NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Jules Ferry laws

The Jules Ferry laws are a set of French laws which established first free education (1881) then mandatory and laic education (1882). Proposed by the (Republican) Minister of Public Instruction Jules Ferry, they were a crucial step in the grounding of the Third Republic (1871-1940), dominated until the 16 May 1877 crisis by the Catholic Legitimists whom dreamed of a return to the Ancien Régime. These laws on public education are in part a consequence of the defeat of the 1870 war with Prussia: the German soldiers were considered to be better educated than Frenchmen, and this was found to be one of the cause of the defeat. The Ferry laws would also be the basis of the République des instituteurs (Teachers' Republic): through-out its existence, the Third Republic, dominated by the Radical-Socialist Party, would rest in a large part on those middle-class civil servants which included teachers (in a striking manner, Gustave Le Bon claimed in The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (1895) that public instruction and the large amount of teachers created for this mission was one of the cause of anarchism, socialism and other "subversive ideologies"). In academic terms, French law can be divided into two areas: private law (droit privÃ©) and public law (droit public). Private law includes, in particular, civil law (droit civil) and criminal law (droit pÃ©nal). Public law includes, in particular, administrative law (droit administratif) and constitutional law (droit constitutionnel). However... 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Motto of the French republic on the tympanum of a church. ... 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... Republicanism is the idea of a nation being governed as a republic. ... Jules Ferry, French statesman Jules FranÃ§ois Camille Ferry (April 5, 1832 â€“ March 17, 1893) was a French statesman. ... The French Third Republic, (in French, La TroisiÃ¨me RÃ©publique, sometimes written as La IIIe RÃ©publique) (1870/75-10 July 1940) was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy Regime. ... The May 16, 1877 crisis (French: Crise du Seize mai) is one of the main political crises of the French Third Republic (1870-1940), with two defining traits: it concerned both the contested supremacy of counterrevolutionary monarchists on the new Republic, and the role and power of the president. ... Legitimists are those Royalists in France who believe that the King of France and Navarre must be chosen according to the simple application of the Salic Law. ... Ancien RÃ©gime means Old Rule or Old Order in French; in English, the term refers primarily to the social and political system established in France under the Valois and Bourbon dynasties. ... // Public education is education mandated for the children of the general public by the government, whether national, regional, or local, provided by an institution of civil government, and paid for, in whole or in part, by taxes. ... Combatants France Prussia allied with German states (later German Empire) Commanders Napoleon III Helmuth von Moltke Strength 500,000 550,000 Casualties 150,000 dead or wounded 284,000 captured 350,000 civilian [citation needed] 100,000 dead or wounded 200,000 civilian [citation needed] The Franco-Prussian War (July... The Radical-Socialist Party (Parti RÃ©publicain, Radical et Radical-Socialiste, more commonly called Parti Radical-Socialiste - Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party), was a major French political party of the early to mid 20th century, originally considered radical due to its anti-clericalism, a main trait of republicans during... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Gustave Le Bon (May 7, 1841 â€“ December 13, 1931) was a French social psychologist, sociologist, and amateur physicist. ... This article or section may contain inappropriate or misinterpreted citations. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ...

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