NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Julius Cæsar

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Painting of Gaius Julius Caesar

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Bust of Julius Caesar

Caius Julius (fem. Julia) is the nomen of the gens Julia, an important family of ancient Rome supposed to have descended from Julus. It is also seen as Iulius and Iulia. See also: Julio-Claudian dynasty - Julia Caesaris Gaius Julius Caesar, the dictator Gaius Julius Caesar, the others Gaius Julius Caesar... Julius Caesar ( Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. It gained great importance as the formal language of the Roman Empire. All Romance languages are descended from Latin, and many words based on Latin are found in other modern languages such as English. It is said... Latin: C·IVLIVS·C·F·C·N·CAESAR¹) ( July 12 is the 193rd day (194th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 172 days remaining. Events 1500-1599 1573 - Spanish forces under the Duke of Alva capture Haarlem after a seven month siege. 1600-1899 1690 - William of Oranges army wins the Battle... July 12 or July 13th is the 194th day (195th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 171 days remaining. Events 1558 - Battle of Gravelines: In France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul des Thermes at Gravelines. 1643 - English Civil... July 13, Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC - 100s BC - 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC Years: 105 BC 104 BC 103 BC 102 BC 101 BC - 100 BC - 99 BC 98 BC 97 BC 96 BC 95... 100 BC – March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (75th in Leap years). There are 291 days remaining. In the Roman calendar March 15 was known as the Ides of March. Events Up to 19th century 44 BC - Ides of March: Julius Caesar, General of the... March 15, Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC - 40s BC - 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC 0s Years: 49 BC 48 BC 47 BC 46 BC 45 BC 44 BC 43 BC 42 BC 41 BC... 44 BC) was a History - Ancient history - Ancient Rome This is a List of Ancient Rome-related topics, that aims to include aspects of both the Ancient Roman Republic and Roman Empire. An index of important figures in Ancient Rome can be found in List of ancient Romans. The topics in this list cover... Roman military and political leader whose conquest of Gallia (in English Gaul) is the Latin name for the region of western Europe occupied by present-day France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. (Gallia is also the Modern Greek name of France.) In English the... Gallia Comata extended the Roman world all the way to the Atlantic Ocean - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes.css; @import /skins/monobook/IE55Fixes.css; @import /skins/monobook/IE60Fixes.css; /**/ Atlantic Ocean From Wikipedia The Atlantic Ocean is Earths second-largest ocean, covering approximately one-fifth of its surface. The oceans name, derived from Greek mythology, means the Sea of... Atlantic Ocean, launching the first Roman invasion of Britain, and introducing Roman influence into what has become modern The French Republic or France ( French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. France is a democracy organised as a... France, an accomplishment whose direct consequences are visible to this day. Caesar fought and won a A civil war is a war in which the competing parties are segments of the same country or empire. Civil war is usually a high intensity stage in an unresolved political struggle for national control of state power. As in any war, the conflict may be over other matters such... civil war which left him undisputed master of the Roman world, and began extensive reforms of Roman society and government. He was elected Dictator was the title of a magistrate in ancient Rome appointed by the Senate to rule the state in times of emergency. In modern usage, it refers to an absolutist or autocratic ruler who assumes sole power over the state (though the term is normally not applied to an absolute... dictator for life, and heavily centralized the already faltering government of the weak republic. His dramatic Jack Ruby murdered the assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, in a very public manner. In its most common use, assassination has come to mean the murder of an important person, although the term really refers to murder via stealth. An assassin — one who carries out the assassination — is usually... assassination on the The Roman calendar changed its form several times in the time between the foundation of Rome and the fall of the Roman Empire. This article generally discusses the early Roman or pre-Julian calendars. The calendar used after 46 BC is discussed under the Julian calendar. History of the Calendar... Ides of March became the catalyst of a second set of civil wars which became the twilight of the See also Roman Republic (18th century) and Roman Republic (19th century). The Roman Republic (Latin: Res Publica Romanorum) was the representative government of Rome and its territories from 510 BC until the establishment of the Roman Empire, sometimes placed at 44 BC (the year of Caesars appointment as perpetual... Roman Republic and the dawn of the The Roman Empire is not the Holy Roman Empire (843-1806). Roman Empire between AD 60 and 400 with major cities. During this time only Dacia and Mesopotamia were added to the Empire but were lost before 300. The Roman Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman... Roman Empire under Caesar's grand-nephew and adopted son, Bust of Augustus Caesar Caesar Augustus ( Latin: IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·F·AVGVSTVS)¹ ( 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), known earlier in his life as Gaius Octavius or Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, was the first Roman Emperor and is traditionally considered the... Caesar Augustus. Caesar's military campaigns are known in detail from his own written Commentaries (Commentarii), and many details of his life are recorded by later historians such as Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (75-160), commonly known simply as Suetonius, was a Roman writer. Suetonius was an administrator working as a secretary to the emperor Hadrian, prior to his disemployment by Hadrian. He is remembered chiefly as the author of The Lives of the First Twelve Caesars (De vita Caesarum... Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, Mestrius Plutarch (c.45-c.120) was a Greek historian, biographer, and essayist. Born in the small town of Chaeronea, in the Greek region known as Boeotia, probably during the reign of the Roman Emperor Claudius, Mestrius Plutarch travelled widely in the Mediterranean world, including twice to Rome. He had... Mestrius Plutarch, and Dio Cassius Cocceianus (155–after 229), known in English as Dio Cassius or Cassius Dio, was a noted Roman historian and public servant. The son of Cassius Apronianus, a Roman senator, he was born at Nicaea in Bithynia. His true name was Cassius, but he assumed the other two... Lucius Cassius Dio.

Early life

Caesar was born in The Roman Colosseum Rome (Italian and Latin Roma) is the capital city of Italy, and of its Lazio region. It is located on the lower Tiber river, near the Mediterranean Sea, at 41°50N, 12°15E. The Vatican City State, a sovereign enclave within Rome, is the seat... Rome to a well-known This is an article about the privileged class in ancient Rome. For the fictional character in the Discworld books, see Havelock Vetinari. Patricians (Patricii) were originally the elite caste in ancient Rome. They largely consisted of families with famous or influential ancestors. The word patrician (patricius in Latin) is partly... patrician family ( In the Roman naming convention used in ancient Rome, male names typically contain three proper nouns which are classified as praenomen (or given name), nomen gentile (or Gens name) and cognomen. Sometimes a second cognomen (called agnomen) is added. A male who was adopted also showed his filiation [see Augustus... gens Julia) which supposedly traced its ancestry to In Greek and Roman mythology, Ascanius was a son of Aeneas and Creusa. After the Trojan War, Aeneas escaped to Latium in Italy with his father and fought in the Italian Wars. Virgils Aeneid says he had a role in the founding of Rome as the first king of... Julus, the son of the Walls of the excavated city of Troy This article is about the city of Troy / Ilion as described in the works of Homer, and the location of an ancient city associated with it. For other uses see Troy (disambiguation) and Ilion (disambiguation). Troy (Greek Τροία Tro... Trojan prince Aeneas (or Aineias) was a Trojan hero, the son of prince Anchises and the goddess Venus. The journey of Aeneas from Troy, which led to the founding of a city that would one day become Rome, is recounted in Virgils Aeneid. He is considered an important figure in Greek... Aeneas, who according to myth was the son of Venus is the Roman goddess of love, equivalent to Greek Aphrodite and Etruscan Turan. Her cult began in Ardea and Lavinium, Latium. On August 18, 293 BC, her oldest temple was built. August 18 was then a festival called the Vinalia Rustica. On April 1, the Veneralia was celebrated in... Venus. At the height of his power in Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC - 40s BC - 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC 0s Years: 50 BC 49 BC 48 BC 47 BC 46 BC 45 BC 44 BC 43 BC 42 BC... 45 BC, Caesar began building a temple to Venus Genetrix at Rome, signifying his link to the goddess. His father and namesake, Caius Julius Caesar, achieved the rank of Definition According to Cicero, Praetor was a title which designated the consuls as the leaders of the armies of the state. He considers the word to contain the same elemental parts as the verb praeire (praeeo: to go before, to precede, to lead the way). The period and office of... praetor (see The cursus honorum was the sequential order of public offices held by aspiring politicians in both the Roman Republic and the early Empire. It was designed for men of senatorial rank. The cursus honorum comprised a mixture of military and political administration posts. Each office had a minimum age for... cursus honorum). His mother was an The Aurelii (meaning the golden) were a Roman gens. The male form was Aurelius and the feminine form was Aurelia. Its members included: Marcus Aurelius Cotta, consul Gaius Aurelius Cotta, consul Aurelia, mother of Julius Caesar Lucius Aurelius Cotta, consul Lucius Aurelius Orestes, consul Titus Aurelius Fuluus, consul Titus Aurelius... Aurelia from the Cottae branch, a rich and influential family of In Ancient Rome, the plebs was the general body of Roman citizens, distinct from the privileged class of the patricians. A member of the plebs was known as a plebeian (Latin: plebeius). The true origin of the distinction between plebeians and patricians is unknown; there is little evidence for any... plebeian stock. As a young boy, he lived in a modest house in the Subura quarter, where he apparently learned to speak several languages, including The Modern Hebrew language is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family. What makes it unique is that the original Hebrew Bible, the Torah, that Orthodox Judaism teaches to have been recorded in the time of Moses 3,300 years ago, was written in Biblical Classical Hebrew. Jews... Hebrew and Gallia (in English Gaul) is the Latin name for the region of western Europe occupied by present-day France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. (Gallia is also the Modern Greek name of France.) In English the... Gallic dialects.

The Julii Caesarii, although of impeccable aristocratic patrician stock, were not rich by the standards of the Roman nobility. Thus, no member of his family had achieved any outstanding prominence in recent times, though in his father's generation there was a renaissance of their fortunes. His paternal aunt, Julia Caesaris is the name of all women in the Julii Caesares patrician family (to which, for instance Julius Caesar and Caesar Augustus belonged), since feminine names were their fathers gens and cognomen declined in the female form. In Roman history, there are at least five Julia Caesares cited... Julia, married Gaius Marius (Latin: C·MARIVS·C·F·C·N) (157 - January 13, 86 BC) was a Roman general and politician who was mostly known for his reform of Roman armies. Importance of Gaius Marius The career of Gaius Marius illustrates a number of the trends that would lead to the... Gaius Marius, a talented general and reformer of the Roman army. Marius was also the leader of the Populares (Favoring the people, singular popularis) are aristocratic leaders in the late Roman Republic who tended to use the peoples assemblies in an effort to break the stranglehold of nobiles and optimates on political power. Populare plans included redistribution of land to peasants and former soldiers; redistribution of Roman citizens... Populares faction of the The Roman Senate (Lat., Senatus) was a deliberative body which was important in the government of both the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. The word Senatus is derived from the Latin word senex (old man or elder); literally, Senate is understood to mean something along the lines of council... Senate, frequently opposed to the Optimates (Good Men) were the aristocratic faction of the later Roman Republic. They wished to limit the power of the popular assemblies and extend the power to the Senate, which was viewed as more stable and more dedicated to the well-being of Rome. The optimates favored the nobiles (noble... Optimates conservatives.

Towards the end of Marius' life in Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC - 80s BC - 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC Years: 91 BC 90 BC 89 BC 88 BC 87 BC - 86 BC - 85 BC 84 BC 83... 86 BC, internal politics reached a breaking point. Several disputes of the Marius faction against This page is about the Roman dictator Sulla, for the Brythonic goddess sometimes called Sulla, see Sul. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (Latin: L·CORNELIVS·L·F·P·N·SVLLA·FELIX) (ca. 138 BC–78 BC) was usually known simply as Sulla. His agnomen Felix — the fortunate — was... Lucius Cornelius Sulla led to civil war and eventually opened the way to Sulla's dictatorship. Caesar was tied to the Marius party through family connections. Not only was he Marius' nephew, he was also married to Cornelia Cinnilla, the youngest daughter of Cinna, a Roman patrician family of the gens Cornelia. The most prominent member was Lucius Cornelius Cinna. His daughter Cornelia was the wife of Julius Caesar, the dictator; but his son, L. Cornelius Cinna, praetor ill 44 BC, nevertheless sided with the murderers of Caesar and publicly extolled their action... Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Marius' greatest supporter and Sulla's enemy. Caesar was appointed flamen dialis (the chief priest of Jupiter) by Cinna.

Thus, when Sulla emerged as the winner of this civil war and began his program of proscriptions, Caesar, not yet 20 years old, was in a bad position. Sulla ordered him to Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the ending of a marriage, which can be contrasted with an annulment which is a declaration that a marriage is void, though the effects of marriage may be recognized in such unions, such as spousal support, child custody and distribution of property. Divorce is... divorce Cornelia in Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC - 80s BC - 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC Years: 87 BC 86 BC 85 BC 84 BC 83 BC - 82 BC - 81 BC 80 BC 79... 82 BC, but Caesar refused and prudently left Rome to hide. Only the intervention of his family and closest friends saved him from certain proscription and death. Despite Sulla's pardon, Caesar did not remain in Rome and left for military service in The Roman province of Asia was the administrative unit added to the late Republic, a Senatorial province governed by a proconsul who was an ex-consul, an honor granted only to Asia and the other rich province of Africa. The arrangement was unchanged in the reorganization of the Roman Empire... Asia and In ancient geography, Cilicia (Ki-LIK-ya) formed a district on the southeastern coast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey), north of Cyprus. Cilicia extended along the Aegean coast east from Pamphylia, to Mount Amanus (Giaour Dagh), which separated it from Syria. North of Cilicia lie the rugged Taurus Mountains that... Cilicia. During these campaigns he served under the command of Two notables of ancient Rome share the name Lucius Licinius Lucullus. The first was a novus homo who became consul in 151 BC. He was imprisoned by the tribunes for attempting to enforce a troop levy too harshly. Upon reaching Spain, he was disappointed to find that the Celtiberians had... Lucius Licinius Lucullus and distinguished himself for bravery in combat. In Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC - 80s BC - 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC Years: 86 BC 85 BC 84 BC 83 BC 82 BC - 81 BC - 80 BC 79 BC 78... 81 BC he was sent to Bithynia to raise a fleet with such success that his opponents in Rome spread the rumour that while there he had became the lover of King Nicomedes. His sexual escapades were such that (according to Suetonius) the elder Curio in one of his speeches called him "every woman's man and every man's woman."

Back in Rome in Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC - 70s BC - 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC Years: 83 BC 82 BC 81 BC 80 BC 79 BC - 78 BC - 77 BC 76 BC 75... 78 BC, when Sulla died, Caesar began his political career in the The Roman Forum (Forum Romanum) was a central area of ancient Rome in which commerce, business, trading and the administration of justice took place. It is now famous for the remains, which eloquently show the use of urban spaces during the Roman Age. The term Roman Forum includes all the... Forum at Rome as an An advocate is one who speaks on behalf of another, especially in a legal context. Implicit in the concept is the notion that the represented lacks the knowledge, skill, ability, or standing to speak for themselves. Common advocates include lawyers, activists, and public relations consultants. Country Specific Information In Scotland... advocate, known for his Oratory is the art of eloquent speech. In ancient Greece and Rome, oratory was studied as a component of rhetoric (that is, composition and delivery of speeches), and was an important skill in public and private life. Aristotle and Quintilian discussed oratory, and the subject, with definitive rules and models... oratory and ruthless prosecution of former governors notorious for extortion and corruption. Aiming at rhetorical perfection, Caesar traveled to This article is about the Greek island of Rhodes. For other uses, see Rhodes (disambiguation). The beach of Rhodes Rhodes, Greek Ροδος (Rodos), is the largest of the Dodecanese islands, and easternmost of the major islands of Greece in the Aegean Sea. It lies approximately 11... Rhodes in Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC - 70s BC - 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC Years: 80 BC 79 BC 78 BC 77 BC 76 BC - 75 BC - 74 BC 73 BC 72... 75 BC for philosophical and oratorical studies with the famous teacher Apollonius Molo.

On the way, Caesar was kidnapped by In ancient geography, Cilicia (Ki-LIK-ya) formed a district on the southeastern coast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey), north of Cyprus. Cilicia extended along the Aegean coast east from Pamphylia, to Mount Amanus (Giaour Dagh), which separated it from Syria. North of Cilicia lie the rugged Taurus Mountains that... Cilician This article is about sea pirates. For other uses see Pirate (disambiguation) A pirate is one who robs or plunders at sea without a commission from a recognised sovereign nation. Pirates usually target other ships, but have also attacked targets on shore. These acts are known as piracy. Unlike the... pirates in the Mediterranean Sea. When they demanded a ransom of twenty A talent is an ancient unit of mass. The Babylonians and Sumerians had a system in which there were 60 shekels in a mina and 60 minas in a talent. The Roman talent consisted of 100 libra (pounds) which were smaller in magnitude than the mina. When used as a... talents, he laughed at them, saying they did not know whom they had captured. Instead, he ordered them to ask for fifty. They accepted, and Caesar sent his followers to various cities to collect the ransom money. In all he was held for 38 days and used the time to write speeches and practice his rhetoric on his captors. If they failed to admire his work, he would call them illiterate savages to their faces, and would often laughingly threaten to have them all crucified. They were much taken with this and attributed his freedom of speech to a kind of simplicity in his character or boyish playfulness. But, true to his word, as soon as he was ransomed and released, he organized a naval force from the harbor of In Greek mythology, Miletus was the founder of the city described below. He had two children: Caunus and Byblis. Miletus was the acuser of Socrates. Miletus was an ancient Ionian Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia, in the Aydin Province of Turkey, near the mouth of the Maeander... Miletus, captured the pirates and their island stronghold and put them to death by Religious depictions of the crucifixion of Jesus typically show him supported by nails through the palms. Crucifixion is an ancient method of execution, in which the victim was tied or nailed to a large wooden cross (Latin: crux) and left to hang there until dead. It was a common form... crucifixion as a warning to other pirates. However, since they had treated him well, he had their throats cut before they were crucified to lessen their suffering.

In Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC - 60s BC - 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC Years: 74 BC 73 BC 72 BC 71 BC 70 BC 69 BC 68 BC 67 BC 66... 69 BC, Caesar became a widower after Cornelia's death trying to deliver a stillborn son. In the same year, he lost his aunt Julia, to whom he was very attached. During the funerals Caesar delivered eulogy speeches from the A rostrum (Latin beak) is an anatomical structure resembling a birds beak, such as part of the carapace of a crustacean. Since the rostrum is typically located about the thorax of an arthropod, it is differentiated from the cauda or tail. A rostrum is the platform a speaker stands... rostra. Julia's funeral was filled with political connotations, since Caesar insisted on parading Marius's funeral mask. This was the first attack on the Sullan proscription laws of the former decade. Although Caesar was very fond of both women (according to Suetonius), these speeches were interpreted by his political opponents as propaganda for his upcoming election for the office of Quaestors were elected officials of the Roman Republic who supervised the treasury and financial affairs of the state, its armies and its officers. The office may date back to the time of the kings of Rome. After about 420 BC there were four Quaestors, elected each year, and after 267... quaestor.

Caesar's cursus honorum

Caesar was elected Quaestors were elected officials of the Roman Republic who supervised the treasury and financial affairs of the state, its armies and its officers. The office may date back to the time of the kings of Rome. After about 420 BC there were four Quaestors, elected each year, and after 267... quaestor by the Assembly of the People in Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC - 60s BC - 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC Years: 74 BC 73 BC 72 BC 71 BC 70 BC 69 BC 68 BC 67 BC 66... 69 BC, at the age of 30, as stipulated in the Roman The cursus honorum was the sequential order of public offices held by aspiring politicians in both the Roman Republic and the early Empire. It was designed for men of senatorial rank. The cursus honorum comprised a mixture of military and political administration posts. Each office had a minimum age for... cursus honorum. He drew the lots and was assigned with a quaestorship in Hispania Ulterior, a A Roman province (Latin, provincia, pl. provinciae) was the largest territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empires foreign possessions (beyond the Italian peninsula). (The word province in modern English therefore has its origins in the term employed by the Romans.) Provinces were generally governed by politicians of senatorial... Roman province roughly situated in modern The Republic of Portugal (República Portuguesa), or Portugal, is a democratic republic located on the west and southwest parts of the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe; it is the westernmost country in continental Europe. Portugal is bordered by Spain to the north and east and by the Atlantic... Portugal and southern The Kingdom of Spain or Spain ( Spanish: Reino de España or España; Catalan: Regne dEspanya; Basque: Espainiako Erresuma; Galician: Reino da España) is a country located in the southwest of Europe. It shares the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal, Gibraltar and Andorra. To the... Spain.

On his return to Rome, Caesar pursued his judicial career until his election as Aedile was an office of the Roman Republic. Based in Rome, the Aediles were responsible for maintenance of public buildings and regulation of public festivals. They also had powers to enforce public order. Half of the Aediles were from the ranks of plebeians and half were patricians. The latter were... curule aedile in Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC - 60s BC - 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC Years: 70 BC 69 BC 68 BC 67 BC 66 BC 65 BC 64 BC 63 BC 62... 65 BC. The functions of this office were similar to a present day mayor and included regulation of construction, traffic, commerce and other aspects of Rome's daily life. It was also a dangerous office because it included the organization of the Roman games in the Map of downtown Rome during the Roman Empire, with Circus Maximus at the lower right corner The Circus Maximus in an ancient arena and mass entertainment venue located in Rome, Italy. Situated in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine Hills, the location was first utilised for public games and... Circus Maximus.

The public funding for this event was limited and, if the aedile wanted to offer the city magnificent games, in order to push forward his political career, this meant heavy expenses to their own purse. Caesar threw spectacular games that included the diversion of the Tiber River in Rome The River Tiber (Italian Tevere), the third longest river in Italy (disputed — see talk page) at 406 km (252 miles) after the Po and the Adige, flows through the Campagna and Rome in its course from Mount Fumaiolo to the Tyrrhenian Sea, which it reaches... Tiber River for a specific representation in the Circus. He ended the year in glory but in bankruptcy. His debts reached several hundred gold talents (millions of Euro (disambiguation). The euro (€; ISO 4217 code EUR) is the currency of twelve of the twenty-five European Union member states. These twelve states, which form the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), are: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. It is... Euros in today's currency) and threatened to be an obstacle for his future career.

His success as aedile was, however, an enormous help for his election as In the Roman Republic, the Pontifex Maximus was the head of the Roman religion. He was the most important of the Pontifices (plural of Pontifex), which were positions in the main sacred college (Collegium Pontificum), which was directed by the Pontifex Maximus. Other members of this priesthood included the Rex... Pontifex Maximus (high priest) in Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC - 60s BC - 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC Years: 68 BC 67 BC 66 BC 65 BC 64 BC 63 BC 62 BC 61 BC 60... 63 BC, following the death of the previous holder The Caecilii Metellii was one of the most important and wealthiest families in the Roman Republic. Although plebeians (meaning not of patrician stock -- the Caecilii Metelli were nobles) the Caecilii Metellii remained a political power within the state, since 3rd century BC to the end of the Republic, holding every... Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius. This office meant a new house — the Domus Publica (public house) — in the Forum, the responsibility of all Roman religious affairs and the custody of the A vestal Virgin, engraving by Sir Frederick Leighton, ca 1890: Leightons artistic sense has won over his passion for historical accuracy in showing the veil over the Vestals head at sacrifices, the suffibulum, as translucent, instead of fine white wool In Ancient Rome, the Vestal Virgins were the... Vestal virgins under his roof. For Caesar, it also meant a relief of his debts.

Caesar's debut as Pontifex was however marked by a scandal. Following the death of his wife Cornelia, he had married Pompeia Sulla (fl. 1st century BC) was the daughter of Quintus Pompeius Rufus and Cornelia Sulla (the daughter of the Roman Dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix). She became the second wife of Julius Caesar sometime between the death of his first wife (c. 69 BC) and 63 BC. Although beautiful... Pompeia, a granddaughter of Sulla. As the wife of the Pontifex and an important matrona, Pompeia was responsible for the organization of the In Roman mythology, Bona Dea (the good goddess) was a goddess of fertility, healing, virginity and women. She was a daughter of Faunus and was sometimes called Fauna. There was a temple to Bona Dea on the Aventine Hill. On December 4, secret rites in honor of her were held... Bona Dea festival in December. These rites were exclusive to women and considered very sacred. However, Publius Clodius Pulcher (born around 92 BC, murdered January 18, 52 BC). The son of Appius Claudius Pulcher and Caecilia Metella Balearica. Born into a wealthy and patrician family chose, like his sister Clodia, to spell his ancient name in the lower-class spelling with an -o-. Clodius, after achieveing... Publius Clodius Pulcher managed to get in the house disguised as a woman. This was absolute sacrilege and Pompeia received a letter of divorce. Caesar himself admitted that she could be innocent in the plot, but, as he said: "Caesar's wife, like the rest of Caesar's family, must be above suspicion."

Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC - 60s BC - 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC Years: 68 BC 67 BC 66 BC 65 BC 64 BC 63 BC 62 BC 61 BC 60... Sixty-three BC was an especially difficult year, not only for Caesar, but for the See also Roman Republic (18th century) and Roman Republic (19th century). The Roman Republic (Latin: Res Publica Romanorum) was the representative government of Rome and its territories from 510 BC until the establishment of the Roman Empire, sometimes placed at 44 BC (the year of Caesars appointment as perpetual... Roman Republic itself. For other uses see Cicero (disambiguation) Marcus Tullius Cicero (January 3, 106 BC - December 7, 43 BC) was an orator and statesman of Ancient Rome, and is generally considered the greatest Latin prose stylist. Cicero at about age 60, from an ancient marble bust Biography Cicero was born in Arpinum... Marcus Tullius Cicero was senior For modern diplomatic consuls, see Consulate general. Consul (abbrev. ) was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire. Under the Republic, the minimum age of election to consul for patricians was 40 years of age, for plebeians 42. Two consuls were elected each... Consul and Caesar had been elected Definition According to Cicero, Praetor was a title which designated the consuls as the leaders of the armies of the state. He considers the word to contain the same elemental parts as the verb praeire (praeeo: to go before, to precede, to lead the way). The period and office of... Urban Praetor by the Centuriate Assembly. During his consulship Cicero revealed a conspiracy to overthrow the elected magistrates organized by Catiline (Lucius Sergius Catilina) (108 BC-62 BC) was a Roman politician of the 1st century BC who is best known for the Catiline (or Catilinarian) conspiracy, an attempt to overthrow the Roman Republic, and in particular the power of the aristocratic Senate. Born from a noble but impoverished family... Lucius Sergius Catilina, a patrician aristocrat frustrated about his own political failure.

The result was the conviction to death of five notable Roman men, Catiline's allies, without a trial. The option open was banishment, as imprisonment before trial was unheard of; if banished the men would simply have gone to take command of Catiline's armies in Etruria was an ancient country in central Italy, located in an area that covered part of what now are Tuscany, Latium and Umbria. It is eminently identified as the territory of Etruscans, and it was one of the most important countries before falling to Rome in the third century B... Etruria. The Senate deliberated on the matter, with Caesar one of the few men to speak up against the death penalty. His views were eventually defeated in a famous meeting of the Senate, due to Marcus Porcius Cato Uticencis (95 BC-46 BC), known as Cato the younger to distinguish him from his great-grandfather Cato the Elder, was a Roman politician and statesman, and a follower of the Stoic philosophy. He is remembered for his legendary stubbornness and tenacity, especially as applied to his... Cato the younger's insistence, and the men were executed in the same day. This was also the day when Caesar saw his affair with Servilia Caepionis (1st century BC) is one of the few Roman women cited by ancient sources. She was a patrician, daughter of Quintus Servilius Caepio and Livia Drusa. By her mother, she was half-sister of Marcus Porcius Cato, the Younger. Servilia was brought up in the house of Marcus... Servilia Caepionis exposed to the public eye. Caesar's opposition led to accusations — never proved — of involvement on the conspiracy.

If Caesar was implicated in the Catiline affair, it did him no lasting damage. In Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC - 60s BC - 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC Years: 66 BC 65 BC 64 BC 63 BC 62 BC 61 BC 60 BC 59 BC 58... 61 BC, after his praetorship, he served as governor of the province of Hispania Ulterior. This term permitted him to pay part of his enormous debts.

The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War

In Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC - 50s BC - 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC Years: 64 BC 63 BC 62 BC 61 BC 60 BC 59 BC 58 BC 57 BC 56... 59 BC Caesar was elected senior Consul of the Roman Republic by the Centuriate Assembly. His junior partner was his political enemy Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus was a politician of the late Roman Republic. Bibulus was the son in law of Cato the younger. In 59 BC he was elected consul by the optimates, the conservative Republican enemies of Julius Caesar in the Senate. Caesar wanted his own ally Lucius Lucceius elected co... Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, a member of the Optimates faction and personal friend of Marcus Porcius Cato. The first act of Bibulus as Consul was to retire from all political activity in order to search the skies for Omens or portents are signs encountered fortuitously that are believed to foretell the future. Their interpretation is a form of divination. The augur and haruspex of ancient Rome were professional readers of omens. The augurs tried to read the future in the flight of birds. The haruspex sought omens in... omens. This apparently pious decision was designed to make Caesar's life difficult during his Consulship. Indeed, he needed allies and he found them where none of his enemies expected.

At this time the leading general This article refers to the Roman General. However, Pompey is also the nickname of the city of Portsmouth in Hampshire, England, and also of its principal football club, Portsmouth F.C. Pompey is not to be confused with the Roman city of Pompeii. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Latin: CN·POMPEIVS·CN... Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) was fighting in the Senate for farmlands for his veterans, without success. A former Consul, Marcus Licinius Crassus Dives (c. 115 BC-53 BC) was a Roman who defeated Spartacus, and entered into a pact, known as the First Triumvirate with Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Gaius Julius Caesar. Marcus Licinius Crassus He was known as one of the richest men of the era, and after... Marcus Licinius Crassus, allegedly the richest man in Rome, was also having problems in obtaining his long-desired military command against the Reproduction of a Parthian warrior as depicted on Trajans Column The Parthian Empire was the dominating force on the Iranian plateau beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca 190 BCE and 224 CE. Origins Bust of Parthian soldier, Esgh-abad Museum, Turkmenia. The... Parthian Empire. Caesar the Consul was in desperate need of Crassus's money and Pompey's influence, so an informal alliance was created. Historians call this union the The First Triumvirate is the name historians give to the unofficial political alliance of Gaius Iulius Caesar (Julius Caesar), Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great). Unlike the somewhat less famous Second Triumvirate, the First Triumvirate had no official status whatever -- its overwhelming power in the Roman... First Triumvirate (rule by three men). To confirm the alliance, Pompey married Julia Caesaris is the name of all women in the Julii Caesares patrician family (to which, for instance Julius Caesar and Caesar Augustus belonged), since feminine names were their fathers gens and cognomen declined in the female form. In Roman history, there are at least five Julia Caesares cited... Julia Caesaris, Caesar's only daughter. Despite the differences in age and upbringing, this political marriage proved to be a love match.

Following a difficult year as Consul, Caesar was given For the Miocene ape, see Proconsul (genus) Under the Roman Empire a proconsul was a promagistrate filling the office of a consul. Rome often appointed a proconsul as governor of an outlying province. By analogy, a leader appointed by a foreign power during military occupation or colonization is sometimes described... Proconsul powers to govern Transalpine Gallia (in English Gaul) is the Latin name for the region of western Europe occupied by present-day France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. (Gallia is also the Modern Greek name of France.) In English the... Gaul (current southern The French Republic or France ( French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. France is a democracy organised as a... France) and This article is about an ancient civilization in southeastern Europe; see also Illyria (software), Illyria (character in the TV series Angel). In classical history, Illyria or Illyricum or Illyrikon was a region of the western Balkan Peninsula inhabited by the tribes and clans of Illyrians, an ancient people who probably... Illyria (the coast of Dalmatia ( Croatian Dalmacija, Italian Dalmazia, Serbian Далмација) is a region of Croatia on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, spreading between the island of Pag in the northwest and the Bay of Kotor in the southeast. The inner Dalmatia (Dalmatinska Zagora... Dalmatia) for five years. He was not content with an idle governorship. Instead, he started the About the Gallic War (De Bello Gallico), sometimes The Conquest of Gaul, is an account written by Julius Caesar about his nine years of war in Gaul. In it Caesar vividly describes the battles and intrigues that took place in the nine years he spent fighting local armies that opposed... Gallic Wars ( Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC - 50s BC - 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC Years: 63 BC 62 BC 61 BC 60 BC 59 BC 58 BC 57 BC 56 BC 55... 58 BC– Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC - 40s BC - 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC 0s Years: 54 BC 53 BC 52 BC 51 BC 50 BC 49 BC 48 BC 47 BC 46 BC... 49 BC) in which all of Gaul (the rest of current France) and parts of The Federal Republic of Germany ( German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is one of the worlds leading industrialised countries, located in the heart of Europe. Due to its central location, Germany has more neighbours than any other European country: these are Denmark in the north, Poland and the Czech Republic in the... Germania were annexed to Rome. Among his A legatus (often anglicized as legate) was equivalent to a modern general officer in the Roman army. Being of senatorial rank, his immediate superior was the dux, and he outranked all military tribunes. In order to command an army independently of the dux or provincial governor, legates were required to... legates were his cousins Lucius Julius Caesar and Bust of Marcus Antonius Marcus Antonius (Latin: M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N¹) (c. 83 BC – August 30 BC), known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general. He was an important supporter of Julius Caesar as a military commander and administrator. After Caesars assassination... Mark Antony, Titus Labienus (c. 100 BC - March 17, 45 BC) was the most important member of a Roman family said (without authority) to belong to the gens Atia. He is remembered as one of Caesars lieutenants, mentioned frequently in the accounts of his military campaigns. His early service was ca... Titus Labienus and Quintus Tullius Cicero was the younger brother of Marcus Tullius Cicero. He was born in 102 BC in Arpinum, a town near Rome. He was assassinated by agents of the Second Triumvirate, under orders of Mark Antony, in 43 BC. His rich father arranged for him to be educated with... Quintus Tullius Cicero (Cicero's younger brother).

Caesar waged war against various peoples, defeating the The Helvetii (in Latin) were the Celtic inhabitants of the current Switzerland. They were described by Julius Caesar in his De Bello Gallico. Caesar was called upon by the Gauls which had already been conquered to defend them from the invading Helvetii, who were attempting to migrate into Gaul with... Helvetii (in The Swiss Confederation or Switzerland is a landlocked federal state in Europe, with neighbours Germany, France, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein. The country has a strong tradition of political and military neutrality, but also of international co-operation, and is home to many international organisations. Confoederatio Helvetica (CH), the Latin version... Switzerland) in Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC - 50s BC - 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC Years: 63 BC 62 BC 61 BC 60 BC 59 BC 58 BC 57 BC 56 BC 55... 58 BC, the The Belgae were a group of nations or tribes living in north-eastern Gaul, on the west bank of the Rhine, in the 1st century BC, and later also attested in Britain. Their name survives in modern Belgium. Julius Caesar in his De Bello Gallico divided the people of Gaul... Belgic confederacy and the The Nervii were one of the most powerful Belgic tribes living east of the Scheldt in north-eastern Gaul in the 1st century BC. The exact date of their inception and destruction is not known. They were considered the most warlike of the Belgic tribes. Their culture was a spartan... Nervii in Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC - 50s BC - 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC Years: 62 BC 61 BC 60 BC 59 BC 58 BC 57 BC 56 BC 55 BC 54... 57 BC and the The Veneti were a seafaring tribe that lived in what is modern day Brittany, France. The most notable city, and probably the capital was Darioritum, mentioned in the Geography by Ptolemy. It was also called Vannes, probably by the name of the population, since the Middle Ages, being the residence... Veneti in Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC - 50s BC - 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC Years: 61 BC 60 BC 59 BC 58 BC 57 BC 56 BC 55 BC 54 BC 53... 56 BC. On August 26 is the 238th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (239th in leap years). There are 127 days remaining. Events 55 BC - Julius Caesar invades Britain AD 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Empire at Manzikert 1278 - Ladislaus IV of Hungary and Rudolph... August 26th Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC - 50s BC - 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC Years: 60 BC 59 BC 58 BC 57 BC 56 BC 55 BC 54 BC 53 BC 52... 55 BC he attempted an Roman invasion of Britain: Britain was the target of invasion by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire several times during its history. In common with other regions on the edge of the empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans and their economic and cultural influence... invasion of Britain and, in Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC - 50s BC - 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC Years: 57 BC 56 BC 55 BC 54 BC 53 BC 52 BC 51 BC 50 BC 49... 52 BC he defeated a union of Gauls led by Vercingetorix (72 BC - 46 BC), chieftain of the Arverni, led the great Gallic revolt against the Romans in 53-52 BC. His name in Gaulish means over-king (ver-rix) of warriors (cingetos). As described in Julius Caesars Gallic Wars, Rome had secured domination over the Celtic tribes beyond... Vercingetorix at the Battle of Alesia Conflict Gallic Wars Date September 52 BC Place Alesia, near modern Alise-Sainte-Reine (France) Result Roman victory The Battle of Alesia or Siege of Alesia was a conflict fought in September 52 BC around the Gallic oppidum of Alesia, a major town centre and hill fort... battle of Alesia. His accounts of these campaigns were recorded in his commentaries De Bello Gallico ("On the Gallic Wars").

According to Mestrius Plutarch (c.45-c.120) was a Greek historian, biographer, and essayist. Born in the small town of Chaeronea, in the Greek region known as Boeotia, probably during the reign of the Roman Emperor Claudius, Mestrius Plutarch travelled widely in the Mediterranean world, including twice to Rome. He had... Plutarch, the whole campaign resulted in 800 conquered cities, 300 subdued tribes, one million men sold to slavery and another three million dead in battle fields. Ancient historians are notorious for exaggerating numbers of this kind, but Caesar's conquest of Gaul was certainly the greatest military triumph since the campaigns of Bust of Alexander III in the British Museum. Alexander III, in Greek ΜΕΓΑΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΣ (Megas Alexandros) (late July, 356 BC– June 10, 323 BC), King of Macedon ( 336 BC- 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the... Alexander the Great.

Despite his successes and the benefits they brought to Rome, Caesar remained unpopular among his peers, especially with the conservative faction, who always suspected him of wanting to become king. In Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC - 50s BC - 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC Years: 60 BC 59 BC 58 BC 57 BC 56 BC 55 BC 54 BC 53 BC 52... 55 BC, his partners Pompey and Crassus were elected consuls and honored their agreement with Caesar by prolonging his proconsulship for another five years. This was to be the last act of the First Triumvirate.

In Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC - 50s BC - 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC Years: 59 BC 58 BC 57 BC 56 BC 55 BC 54 BC 53 BC 52 BC 51... 54 BC, Julia Caesaris died in childbirth, leaving both Pompey and Caesar heartbroken. Crassus was killed in Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC - 50s BC - 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC Years: 58 BC 57 BC 56 BC 55 BC 54 BC 53 BC 52 BC 51 BC 50... 53 BC during his ill-fated campaign in Parthia. Without Crassus or Julia, Pompey began to drift towards the Optimates faction. Still away in Gaul, Caesar tried to secure Pompey's support by offering him one of his nieces in marriage, but Pompey refused. Instead, Pompey married Cornelia Metella (1st century BC) is one of the few Roman women cited by ancient sources. She was daughter of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Cornelius Scipio Nasica. Her proper name would have been Caecilia Metella, since Cornelia was the gens of her father before adoption by the Caecilii Metellii. Plutarch describes... Cornelia Metella, the daughter of The Caecilii Metellii was one of the most important and wealthiest families in the Roman Republic. Although plebeians (meaning not of patrician stock -- the Caecilii Metelli were nobles) the Caecilii Metellii remained a political power within the state, since 3rd century BC to the end of the Republic, holding every... Metellus Scipio, one of Caesar's greatest enemies.

The civil war

In Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC - 50s BC - 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC Years: 55 BC 54 BC 53 BC 52 BC 51 BC 50 BC 49 BC 48 BC 47... 50 BC, the Senate, led by Pompey, ordered Caesar to return to Rome and disband his army because his term as Proconsul had finished. Moreover, the Senate forbade Caesar to stand for a second consulship in absentia. Caesar thought he would be prosecuted and politically eliminated if he entered Rome without the immunity enjoyed by a Consul or without the power of his legions. So he refused to act as ordered and crossed the The Rubicon (Rubico, in Italian Rubicone) is an ancient Latin name for a small river in northern Italy. In Roman times it flowed into the Adriatic Sea between Ariminum and Caesena. The actual modern identity of the water-course is uncertain, it is usually identified as the Pisciatello in its... Rubicon river (the frontier with Italy) on January 10 is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 355 days remaining (356 in leap years). Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon which signalled civil war. 1072 - Robert Guiscard conquers Palermo. 1776 - Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense. 1806 - Dutch in Cape Town... January 10, Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC - 40s BC - 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC 0s Years: 54 BC 53 BC 52 BC 51 BC 50 BC 49 BC 48 BC 47 BC 46 BC... 49 BC and civil war broke out. Historians differ as to what Caesar said upon crossing the Rubicon; the two competing lines are "The die is cast" and "Let the dice fly high!" (a line from the New Comedy poet For the Indo-Greek king (160–135 BC) see Menander the Just. For the Byzantine historian and ethnographer of the 6th century, see Menander Protector. Menander (342–291 BC), Greek dramatist, the chief representative of the New Comedy, was born in Athens. He was the son of well... Menander), the former in Latin (Alea iacta est) and the latter in Greek. This minor controversy is occasionally seen in modern literature when an author attributes the less popular Menander line to Caesar.

The Optimates, including Metellus Scipio and Cato the Younger, fled to the south, not knowing that Caesar had only his Legio X Gemina, the twin legion, was levied by Julius Caesar on 58 BC, for his invasion of Gaul. There are still records of the X Gemina in Vienna in the beginning of the 5th century AD. The legion symbol is a bull. Early on its history, the legion was... Tenth Legion with him. Caesar pursued Pompey to Categories: Italy-related stubs | Towns in Puglia ... Brundisium, hoping to patch up their deal of ten years before. Pompey eluded him, however, and Caesar made an astonishing 27-day route-march to The Kingdom of Spain or Spain ( Spanish: Reino de España or España; Catalan: Regne dEspanya; Basque: Espainiako Erresuma; Galician: Reino da España) is a country located in the southwest of Europe. It shares the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal, Gibraltar and Andorra. To the... Spain where he defeated Pompey's lieutenants. He then went back east, to challenge Pompey in Greece, formally called the Hellenic Republic ( Greek: Ελληνική Δημοκρατία), is a country in the southeast of Europe on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula. It has land boundaries with Bulgaria, the Former Yugoslav... Greece where on July 10 is the 191st day (192nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 174 days remaining. Events 100 BC-AD 1899 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. AD 1778 - American Revolution: Louis XVI of France declares... July 10, Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC - 40s BC - 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC 0s Years: 53 BC 52 BC 51 BC 50 BC 49 BC 48 BC 47 BC 46 BC 45 BC... 48 BC at Battle of Dyrrhachium Conflict Roman Republican civil wars Date July 10, 48 BC Place Dyrrhachium Result Victory of Pompey The Battle of Dyrrachium (or Dyrrhachium) on 10 July 48 BC was one of a series of contests between Julius Caesar and Pompey that ended with Pompeys defeat in the... Dyrrhacium Caesar barely avoided a catastrophic defeat to Pompey. He decisively defeated Pompey's numerically superior army — Pompey had nearly twice the number of infantry and considerably more cavalry — at Battle of Pharsalus Conflict Roman Republican civil wars Date August 9, 48 BC Place Pharsalus (Greece) Result Caesarean victory The Battle of Pharsalus occurred in Pharsalus—in Thessaly, northern Greece. Gaius Julius Caesar defeated Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey) and the Senatorial forces at the battle of Pharsalus on August... Pharsalus in an exceedingly short engagement in Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC - 40s BC - 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC 0s Years: 53 BC 52 BC 51 BC 50 BC 49 BC 48 BC 47 BC 46 BC 45 BC... 48 BC.

Pompey fled to The Arab Republic of Egypt, commonly known as Egypt, (in Arabic: مصر, romanized Mişr or Maşr, in Egyptian dialect) is a republic mostly located in northeastern Africa. Covering an area of about 1,020,000 km², it includes the Sinai Peninsula (considered part of... Egypt, where he was murdered by an officer of Ptolemy XIII (lived 62 BC/61 BC -January 13? 47 BC, reigned 51 BC - January 13?, 47 BC) was one of the last members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt. Son of Pharaoh Ptolemy XII of Egypt he succeeded him in Spring of 51 BC as co-ruler of his... King Ptolemy XIII. In Rome, Caesar was appointed Dictator was a political office of the Roman Republic. A legal innovation of the Roman Republic, the dictator (Latin for one who dictates (orders)) — also known as the magister populi (master of the peoples) — was an extraordinary magistrate (magistratus extraordinarius) whose function was to perform extraordinary... dictator, with Mark Antony as his The Master of the Horse was (and in some cases, is) a historical position of varying importance in several European nations. The Roman Master of the Horse The original Master of the Horse (Latin: Magister Equitum) in the Roman Republic was an office appointed and dismissed by the Roman Dictator... master of the horse (magister equitum, or chief lieutenant); Caesar resigned this dictatorate after eleven days and was elected to a second term as consul with Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus as his colleague. He pursued Pompey to Antiquity and modernity stand cheek-by-jowl in Egypts chief Mediterranean seaport Located on the Mediterranean Sea coast, Alexandria (in Arabic, الإسكندرية — al-Iskandariyah) is the chief seaport in Egypt, and that countrys second largest city, and the... Alexandria, where he camped his army and inadvertently got tangled in the Alexandrine civil war between Ptolemy and his sister, wife, and co-regnant queen, the This article refers to the historical Pharaoh. For Pharaoh in the Book of Abraham, see Pharaoh (Book of Abraham). Pharaoh (פַּרְעֹה, Standard Hebrew Parʿo, Tiberian Hebrew Parʿōh) is a title used to refer to the kings (of godly... Pharaoh Cleopatra Cleopatra VII Philopator ( December, 70 BC or January, 69 BC– August 12?, 30 BC) was queen of ancient Egypt. She was the last member of the Macedonian Ptolemaic dynasty to rule Egypt. Her father was Ptolemy XII Auletes, and her mother was probably Auletess sister, Cleopatra V... Cleopatra VII. Perhaps as a result of Ptolemy's role in Pompey's murder, Caesar sided with Cleopatra; he is reported to have wept at the sight of Pompey's head, which was offered to him by Ptolemy's chamberlain Pothinus as a gift. In any event, Caesar defeated the Ptolemaic forces and installed Cleopatra as ruler, and began an affair with her which produced his only known biological son, Ptolemy XV Caesar, nicknamed Caesarion (little Caesar) (lived June 23, 47 to August, 30 BC; reigned September 2, 44 BC to August, 30 BC) was the son of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra VII of Egypt and the last pharaoh of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt. Cleopatra and Caesarion He was... Ptolemy XV Caesar, better known as "Caesarion". But they never married.

After spending the first months of Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC - 40s BC - 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC 0s Years: 52 BC 51 BC 50 BC 49 BC 48 BC 47 BC 46 BC 45 BC 44 BC... 47 BC in Egypt, Caesar went to the A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. The Middle East is a... Middle East, where he annihilated King Pharnaces II of Pontus (63 BC - 47 BC), was the king of Pontus and son of the great Mithridates VI. Pompey had defeated Mithridates VI in 64 BC and gained control of much of Asia Minor, but Pharnaces II attempted to take advantage of the Roman civil war to retake... Pharnaces II of Pontus in the Zela is a titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Amasea in the Helenopontus. In pagan times the city, which was situated on the Seylax, belonged to priests, equal in dignity to the princes of Pontus, lords of the territory. On the eminence which rises in the middle of the... battle of Zela; his victory was so swift and so complete that he commemorated it in his triumph with the words Veni, vidi, vici is a famous Latin phrase. Originally it was the full text of a message sent by Julius Caesar to the Roman senate, to describe his battle against King Pharnaces II of Pontus near Zela in 47 BC. It translates as I came, I saw, I conquered. It... Veni, vidi, vici ("I came, I saw, I conquered"). Thence, he proceeded to Africa to deal with the remnants of Pompey's senatorial supporters. He quickly gained a significant victory at Battle of Thapsus Conflict Roman Republican civil wars Date February 6, 46 BC Place Thapsus (Tunisia), modern Ras Dimas Result Caesarean victory The Battle of Thapsus took place on February 6, 46 BC near Thapsus (modern Ras Dimas, Tunisia). The Conservative Republican Army, led by Marcus Porcius Cato, the younger... Thapsus in Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC - 40s BC - 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC 0s Years: 51 BC 50 BC 49 BC 48 BC 47 BC 46 BC 45 BC 44 BC 43 BC... 46 BC over the forces of Metellus Scipio (who was killed in battle) and Cato the Younger (who committed suicide). Nevertheless, Pompey's sons Gnaeus Pompeius, also known as Pompey the younger, was a Roman politician and general from the late Republic (1st century BC). Gnaeus Pompeius was the oldest son of Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) by his third wife, Mucia Tertia. His younger brother was Sextus Pompeius, from the same mother... Gnaeus Pompeius and Sextus Pompeius Magnus Pius, in English Sextus Pompey, was a Roman general from the late Republic (1st century BC). He was the last focus of opposition to the second triumvirate. Sextus Pompeius was the youngest son of Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) by his third wife, Mucia Tertia. His... Sextus Pompeius, together with Titus Labienus (c. 100 BC - March 17, 45 BC) was the most important member of a Roman family said (without authority) to belong to the gens Atia. He is remembered as one of Caesars lieutenants, mentioned frequently in the accounts of his military campaigns. His early service was ca... Titus Labienus, Caesar's former propraetorian legate ( A legatus (often anglicized as legate) was equivalent to a modern general officer in the Roman army. Being of senatorial rank, his immediate superior was the dux, and he outranked all military tribunes. In order to command an army independently of the dux or provincial governor, legates were required to... legatus A promagistrate is a person who acts in and with the authority and capacity of a magistrate, but without holding a magisterial office. A legal innovation of the Roman Republic, the promagistracy was invented in order to provide Rome with governors of overseas territories instead of having to elect more... propraetore) and second in command in the Gallic War, escaped to Spain. Caesar gave chase and defeated the last remnants of opposition at Battle of Munda Conflict Roman Republican civil wars Date March 17, 45 BC Place Mundane, near Osuna, southern Spain Result Caesarean victory The Battle of Munda took place on March 17, 45 BC in the plains of Munda, southern Spain. This was the last battle of Julius Caesars civil... Munda in a fiercely contested battle in March Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC - 40s BC - 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC 0s Years: 50 BC 49 BC 48 BC 47 BC 46 BC 45 BC 44 BC 43 BC 42 BC... 45 BC. During this time, Caesar was elected to his third and fourth terms as consul in Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC - 40s BC - 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC 0s Years: 51 BC 50 BC 49 BC 48 BC 47 BC 46 BC 45 BC 44 BC 43 BC... 46 BC (with Marcus aemilius Lepidus) and Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC - 40s BC - 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC 0s Years: 50 BC 49 BC 48 BC 47 BC 46 BC 45 BC 44 BC 43 BC 42 BC... 45 BC (without colleague).

After the war

Immediately after his return from the East (and before his departure for Spain), Caesar began extensive reforms of Roman society and government. He tightly regulated the purchase of State-subsidized grain and forbade those who could afford privately supplied grain from purchasing from the grain dole. He extended the Roman citizenship to all communities in Gallia Cisalpina, thus enfranchising the remainder of the Italian peninsula. He made plans for the distribution of land to his veterans and for the establishment of veteran colonies throughout the Roman world. In one of his most wide-ranging reforms, Caesar ordered a complete overhaul of the Roman calendar, establishing a 365-day year with a leap year every fourth year (this The Julian calendar was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, taking force in 45 BC or 709 ab urbe condita. It was chosen after consultation with the Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenes and was probably designed to approximate the tropical year, known at least since Hipparchus. It has a regular year... Julian calendar was subsequently modified by Pope Pope Gregory XIII (1502-1585) Gregory XIII, né Ugo Buoncampagno (January 7, 1502 – April 10, 1585) was pope (1572 – 1585). He was born Ugo Buoncampagno in Bologna, where he studied law and graduated in 1530. Afterwards, he taught jurisprudence for some years, Alexander Farnese, Reginald Pole and Charles... Gregory XIII in Events January 15 - Russia cedes Livonia and Estonia to Poland February 24 - Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian Calendar. In Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain October 4 of this year is followed directly by October 15, skipping over 10 days. Other countries follow at various later dates. November 28 - In... 1582 into the modern calendar); as a result of this reform, the year Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC - 40s BC - 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC 0s Years: 51 BC 50 BC 49 BC 48 BC 47 BC 46 BC 45 BC 44 BC 43 BC... 46 BC was in fact 445 days long to bring the calendar into line.

Caesar returned to Rome, where he began to receive increasingly grandiose honours from the Senate: Plutarch even records that he at one point informed the Senate that he felt his honours were more in need of reduction than augmentation, but withdrew this position so as not to appear ungrateful. He was given the title Pater Patriae (pl. Patres Patriae), also seen as Parens Patriae, is a Latin honorific title meaning Father of the Fatherland. It is somewhat analogous to the modern Father of His Country ( George Washington) except that it does not imply a great role in the foundation of the state so much... Pater Patriae ("Father of the Fatherland") and authorized to dress in triumphal regalia at all times. The month known until then as Quintilis was the former Latin name for the fifth (later seventh) month in the Roman calendar. Quintilis was renamed to July in honor of Julius Caesar, who was born in that month. Julius Caesar renamed it in 44 B.C. 1 year before he changed the calender over to a... Quintilis was renamed July is the seventh month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. July begins (astrologically) with the sun in the sign of Cancer and ends in the sign of Leo. Astronomically speaking, the sun begins in the constellation... July (Latin Julius) in his honor. He was appointed dictator a third time, and then nominated for nine consecutive one-year terms as dictator, effectually making him dictator for ten years; he was also given censorial authority as prefect of morals (praefectus morum) for three years.

In Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC - 40s BC - 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC 0s Years: 49 BC 48 BC 47 BC 46 BC 45 BC 44 BC 43 BC 42 BC 41 BC... 44 BC, Caesar became consul a fifth time with Mark Antony as his colleague; he was soon appointed perpetual dictator (dictator perpetuus) and began wearing the knee-high red boots of the kings of Alba Longa, from whom the Julii Caesares were descended. In February Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC - 40s BC - 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC 0s Years: 49 BC 48 BC 47 BC 46 BC 45 BC 44 BC 43 BC 42 BC 41 BC... 44 BC, Antony, having just been appointed as flamen to Caesar, publicly offered him a Diadem has a number of different meanings, including the following: A diadem is a type of crown. Diadem is the brightest star in the constellation Coma Berenices. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article... diadem, a white linen strip worn on the forehead which was the Hellenic symbol of monarchy; Caesar refused the diadem, but to this day there remains scholarly dispute about whether or not Caesar intended to make himself King of Rome.

Assassination

The Roman Senate traditionally met in the The Curia Hostilia (Lat., Hostilian Court) was the favorite meeting place of the Roman Senate in the Forum Romanum, near the well of the Comitia. Tradition held that it was built by the third King of Rome, Tullus Hostilius, hence the name. The Curia Hostilia was the site of the... Curia Hostilia, but it had been destroyed by fire years before. Thus Caesar summoned the Senate to meet in the Theatrum Pompeium (built by Pompey) on the In the Roman calendar the ides of March falls on March 15. The ides was an auspicious day in the Roman calendar, falling on the 15th of March, May, July and October and on the 13th of the other months. The date is famous because Julius Caesar was assassinated on... Ides of March (March 15) Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC - 40s BC - 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC 0s Years: 49 BC 48 BC 47 BC 46 BC 45 BC 44 BC 43 BC 42 BC 41 BC... 44 BC. A few days before, a fortuneteller had said to Caesar, "Beware the Ides of March." As the Senate convened, Caesar was attacked and stabbed to death by a group of senators who called themselves the Liberators (Liberatores); the Liberators justified their action on the grounds that they were preserving the Republic from Caesar's alleged monarchical ambitions. Among the assassins who locked themselves in the Temple of Jupiter were Gaius Trebonius, Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus (died 43 BC) was a Roman politician and general of the 1st century BC, one of Julius Caesars assassins. He was a legate in Julius Caesar army during the Gallic wars, but when the dictator returned to Rome after the final defeat of the Republican... Decimus Junius Brutus, Marcus Junius Brutus Caepio (85 BC–42 BC), or simply Brutus, was a Roman politician of the late Roman Republic. He was one of Julius Caesars assassins. Et tu, Brute? Background Brutus was the son of Decimus Junius Brutus, a relatively unimportant politician, and Servilia Caepionis, half-sister... Marcus Junius Brutus, and For other Romans named Cassius, see Cassia (gens). Gaius Cassius Longinus was the prime mover in the conspiracy against Julius Caesar. Little is known of his early life. In 53 BC he served in the Parthian campaign under M. Licinius Crassus, saved the remnants of the army after the defeat... Gaius Cassius Longinus; Caesar had personally pardoned most of his murderers or personally advanced their careers. Marcus Brutus was a distant cousin of Caesar and named as one of his testamentary heirs. There is also speculation that Marcus Brutus was an illegitimate child of Caesar's, since he had an affair with Servilia Caepionis (1st century BC) is one of the few Roman women cited by ancient sources. She was a patrician, daughter of Quintus Servilius Caepio and Livia Drusa. By her mother, she was half-sister of Marcus Porcius Cato, the Younger. Servilia was brought up in the house of Marcus... Servilia Caepionis, Brutus' mother; however, Caesar was 15 years old at the time Brutus was born. Caesar sustained 23 stab wounds, which ranged from superficial to mortal, and fell at the feet of a statue of Pompey. His last words have been variously reported as:

Caesar's violent death caused considerable unrest in Rome. A series of civil wars broke out, the first of which between Decimus Brutus and Antony resulted in the creation of the The Second Triumvirate is the name historians give to the official political alliance of Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian, later Caesar Augustus), Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony). Unlike the somewhat more famous First Triumvirate, the Second Triumvirate was an official (if extraconstitutional) organisation, whose overwhelming power in... Second Triumvirate of Caesar's distant cousin Antony, his lieutenant Lepidus, and Caesar's grand nephew Gaius Octavius, posthumously adopted by Caesar as "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus", known in English as Octavian before Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC - 20s BC - 10s BC 0s 10s 20s 30s Years: 32 BC 31 BC 30 BC 29 BC 28 BC 27 BC 26 BC 25 BC 24 BC 23 BC 22... 27 BC and Bust of Augustus Caesar Caesar Augustus ( Latin: IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·F·AVGVSTVS)¹ ( 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), known earlier in his life as Gaius Octavius or Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, was the first Roman Emperor and is traditionally considered the... Caesar Augustus after. This Triumvirate deified Caesar as divus iulius and – seeing that Caesar's clemency had resulted in his murder – proscribed its enemies and conducted a second civil war against Brutus and Cassius, whom Antony and Octavian defeated at For the American Civil War battle, see Battle of Philippi Races. The Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Wars of the Second Triumvirate between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (the Second Triumvirate) against the forces of Julius Caesars assassins Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius... Philippi. A third civil war then broke out between Octavian on one hand and Antony and Cleopatra on the other. This final civil war, culminating in Antony and Cleopatra's defeat at The Battle of Actium, 2 September 31 BC, by Lorenzo A. Castro, painted 1672. The naval Battle of Actium took place on September 2, 31 BC, near Actium in Greece, during the Roman Civil War between Mark Antony and Octavian (later the Princeps Augustus, known later as the first Roman... Actium, resulted in the ascendancy of Octavian, who became the first Roman Emperor is also a Norwegian black metal band; see Emperor (band). An emperor is a monarch and sovereign ruler of an empire or any other imperial realm. Emperors are generally recognised to be above kings in honour. They may obtain their position hereditarily, or by force, such as a coup... emperor, under the name Bust of Augustus Caesar Caesar Augustus ( Latin: IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·F·AVGVSTVS)¹ ( 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), known earlier in his life as Gaius Octavius or Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, was the first Roman Emperor and is traditionally considered the... Caesar Augustus. In Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC - 40s BC - 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC 0s Years: 47 BC 46 BC 45 BC 44 BC 43 BC 42 BC 41 BC 40 BC 39 BC... 42 BC, Caesar was formally deified as "the Divine Julius" (Divus Iulius), and Caesar Augustus henceforth became Divi filius (" Son of God is a biblical phrase from the Hebrew Bible, and the New Testament. According to Christian tradition, it refers to Jesus, whom they believe to be the only begotten son of God. Son of God in Judeo-Christian terms In the Hebrew Bible In the Hebrew Bible, the... Son of God").

The literary Caesar

See Julius Caesar (100BC-44BC) was considered during his lifetime to be one of the finest orators and authors of prose in Rome; even Cicero spoke highly of Caesars rhetoric and style; among his most famous works were his funeral oration for his paternal aunt Julia (Mariuss widow) and... Literary works of Julius Caesar.

The military Caesar

See Historians place the generalship of Julius Caesar (100BC-44BC) on the level of such geniuses as Alexander the Great and Napoléon Bonaparte. Although he suffered occasional tactical defeats such as Gergovia during the Gallic War and Dyrrhachium during the Civil War, Caesars tactical brilliance was highlighted by such... Military career of Julius Caesar.

Caesar's name

See Using the Latin alphabet as it existed in the day of Julius Caesar (100 BC – 44 BC) (i.e., without lower case letters, J, or U), Caesars name is properly rendered GAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR (the form CAIVS is also attested and is interchangeable with the more common GAIVS... Etymology of the name of Julius Caesar.

Caesar's marriages and offspring

Chronology

References

Early life

Caesar's cursus honorum

The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War

The civil war

After the war

Assassination

The literary Caesar

The military Caesar

Caesar's name

Caesar's marriages and offspring

Chronology

References

Related topics

External links

Notes

Early life GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Caesar's cursus honorum

The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War

The civil war

After the war

Assassination

The literary Caesar

The military Caesar

Caesar's name

Caesar's marriages and offspring

Chronology

References

Related topics

External links

Notes

Early life