Juliana
Queen of the Netherlands

Queen Juliana of the Netherlands (Juliana Emma Louise Wilhelmina van Oranje-Nassau) (April 30, 1909 – March 20, 2004), Princess of Orange-Nassau, Duchess of Mecklenburg, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld, was Queen of the Netherlands from her mother's abdication in 1948 to her own abdication in 1980 and Queen Mother (with the title of Princess) from 1980 to 2004. Image File history File links Her Majesty Queen Juliana of the Netherlands. ... April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining. ... 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... March 20 is the 79th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (80th in Leap years). ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The House of Orange-Nassau (in Dutch Oranje-Nassau), is a family that has played a central role in the political life of the Netherlands since William I of Orange (also known as William the Silent and Father of the Fatherland) organised the Dutch revolt against Spanish rule, which after... The coat of arms of Mecklenburg-Western-Pommerania Mecklenburg is a geographical area located in Northern Germany. ... A queen regnant is a female monarch who possesses all the monarchal powers that a king would have without regard to gender. ... Look up abdication in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... The term Queen Mother is a title often held by the mother of a reigning monarch. ... Princess is the feminine form of prince (Latin princeps, meaning principal citizen). ... 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Early life

Dutch Royalty House of Nassau (Orange branch) William I Children    Prince William    Prince Frederick    Princess Marianne William II Children    Prince William    Prince Alexander    Prince Henry    Princess Sophie William III Children    Prince William    Prince Alexander    Princess Wilhelmina Wilhelmina Children    Princess Juliana Juliana Children    Princess Beatrix    Princess Irene    Princess Margriet    Princess Christina Beatrix Children    Prince Willem-Alexander    Prince Johan-Friso    Prince Constantijn Grandchildren    Princess Catharina-Amalia    Princess Alexia    Countess Luana    Countess Zaria    Countess Eloise    Count Claus-Casimir    Countess Leonore

Juliana with her mother, Queen Wilhelmina, circa 1914

Born in The Hague, the daughter of Prince Hendrik (or Heinrich), Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, Juliana spent her childhood at Het Loo Palace in Apeldoorn, and at Noordeinde Palace and Huis ten Bosch Palace in The Hague. A small school class was formed at Noordeinde Palace on the advice of the educator Jan Ligthart so that, from the age of six, the princess could receive her primary education with children of her own age. The House of Orange-Nassau (in Dutch: Van Oranje-Nassau), a branch of the House of Nassau, has played a central role in the political life of the Netherlands since William I of Orange (also known as William the Silent and Father of the Fatherland) organised the Dutch revolt against... Image File history File links Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands. ... King William I of the Netherlands was born as Willem Frederik on 25 August 1772 in The Hague, and died December 12, 1843 in Berlin, Germany. ... William II (December 6, 1792 – March 17, 1849) was King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg from October 7, 1840 until his death on March 17, 1849. ... William II (December 6, 1792 – March 17, 1849) was King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg from October 7, 1840 until his death on March 17, 1849. ... King William III (Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk of Orange-Nassau) (February 17, 1817 – November 23, 1890) was King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1849–1890). ... Henry the Navigator (1394-1460), prince of Portugal, noted as the patron of navigation and exploration, born in Oporto. ... King William III (Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk of Orange-Nassau) (February 17, 1817 – November 23, 1890) was King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1849–1890). ... For other uses, see Wilhelmina (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Wilhelmina (disambiguation). ... Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands (born as Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard prinses der Nederlanden, prinses van Oranje-Nassau, prinses van Lippe-Biesterfeld) (born January 31, 1938), has been the Queen of the Kingdom of the Netherlands since April 30, 1980. ... Princess Irene Emma Elisabeth of the Netherlands (born August 5, 1939), Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld, is the second child of then Princess Juliana of the Netherlands (later Queen Juliana) and Prince Bernhard, a former prince of Lippe-Biesterfeld. ... Her Royal Highness Princess Margriet Francisca of the Netherlands (born January 19, 1943), Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld, is the third daughter of Princess Juliana of the Netherlands and Prince Bernhard, the former Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. ... Princess Christina of the Netherlands (born February 18, 1947), Princess of Oranje-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld, is the youngest of Queen Juliana’s four daughters. ... Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands (born as Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard prinses der Nederlanden, prinses van Oranje-Nassau, prinses van Lippe-Biesterfeld) (born January 31, 1938), has been the Queen of the Kingdom of the Netherlands since April 30, 1980. ... His Royal Highness Prince Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, (born April 27, 1967) is the eldest son of Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands and is the heir apparent to the Dutch throne, with the style HRH the Prince of Orange. ... Prince Johan-Friso His Highness Johan Friso Bernhard Christiaan David, Prince of Orange-Nassau, Count of Orange-Nassau, Jonkheer of Amsberg (born September 25, 1968), is the second son of Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands and Prince Claus von Amsberg. ... His Royal Highness Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands (Constantijn Christof Frederick Aschwin), Prince of Orange-Nassau, Jonkheer of Amsberg, (born October 11, 1969), is the third and youngest son of Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands and Claus von Amsberg. ... Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands, Hereditary Princess of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau (Catharina-Amalia Beatrix Carmen Victoria prinses der Nederlanden, prinses van Oranje-Nassau), (born December 7, 2003, at the Bronovo Hospital in The Hague), called Amalia, is the first child of Prince Willem-Alexander of the... HRH Princess Alexia of the Netherlands a few hours after she was born. ... Emma Luana Ninette Sophie van Oranje-Nassau van Amsberg (born March 26, 2005), Countess of Orange-Nassau, Jonkvrouwe van Amsberg, is the child of Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau, Jonkheer van Amsberg and Princess Mabel of Orange-Nassau born Wisse Smit. ... Joanna Zaria Nicoline Milou van Oranje-Nassau van Amsberg (born June 18, 2006), Countess of Orange-Nassau, Jonkvrouwe van Amsberg, is the second child of Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau, Jonkheer van Amsberg and Princess Mabel of Orange-Nassau born Wisse Smit. ... Her Excellency Countess Eloise Beatrix Sophie Laurence of Orange-Nassau (born 8 June 2002 in The Hague), Jonkvrouw of Amsberg, is the first child of Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands and Princess Laurentien, née Laurentien Brinkhorst. ... His Excellency Count Claus-Casimir Bernhard Marius Max of Orange-Nassau (born 21 March 2004 at Bronovo Hospital in The Hague), Jonkheer of Amsberg, is the son of Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands and Princess Laurentien, née Laurentien Brinkhorst. ... De hooggeboren vrouwe (The highborn lady) Leonore Marie Irene Enrica van Oranje-Nassau van Amsberg (born 3 June 2006 in Bronovo hospital in The Hague), Countess of Orange-Nassau, Jonkvrouwe van Amsberg, is the third child of Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau, Jonkheer van Amsberg and... Download high resolution version (480x749, 79 KB)Wilhelmina of the Netherlands and daughter Juliana circa 1914 - Project Gutenberg eText 15478 From http://www. ... Download high resolution version (480x749, 79 KB)Wilhelmina of the Netherlands and daughter Juliana circa 1914 - Project Gutenberg eText 15478 From http://www. ... Arms of The Hague Flag of The city of The Hague. ... Heinrich, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, (April 19, 1876 - July 3, 1934), Prince of the Netherlands, was the husband of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands. ... For other uses, see Wilhelmina (disambiguation). ... Het Loo and its gardens, more ambitious than they were actually executed, in an early 18th century engraving (watercolor added) The former royal residence Het Loo near Apeldoorn, Netherlands, was built starting in 1684 for the Stadtholder Willem, known to English-language readers as William III of Orange and his... Apeldoorn ( ▶ (help· info)) is a municipality and a town in in the province of Gelderland, about 26,5 miles east of Amersfoort, in central Netherlands. ... Noordeinde Palace is one of the four official palaces of the Dutch royal family. ... Huis ten Bosch Palace (Dutch language: House in the forest) is a royal palace in Haagse Bos, The Hague. ...

As the Dutch constitution specified that she should be ready to succeed to the throne by the age of eighteen, Princess Juliana's education proceeded at a faster pace than that of most children. After five years of primary education, the Princess received her secondary education (to pre-university level) from private tutors. Representation of a university class, 1350s. ...

On April 30, 1927, Princess Juliana celebrated her eighteenth birthday. Under the constitution, she had officially come of age and was entitled to assume the royal prerogative, if necessary. Two days later her mother installed her in the "Raad van State" ("Council of State"). A young, shy and introvert woman of plain features whose religious mother would not allow her to wear makeup, Juliana did not fit the image of a royal princess. She would, nonetheless, become much loved and respected by most of the Dutch people. April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining. ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

In the same year, the princess enrolled as a student at the University of Leiden. In her first years at university, she attended lectures in sociology, jurisprudence, economics, history of religion, parliamentary history and constitutional law. In the course of her studies she also attended lectures on the cultures of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles, the Charter of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, international affairs, international law, history, and European law. She was also tutored privately by Professor C. Snouck Hurgronje on the Islamic religion, practised by most of the people in the Dutch colonies. Leiden University in the city of Leiden, is the oldest university in the Netherlands. ... Social interactions of people and their consequences are the subject of sociology studies. ... Jurisprudence is essentially the theory and philosophy of law. ... Buyers bargain for good prices while sellers put forth their best front in Chichicastenango Market, Guatemala. ... History of Buddhism History of Christianity History of Eastern Orthodox Christianity History of Hinduism History of Islam History of Judaism History of Protestantism History of Rastafarianism History of Roman Catholicism History of Santeria History of Shintoism See also Religion Categories: Religion ... Constitutional law is the study of foundational laws that govern the scope of powers and authority of various bodies in relation to the creation and execution of other laws by a government. ... For more information on international affairs, see one of the following links: Diplomacy Foreign affairs International relations This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... The European Union is unique among international organizations in having a complex and highly developed system of internal law which has direct effect within the legal systems of its member states. ... Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje (1857-1936). ... For other uses, including people named Islam, see Islam (disambiguation). ... The Dutch East Indies, or Netherlands East Indies, (Dutch: Nederlands-Indië) was the name of the colonies set up by the Dutch East India Company, which came under administration of the Netherlands during the 19th century (see Indonesia). ...

In line with the views of the times, Queen Wilhelmina began a search for a suitable husband for her daughter. It was difficult to find a Protestant prince from a ruling family who suited the tedious and strictly religious Dutch Court. Princes from the United Kingdom and Sweden were "vetted" but either declined or were rejected by the Princess. After meeting His Serene Highness Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld at the 1936 Winter Olympic Games in Bavaria, Princess Juliana's royal engagement was arranged by her mother. Prince Bernhard was a suave young businessman and, although not a playboy, certainly a "man about town" with a dashing lifestyle. Princess Juliana fell deeply in love with her fiancé, a love that was to last a lifetime and that withstood the separation during the war and the many publicly known extra-marital affairs and children by the Prince. In a legal document that spelled out exactly what the German prince could and could not do, and the amount of money he could expect from the sole heir to the large fortune of the Dutch royal family, the astute Queen Wilhelmina left nothing to chance. The document was signed, and the couple's engagement was announced on September 8, 1936. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... (Redirected from 1936 Winter Olympic) The IV Olympic Winter Games were held in the villages of Garmisch and Partenkirchen in Bavaria. ... The Free State of Bavaria  (German: Freistaat Bayern), with an area of 70,553 km² (27,241 square miles) and 12. ... September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years). ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The wedding announcement divided a country that mistrusted Germany under Adolf Hitler. Prior to the wedding, on November 24, 1936, Prince Bernhard was granted Dutch citizenship and changed the spelling of his names from German to Dutch. They married in The Hague on January 7, 1937, the date on which Princess Juliana's grandparents, King William III and Queen Emma, had married fifty-eight years earlier. The civil ceremony was held in The Hague Town Hall and the marriage was blessed in the Great Church (St. Jacobskerk), likewise in The Hague. The young couple made their home at Soestdijk Palace, Baarn. Hitler redirects here. ... November 24 is the 328th day (329th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city but now usually a state) and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. ... January 7 is the seventh day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... King William III (Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk of Orange-Nassau) (February 17, 1817 – November 23, 1890) was King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1849–1890). ... Adelheid Emma Wilhelmina Theresia (August 2, 1858 - March 20, 1934) was Queen Consort to William III of the Netherlands from 1879 to 1890, Queen Regent from 1890 to 1898, and Queen Mother from 1890 to 1934 The future Queen Emma of the Netherlands was born in Arolsen (Germany) on 2... Soestdijk Palace, where Queen Juliana and Prince Bernhard lived for over six decades. ... Baarn is a municipality and a town in the central Netherlands. ...

Children

Four daughters were born to Princess Juliana and Prince Bernhard:

1. Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard nicknamed "Trix", born on January 31, 1938 at Soestdijk Palace;
2. Irene Emma Elisabeth, born August 5, 1939 at Soestdijk Palace;
3. Margriet Francisca born January 19, 1943 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
4. Maria Christina, born February 18, 1947 at Soestdijk Palace.

Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands (born as Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard prinses der Nederlanden, prinses van Oranje-Nassau, prinses van Lippe-Biesterfeld) (born January 31, 1938), has been the Queen of the Kingdom of the Netherlands since April 30, 1980. ... January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Princess Irene Emma Elisabeth of the Netherlands (born August 5, 1939), Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld, is the second child of then Princess Juliana of the Netherlands (later Queen Juliana) and Prince Bernhard, a former prince of Lippe-Biesterfeld. ... August 5 is the 217th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (218th in leap years), with 148 days remaining. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Princess Margriet Francisca of the Netherlands (born January 19, 1943) is the third daughter of Princess Juliana of the Netherlands and Prince Bernhard, the former Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. ... January 19 is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... Motto: Template:Unhide = Advance Ottawa/Ottawa en avant Location City Information Established: 1850 as Bytown Area: 2,778. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Official languages English Flower White trillium Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant-Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Parliamentary representation  - House seat  - Senate seats 106 24 Area Total  - Land  - Water    (% of total)  Ranked 4th 1... Princess Christina of the Netherlands (born February 18, 1947), Princess of Oranje-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld, is the youngest of Queen Juliana’s four daughters. ... February 18 is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ...

Exile

The European political climate was already extremely tense from the growing threat of Nazi Germany and this was added to in the Netherlands when Hitler hinted that the Royal marriage was a sign of an alliance between the Netherlands and Germany. An angry Queen Wilhelmina quickly made a public denunciation of Hitler's remark but the incident caused further resentment over Juliana's choice for a husband. Further revelations of Prince Bernhard's past conduct added to the growing resentment amongst many of the Dutch people but after the German invasion on May 10, 1940, his actions would do a great deal to change public opinion to his favour. Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... May 10 is the 130th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (131st in leap years). ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ...

Stornoway House, situated in the prestigious suburb of Rockcliffe Park, was occupied by Princess Juliana and her children during their time of exile.

During the war and German occupation of the Netherlands the Prince and Princess decided to leave the Netherlands with their two daughters for the United Kingdom. The Princess remained there for a month before taking the children to Ottawa, the capital of Canada, where she lived in Stornoway House in the suburb of Rockcliffe Park. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (939x678, 197 KB)Taken by SimonP in July 2005 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (939x678, 197 KB)Taken by SimonP in July 2005 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Prestige means good reputation or high esteem, although it originally meant a delusion or magicians trick (Latin præstigum). ... Rockcliffe Park is the wealthiest neighbourhood in Ottawa, Ontario, and is one of the most prosperous enclaves in Canada. ... Combatants Allies: Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France/Free France, United States, Canada, China, India, Australia, Poland, New Zealand, South Africa, Greece, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, Bulgaria, Finland, Romania, Hungary, Burma, Slovakia Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead: 8... Stornoway Stornoway is the name of the official residence of the Leader of the Opposition in Canada. ... Housing subdivision near Union, Kentucky, a suburb of Cincinnati, Ohio. ... Rockcliffe Park is the wealthiest neighbourhood in Ottawa, Ontario, and is one of the most prosperous enclaves in Canada. ...

Some people regard this as an act of cowardice of the government and the entire royal family, fleeing the country and leaving the Dutch people under Nazi occupation. National Socialism redirects here. ...

Juliana quickly endeared herself to the Canadian people, displaying simple warmth, asking that she and her children be treated as just another family during difficult times. In the city of Ottawa, where few people recognized her, Princess Juliana sent her two daughters to public school, did her own grocery buying and shopped at Woolworth's Department Store. She enjoyed going to the movies and often would stand innocuously in the line-up to purchase her ticket. When her next door neighbour was about to give birth, the Princess of the Netherlands offered to baby-sit the woman's other children. The F.W. Woolworth Company (NYSE: FL) (formerly Z) was a United States brand name of retail stores. ...

When her third child Margriet was born, the Parliament of Canada passed a special law declaring Princess Juliana's rooms at the Ottawa Civic Hospital as extraterritorial so that the infant would have exclusively Dutch, not dual nationality. Had these arrangements not occurred, Princess Margriet would not be in the line of succession. The Canadian government flew the Dutch tricolour flag on parliament's Peace Tower while its carillon rang out with Dutch music at the news of Princess Margriet's birth. Prince Bernhard, who had remained in London with Queen Wilhelmina and members of the exiled Dutch government, was able to visit his family in Canada and to be there for Margriet's birth. Princess Margriet Francisca of the Netherlands (born January 19, 1943) is the third daughter of Princess Juliana of the Netherlands and Prince Bernhard, the former Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. ... The Parliament of Canada (French: Parlement du Canada) is Canadas legislative branch, seated at Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario. ... The Netherlands applied Salic law until 1884 when King William IIIs last male heir died and Staten-Generaal adopted agnatic-cognatic primogeniture making Princess Wilhelmina heiress presumptive. ... Prince Bernhard in his later years. ... For other uses, see London (disambiguation). ...

Princess Juliana's genuine warmth and the gestures of her Canadian hosts created a lasting bond which was reinforced when Canadian soldiers fought and died by the thousands in 1944 and 1945 to liberate the Netherlands from the Nazis. On May 2, 1945 she returned by a military transport plane with Queen Wilhelmina to the liberated part of the Netherlands, rushing to Breda to set up a temporary Dutch government. At home though, she expressed her gratitude to Canada by sending the city of Ottawa 100,000 tulip bulbs. The following year (1946), Juliana donated another 20,500 bulbs, with the request that a portion of these be planted at the grounds of the Ottawa Civic Hospital where she had given birth to Margriet. At the same time, she promised Ottawa an annual gift of tulips during her lifetime to show her lasting appreciation for Canada's war-time hospitality. Each year Ottawa hosts a Tulip Festival, in recognition of this gift. 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Breda is a municipality and a city in the southern part of the Netherlands. ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... The Tulip Festival is a major cultural event held annually in Ottawa, Canada. ...

Return to The Netherlands

On August 2, 1945 Princess Juliana was reunited with her family on Dutch soil. Soon though, their austere father was convinced his children's manners had been thoroughly corrupted from their time in Canada. At their first family dinner at Soestdijk Palace, two-year-old Margriet beat a spoon on her plate, Irene sat with a comfortable leg curled under herself, and the seven-year-old future Queen Beatrix, who had already expressed the desire to return to Canada, talked incessantly with food in her mouth, complaining that she did not like her Dutch meal and wanted Canadian steak and ice cream like her mother had given them in Ottawa. The manner in which the children would be raised was a matter of disagreement between Princess Juliana and her husband. She believed that the days of an aloof, near-isolated monarchy were over, and that the royal children should interact as much as possible with average citizens. August 2 is the 214th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (215th in leap years), with 151 days remaining. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...

Juliana immediately took part in a post-war relief operation for the people in the northern part of the country, where the Nazi-caused famine (the hungry winter of 1944–1945) and their continued torturing and murdering of the previous winter had claimed many victims. She was very active as the president of the Dutch Red Cross and worked closely with the National Reconstruction organization. Her down to earth manner endeared her to her people so much that a majority of the Dutch people would soon want Queen Wilhelmina to abdicate in favour of her daughter. In the spring of 1946 Princess Juliana and Prince Bernhard visited the countries that had helped the Netherlands during the occupation. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS) is an international humanitarian organisation, often better known as the Red Cross or the Red Crescent. ...

During her pregnancy with her last child, Marijke Christina, Princess Juliana contracted German measles. The girl was born in 1947 with cataracts in both eyes and was soon diagnosed as almost totally blind in one eye and severely limited in the other. Despite her blindness, Christina, as she was called, was a happy and gifted child with a talent for languages and, something long missing in the Dutch royal family, an ear for music. Over time, and with advances in medical technology, her eyesight did improve such that with thick glasses, she could attend school and even ride a bicycle. However, before that happened, her mother, the Princess, clinging to any thread that offered some hope for a cure, came under the spell of Greet Hofmans, a faith healer with heterodox beliefs considered by many to be a sham. In 1956, the influence of Ms. Hofmans on Juliana's political views would almost bring down the House of Orange in a constitutional crisis that caused the court and the royal family to split in a Bernhard faction set on removing a Queen considered religiously fanatic and a threat to NATO, and the Queen's pious and pacifist courtiers. The Prime Minister resolved the crisis. However, Juliana lost out to her powerful husband and his friends. Hofmans was banished from the court and Juliana's supporters were sacked or pensioned. Rubella (also known as epidemic roseola, German measles or three-day measles) is a disease caused by the Rubella virus. ... Greet Hofmans (23 June 1894 – 16 November 1968) was a faith healer and hand layer. ... Spiritual healing redirects here. ... The Principality of Orange The title originally referred to the sovereign principality of Orange in southern France, which was a property of the House of Orange (from 1702 Orange-Nassau). ...

Prince Bernhard planned to divorce his wife but decided against it when he, as he told an American journalist, "found out that the woman still loved him."

For several weeks in the autumn of 1947 and again in 1948 the Princess acted as Regent when, for health reasons, Queen Wilhelmina was unable to perform her duties. The revolt in the East Indies, which saw more than 150,000 Dutch troops stationed there to quell the uprising, was regarded as an economic disaster for the Netherlands. With the certain loss of the prized colony, the Queen announced her intention to abdicate. On September 6, 1948, with the eyes of the world upon her, Princess Juliana, the twelfth member of the House of Orange to rule the Netherlands, was inaugurated Queen in the New Church in Amsterdam. 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... Motto: Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (Old Javanese/Kawi: Unity in Diversity) National ideology: Pancasila Anthem: Indonesia Raya Capital Jakarta Largest city Jakarta Official language(s) Indonesian Government Republic  - President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono  - Vice President Jusuf Kalla Independence From Netherlands   - Declared 17 August 1945   - Recognised 27 December 1949  Area    - Total 1,904... This article is about the day of the year. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... Swedenborgianism is a term based on the ecclesiastical organization of certain beliefs relating to Emanuel Swedenborgs writings and, as such, is considered a religious movement by some. ... Amsterdam Location Flag Country Netherlands Province North Holland Population 742,951(1 January 2005) Coordinates Website www. ...

Queen

Her daughter's blindness and the increasing influence of Hofmans, who had moved into a royal palace, severely affected the Queen's marital relationship. On December 27, 1949 at Dam Palace in Amsterdam, Queen Juliana signed the papers that relinquished the Netherlands' centuries old control over the East Indies. Over the next few years, the controversy surrounding the faith healer, at first kept out of the Dutch media, erupted into a national debate over the competency of the Queen. The people of the Netherlands watched as their Queen often appeared in public dressed like any ordinary Dutch woman. Queen Juliana began riding a bicycle for exercise and fresh air. The Queen wanted to be addressed as " Mevrouw" (Dutch for "Mrs") by her subjects. A style of office, or honorific, is a form of address which by tradition or law precedes a reference to a person who holds a title or post, or to the political office itself. ... Majesty is an English word rooting in the Latin Maiestas, expressing exalted status. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (362nd in leap years). ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... The Dam Palace is a Royal palace on the Dam square in Amsterdam, in the Netherlands. ...

Although the bicycle and the down-to-earth manners suggest a simple life style, the Dutch Royal court of the 1950s and 1960s was at the same time a splendid affair with chamberlains in magnificent uniforms, gilded state coaches, visits to towns in open carriages and lavish entertaining in the huge palaces. At the same time the Queen began visiting the citizens of the nearby towns and, unannounced, would drop in on social institutions and schools. Her refreshingly straightforward manner and talk made her a powerful public speaker. On the international stage, Queen Juliana was particularly interested in the problems of developing countries, the refugee problem, and had a very special interest in child welfare, particularly in the developing countries. The New York Times called her "an unpretentious woman of good sense and great goodwill." The 1950s were the decade that spanned the years 1950 through 1959, although some sources say from 1951 through 1960. ... The outrageously crowded Woodstock festival epitomized the popular antiwar movement of the 60s. ... The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. ...

Soestdijk Palace, where Queen Juliana and Prince Bernhard lived for over six decades.

On the night of January 31, 1953, the Netherlands was hit by the most destructive storm in more than five hundred years. Thirty breaches of dunes and dikes occurred and many towns were swept away by twelve-foot tidal waves. More than two thousand people drowned and tens of thousands were trapped by the floodwaters. Dressed in boots and an old coat, Queen Juliana waded through water and slopped through deep mud all over the devastated areas to bring desperate people food and clothing. Showing compassion and concern, reassuring the people, her tireless efforts would permanently endear her to the citizens of the Netherlands. Download high resolution version (1280x960, 584 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1280x960, 584 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Soestdijk Palace, where Queen Juliana and Prince Bernhard lived for over six decades. ... Prince Bernhard in his later years. ... January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1953 calendar). ...

In 1963 Queen Juliana faced another crisis among the Protestant part of her people when her daughter Irene secretly converted to Catholicism and, without government approval, on April 29, 1964 married Prince Carlos Hugo of Bourbon, Duke of Parma, a claimant to the Spanish throne and also a leader in Spain's Carlist party. With memories of the Dutch struggle for independence from Catholic Spain and fascist German oppression still fresh in the minds of the Dutch people, the events leading to the marriage were played out in all the newspapers and a storm of hostility erupted against the monarchy for allowing it to happen — a matter so serious, the Queen's abdication became a real possibility. She survived, however, thanks to the underlying devotion she had earned over the years. 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... Princess Irene Emma Elisabeth of the Netherlands (born August 5, 1939), Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld, is the second child of then Princess Juliana of the Netherlands (later Queen Juliana) and Prince Bernhard, a former prince of Lippe-Biesterfeld. ... In Christianity, the term Catholicism (from Greek: καθολικός (katholikos), meaning general or universal) has two main ecclesiastical meanings, described in Websters Dictionary as: The whole orthodox Christian church, or adherence thereto. ... April 29 is the 119th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (120th in leap years). ... 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... The House of Bourbon is an important European royal house. ... Duke is a title of nobility which refers to the sovereign male ruler of a Continental European duchy, to a nobleman of the highest grade of the British peerage, or to the highest rank of nobility in various other European countries, including Portugal, Spain and France (in Italy, principe is... Parma is a medieval city in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna, with splendid architecture and a fine countryside around it. ... Carlism was a conservative political movement in Spain, purporting to establish an alternative branch of the Bourbons in the Spanish throne. ...

But crisis, as a result of marriage, would come again with the announcement in July, 1965 of the engagement of Princess Beatrix, heir to the throne, to a German diplomat, Claus von Amsberg. The future husband of the future Queen had been a member of the Nazi Wehrmacht and the Hitler Youth movement. Many angry Dutch citizens demonstrated in the streets, and held rallies and marches against the "traitorous" affair. While this time upset citizens did not call for the Queen's abdication because the true object of their wrath, Princess Beatrix, would then be Queen, they did start to question the value of having a monarchy at all. After attempting to have the marriage cancelled, Queen Juliana acquiesced and the marriage took place under a continued storm of protest and an almost certain attitude pervaded the country that Princess Beatrix might be the last member of the House of Orange to ever reign in the Netherlands. Despite all these difficult matters, Queen Juliana's personal popularity suffered only temporarily. 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... Queen Beatrix with her husband, the late Claus von Amsberg. ... German cavalry and motorized units entering Poland from East Prussia during the Polish Campaign of 1939 Wehrmacht (Defence force) was the name of the armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945. ... The Hitler Youth (German: Hitler-Jugend, abbreviated HJ) was a paramilitary organization of the Nazi Party that existed from 1922 to 1945. ...

An event in April, 1967 brought an overnight revitalization of the Royal family, when the first male heir to the Dutch throne in 116 years, Willem-Alexander, was born to Princess Beatrix. This time the demonstrations in the street were ones of love and enthusiasm. This joyful occasion was helped along by an ever-improving Dutch economy. Scandal rocked the Royal family again in 1976 when it was revealed that Prince Bernhard had accepted a $1.1 million bribe from U.S. aircraft manufacturer Lockheed Corporation to influence the Dutch government's purchase of fighter aircraft. 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... His Royal Highness Crown Prince Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, (Willem-Alexander Claus George Ferdinand), Prince of Orange, Prince of the Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau, Jonkheer of Amsberg (born April 27, 1967), is the Crown Prince of the Netherlands and styled HRH the Prince of Orange. ... 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... The Lockheed SR-71 was remarkably advanced for its time and remains unsurpassed in many areas of performance. ...

The Prime Minister of the Netherlands ordered an inquiry into the affair while Prince Bernhard refused to answer reporters' questions, stating: "I am above such things." This time, the Dutch people rather than calling on the Queen to abdicate, were fearful their beloved Juliana might abdicate out of shame or because of a criminal prosecution conducted in her name against her consort. On August 26, 1976 a censored and toned down, but devastating report on Prince Bernhard's activities was released to a shocked Dutch public. The Prince resigned his various high profile positions as a Lieutenant Admiral, a General and an Inspector General of the Armed Forces. The Prince resigned from his positions in the board of many businesses, charities, the World Wild Life Fund and other institutions. The Prince also accepted that he would have to give up wearing his beloved uniforms. In return, the States-General accepted that there was to be no criminal prosecution. The Government had manipulated the report on the Prince's conduct and had removed recent cases of corruption. The cases that were published had superannuated and were no longer punishable. Over time, the Royal family would work hard to rehabilitate the Prince's name. The Prime Minister of the Netherlands (Minister-President in Dutch) is the chairman of the council of ministers and active executive authority of the Dutch government. ... August 26 is the 238th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (239th in leap years). ... 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... The Estates-General (Staten-Generaal) is the parliament of the Netherlands. ...

On her Silver Jubilee in 1973, Queen Juliana donated all of the money that had been raised by the National Silver Jubilee Committee to organisations for children in need throughout the world. She donated the gift from the nation which she received on her seventieth birthday to the "International Year of the Child." 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ...

In 1979, William Hoffman published a highly critical biography entitled Queen Juliana: The Story of the Richest Woman in the World . This page refers to the year 1979. ...

Abdication

On April 30, 1980, the day of her 71st birthday, Queen Juliana signed the Act of Abdication and her daughter succeeded her as Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands. April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining. ... 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands (born as Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard prinses der Nederlanden, prinses van Oranje-Nassau, prinses van Lippe-Biesterfeld) (born January 31, 1938), has been the Queen of the Kingdom of the Netherlands since April 30, 1980. ...

After her abdication she was known as Her Royal Highness, Princess Juliana of the Netherlands. Juliana remained active in numerous charitable causes until well into her eighties.

Illness and death

From the mid-1990s, Juliana suffered from the progressive onset of senility (attributed to Alzheimer's disease by many although this was denied by the Royal Family) and so did not appear in public after that time. At the order of the Royal Family's doctors, Juliana was placed under 24-hour watch by two nurses. Prince Bernhard publicly admitted in a TV interview in 2001 that she could no longer recognize her family. See also 1990s, the band Seinfeld was a pop cultural phenomenon during the 90s and became one of the most popular TV programs ever. ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ...

Juliana died in her sleep on March 20, 2004, aged 94, at Soestdijk Palace in Baarn from complications of pneumonia, exactly 70 years after her grandmother Emma. March 20 is the 79th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (80th in Leap years). ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Baarn is a municipality and a town in the central Netherlands. ... Pneumonia is an illness of the lungs and respiratory system in which the microscopic, alveoli (air-filled sacs) responsible for absorbing oxygen from the atmosphere become inflamed and flooded with fluid. ... Queen Emma of the Netherlands, born Her Serene Highness Princess Adelheid Emma Wilhelmina Theresia of Waldeck and Pyrmont (August 2, 1858 - March 20, 1934) was Queen consort of William III of the Netherlands of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg. ...

She was embalmed (unlike her mother, who chose not to be) and on March 30, 2004 interred beside her mother, Wilhelmina, in the royal vaults under the New Church in Delft. The memorial service made her ecumenical and often highly personal views on matters of religion public. The late Princess, a vicar told in her sermon, was interested in all religions and in reincarnation. Embalming, in most modern cultures, is the art and science of temporarily preserving human remains to forestall decomposition and make it suitable for display at a funeral. ... March 30 is the 89th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (90th in leap years). ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Delft is a city in South Holland (Zuid-Holland), the Netherlands, located halfway between Rotterdam and The Hague (Den Haag). ...

Her husband Prince Bernhard died barely eight months after her, on December 1, 2004, aged 93. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... December 1 is the 335th (in leap years the 336th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

For other uses, see Wilhelmina (disambiguation). ... The Netherlands have been an independent monarchy since March 16, 1815, and have been governed by members of the House of Orange-Nassau since. ... Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands (born as Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard prinses der Nederlanden, prinses van Oranje-Nassau, prinses van Lippe-Biesterfeld) (born January 31, 1938), has been the Queen of the Kingdom of the Netherlands since April 30, 1980. ...

External links

• Dutch Royal House website