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Encyclopedia > Julian Schwinger
Julian Schwinger
Image:Julian Schwinger.jpg
Julian Seymour Schwinger
Born February 12, 1918
New York City, USA
Died July 16, 1994
Los Angeles, USA
Residence USA
Nationality American
Field Physicist
Institution University of California, Berkeley
Purdue University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Harvard University
University of California at Los Angeles
Alma mater City College of New York
Columbia University
Academic advisor Isidor Isaac Rabi
Notable students Roy Glauber

Ben R. Mottelson
Sheldon Lee Glashow
Walter Kohn
Bryce DeWitt
February 12 is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Nickname: Big Apple, Gotham, NYC, City That Never Sleeps, The Concrete Jungle, The City So Nice They Named It Twice Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Settled 1676 Government  - Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area... July 16 is the 197th day (198th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 168 days remaining. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 1,290. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... ... The University of California, Berkeley (also known as UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, and by other names, see below) is the oldest and flagship campus of the ten-campus University of California system. ... Purdue University (Purdue) is a land-grant, public university in West Lafayette, Indiana, United States. ... The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private, coeducational research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) , is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Founded in 1636,[1] Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning still operating in the United States. ... The University of California, Los Angeles, popularly known as UCLA, is a public, coeducational university situated in the neighborhood of Westwood within the city of Los Angeles. ... The City College of The City University of New York (known more commonly as City College of New York or simply City College, CCNY, or colloquially as City)[1] is a senior college of the City University of New York, in New York City. ... Columbia University is a private research university in the United States. ... Isidor Isaac Rabi (July 29, 1898 - January 11, 1988) was an American physicist of Austro-Hungarian origin. ... Image File history File links Nobel. ... Roy Jay Glauber (born 1925) is the Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics at Harvard University. ... Image File history File links Nobel. ... Benjamin Roy Mottelson (born July 9, American-Danish physicist. ... Image File history File links Nobel. ... Sheldon Glashow at Harvard University Professor Sheldon Lee Glashow (born December 5, 1932) is an American physicist. ... Image File history File links Nobel. ... Walter Kohn (born March 9, 1923 in Vienna, Austria) is an Austrian-born American physicist who was awarded, with John A. Pople, the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1998. ... Image File history File links Nobel. ... Dr. Bryce S. DeWitt (January 8, 1923—September 23, 2004) was a theoretical physicist best known for his role in formulating the fundamental Wheeler_deWitt equation. ...

Daniel Kleitman
Known for Quantum electrodynamics
Notable prizes Nobel Prize in Physics (1965)

Julian Seymour Schwinger (February 12, 1918 -- July 16, 1994) was an American theoretical physicist. He formulated the theory of renormalization and posited a phenomenon of electron-positron pairs known as the Schwinger effect. He was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 for his work on quantum electrodynamics (QED), along with Richard Feynman and Shinichiro Tomonaga. Daniel J. Kleitman is a professor of applied mathematics at MIT. His research interests include combinatorics, graph theory, and operations research. ... Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is a relativistic quantum field theory of electromagnetism. ... Image File history File links Nobel. ... Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995) accepting the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... February 12 is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... July 16 is the 197th day (198th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 168 days remaining. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... Theoretical physics attempts to understand the world by making a model of reality, used for rationalizing, explaining, predicting physical phenomena through a physical theory. There are three types of theories in physics; mainstream theories, proposed theories and fringe theories. ... The word theory has a number of distinct meanings in different fields of knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. ... Figure 1. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... e- redirects here. ... The first detection of the positron in 1932 by Carl D. Anderson The positron is the antiparticle or the antimatter counterpart of the electron. ... Julian Seymour Schwinger (February 12, 1918 -- July 16, 1994) was an American theoretical physicist. ... Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995) accepting the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is a relativistic quantum field theory of electromagnetism. ... Richard Phillips Feynman (May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988; surname pronounced ) was an American physicist known for expanding the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, and particle theory. ... Sin-Itiro Tomonaga or Shinichirō Tomonaga (朝永 振一郎 Tomonaga Shinichirō, March 31, 1906–July 8, 1979) was a Japanese physicist, influential in the development of quantum electrodynamics, work for which he was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 along with...

Contents

Life and career

Schwinger was born in New York City where he attended Townsend Harris High School and then the City College of New York as an undergraduate before transferring to Columbia University, where he received his B.A. in 1936 and his Ph.D. (overseen by I.I. Rabi) in 1939. He worked at the University of California, Berkeley (under J. Robert Oppenheimer) and was later appointed to a position at Purdue University. Townsend Harris High School is a public magnet high school for the humanities in the borough of Queens in New York City. ... The City College of The City University of New York (known more commonly as City College of New York or simply City College, CCNY, or colloquially as City)[1] is a senior college of the City University of New York, in New York City. ... Columbia University is a private research university in the United States. ... Isidor Isaac Rabi (July 29, 1898 - January 11, 1988) was an American physicist of Austro-Hungarian origin. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... The University of California, Berkeley (also known as UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, and by other names, see below) is the oldest and flagship campus of the ten-campus University of California system. ... J. Robert Oppenheimer, father of the atomic bomb, served as the first director of Los Alamos National Laboratory, beginning in 1943. ... Purdue University (Purdue) is a land-grant, public university in West Lafayette, Indiana, United States. ...


During World War II Schwinger worked at the Radiation Laboratory at MIT, providing theoretical support for the development of radar. He tried applying his knowledge as a Nuclear Physicist to electromagnetic engineering problems, and arrived at results on nuclear scattering. Consequently, Schwinger began to apply his understanding of radiation to quantum physics. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Radiation Laboratory or often RadLab at Massachusetts Institute of Technology was in operation from October 1940 until December 31, 1945. ... The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private, coeducational research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... This long range Radar antenna, known as ALTAIR, is used to detect and track space objects in conjunction with ABM testing at the Ronald Reagan Test Site on the Kwajalein atoll[1]. Radar is a system that uses radio waves to determine and map the location, direction, and/or speed... Fig. ...


After the war, Schwinger left Purdue for Harvard University, where he taught from 1945 to 1974. He married in 1947. During this time, he developed the concept of renormalization, which explained the Lamb shift in an electron's magnetic field. He also realized, in his study of particle physics, that neutrinos would come in multiple varieties, associated with leptons like the electron and muon, which was experimentally verified in recent years. Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) , is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Founded in 1636,[1] Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning still operating in the United States. ... Figure 1. ... In physics, the Lamb shift, named after Willis Lamb, is a small difference in energy between two energy levels and of the hydrogen atom in quantum mechanics. ... Neutrinos are elementary particles. ... In physics, a particle is a lepton if it has a spin of 1/2 and does not experience the strong nuclear force. ... e- redirects here. ... The muon (from the letter mu (μ)--used to represent it) is an elementary particle with negative electric charge and a spin of 1/2. ...


Having supervised more than seventy doctoral dissertations, Schwinger is known as one of the most prolific graduate advisors in physics. Four of his students won Nobel prizes: Roy Glauber, Benjamin Roy Mottelson, Sheldon Glashow and Walter Kohn (in chemistry). Roy Jay Glauber (born 1925) is the Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics at Harvard University. ... Benjamin Roy Mottelson (born July 9, American-Danish physicist. ... Professor Sheldon Lee Glashow (born December 5, 1932) is an American physicist. ... Walter Kohn (born March 9, 1923 in Vienna, Austria) is an Austrian-born American physicist who was awarded, with John A. Pople, the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1998. ...


In his later career, displeased with the complexity of other explanations of particle physics experiments, Schwinger developed source theory, which treats gravitons, photons, and other particles uniformly. Schwinger left Harvard in 1972 for a position at the University of California, Los Angeles where he continued his work on source theory, until his death. The University of California, Los Angeles, generally known as UCLA, is a public university whose main campus is located in the affluent Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States. ...


After 1989 Schwinger took a keen interest in the research of low-energy nuclear fusion reactions (AKA cold fusion). He wrote eight theory papers about it, including these [1] [2]. He resigned from the American Physical Society after their refusal to publish his papers. He felt that cold fusion research was being suppressed and academic freedom violated. He wrote: "The pressure for conformity is enormous. I have experienced it in editors’ rejection of submitted papers, based on venomous criticism of anonymous referees. The replacement of impartial reviewing by censorship will be the death of science." [3] Doctor Who novel, see Cold Fusion (Doctor Who). ... The American Physical Society was founded in 1899 and is the worlds second largest organization of physicists. ...


Schwinger and Feynman

As a famous physicist, Schwinger was often compared to another legendary physicist of his generation, Richard Feynman. Schwinger was more mathematically inclined and heavily favoured mathematical rigour in his way of doing physics, especially in the field of Quantum Field Theory. By contrast, Feynman was more intuitive and this showed in his Feynman diagram approach to QFT. Schwinger disliked Feynman diagrams to the point of banning them altogether in his class. Richard Feynman Richard Phillips Feynman (May 11, 1918–February 15, 1988) (surname pronounced FINE-man) was one of the most influential American physicists of the 20th century, expanding greatly the theory of quantum electrodynamics. ... Richard Phillips Feynman (May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988; surname pronounced ) was an American physicist known for expanding the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, and particle theory. ... Quantum field theory (QFT) is the application of quantum mechanics to fields. ... In this Feynman diagram, an electron and positron annihilate and become a quark-antiquark pair. ...


See also

In physics, the Schwinger model, named after Julian Schwinger, is the model describing 2D (2 spatial 1 time) Euclidean quantum electrodynamics with a Dirac fermion. ... The Schwinger-Dyson equation, named after Julian Schwinger and Freeman Dyson, is an equation of quantum field theory (QFT). ... In Schwingers variational approach to quantum field theory, introduced by Julian Schwinger, the quantum action is an operator. ... Rarita-Schwinger action - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Lippmann-Schwinger equation is of importance to scattering theory. ... The Schwinger parametrization is a nifty technology for evaluating loop integrals which crop up when evaluating Feynman diagrams with one or more loops. ...

Further reading

  • Mehra, Jagdish and Milton, Kimball A. Climbing the Mountain: the scientific biography of Julian Schwinger, Oxford University Press, 2000.
  • Milton, Kimball (2006-10-9). Julian Schwinger: Nuclear Physics, the Radiation Laboratory, Renormalized QED, Source Theory, and Beyond. arXiv.
  • Schweber, Sylvan S., QED and the men who made it : Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga. Princeton Univ. Press, 1994.

External links


  Results from FactBites:
 
Julian Schwinger - Free Encyclopedia (263 words)
Julian Schwinger (February 12, 1918 -- July 16, 1994) was an American theoretical physicist.
Schwinger was born in New York City, attended the City College of New York as an undergraduate, and received his doctorate from Columbia University in 1939 where he studied under I.I. Rabi.
Schwinger left Harvard in 1974 for a position the University of California, Los Angeles where he continued his work on source theory.
Julian Schwinger - Biography (664 words)
Schwinger was particularly pleased by an anticipation, early in 1957, of the existence of two different neutrinos associated, respectively, with the electron and the muon.
Schwinger's policy of finding theoretical virtues in experimentally unknown particles has culminated recently in a revived concern with magnetically charged particles, which may also be involved in the understanding of strong interactions.
Schwinger is a member of the latter body, and a sponsor of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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