border, and the Slovak National Uprising took place. As a result of the Uprising and the approach of the Soviet forces, Nazi Germany had decided to occupy all of Slovakia and the country lost its independence and saw the deportation of Jews resumed again after two years. During the 1944-1945 German occupation, the country saw 13,500 more Jews deported and another 5,000 imprisoned. Motto: ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ð»ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð¸ Ð²ÑÐµÑ… ÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð°Ð½, ÑÐ¾ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÐ¹Ñ‚ÐµÑÑŒ! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) Translation: Workers of the world, unite!) Anthem: The Internationale (1922-1944) Hymn of the Soviet Union (1944-1991) Capital Moscow Language(s) Russian (the de facto official language), 14 other official languages Government Socialist republic Leaders - 1922-1924 Vladimir Lenin - 1924-1953 Joseph Stalin... Combatants Nazi Germany Slovakia Commanders Heinrich Himmler Ferdinand ÄŒatloÅ¡ JÃ¡n Golianâ€ Rudolf Viestâ€ Strength 40,000, later increased to 83,000 18,000 initially, later increased to 78,000 Casualties â‰ˆ10,000 â‰ˆ10,000 + 5,304 captured and executed Memorial of the Slovak National Uprising in Banska Bystrica The...

Tiso lost power when the Soviet Army conquered the last parts of western Slovakia in April 1945. He faced a charge of "internal treason, treason of the Slovak National Uprising and collaboration with Nazism". On April 15, 1947, the National court (Národný súd) sentenced him to death. Only president Edvard Beneš had the power to grant a reprieve. However, despite broad Slovak public opinion and the intervention of the Slovak Democratic Party, as well as a vote in the Czechoslovak cabinet against execution, he refused to grant Tiso amnesty. Jozef Tiso was hanged on April 18, 1947. Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Traitor redirects here. ... Combatants Nazi Germany Slovakia Commanders Heinrich Himmler Ferdinand ÄŒatloÅ¡ JÃ¡n Golianâ€ Rudolf Viestâ€ Strength 40,000, later increased to 83,000 18,000 initially, later increased to 78,000 Casualties â‰ˆ10,000 â‰ˆ10,000 + 5,304 captured and executed Memorial of the Slovak National Uprising in Banska Bystrica The... National Socialism redirects here. ... April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... Edvard BeneÅ¡ Edvard BeneÅ¡ with wife 1921, autochrome portrait by Josef JindÅ™ich Å echtl Edvard BeneÅ¡ (May 28, 1884 - September 3, 1948) was a leader of the Czechoslovak independence movement and the second President of Czechoslovakia. ... // This page is about death by hanging. ... April 18 is the 108th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (109th in leap years). ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ...

Contents

Early life

Political Ascent

Policies and Demise

See also

Sources and references

Contents

Early life GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Political Ascent

Policies and Demise

See also

Sources and references

Early life