Julius Martov
Born	November 24, 1873 Constantinople, Turkey
Died	April 4, 1923 Schömberg, Germany

Julius Martov or L. Martov (Ма́ртов, real name Yuli Osipovich Zederbaum (Russian Ю́лий О́сипович Цедерба́ум)) (November 24, 1873 – April 4, 1923) was born in Constantinople in 1873. The son of Jewish middle class parents, he became the leader of the Mensheviks in early twentieth century Russia. Image File history File links MartovW.jpg Summary Julius Martov Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... November 24 is the 328th day (329th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Map of Constantinople. ... April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ... 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Schomberg or Schömberg // Placenames In Germany Pronunciation /SHEUM-buhrg/ Schömberg bei Gera Schömberg (Zollernalbkreis) Schömberg im Schwarzwald In North America Pronunciation /SHOHM-buhrg/ Schomberg, Ontario Persons Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg Charles de Schomberg, 2nd Duke of Schomberg Meinhard Schomberg Sites of interests Schomberg House... November 24 is the 328th day (329th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ... 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Map of Constantinople. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... This article describes some ethnic, historic, and cultural aspects of the Jewish identity; for a consideration of the Jewish religion, refer to the article Judaism. ... The middle class (or middle classes) comprises a social group once defined by exception as an intermediate social class between the nobility and the peasantry. ... Leaders of the Menshevik Party at Norra Bantorget in Stockholm, Sweden, May 1917. ...

Forced to leave Russia and with other radical political figures living in exile, Martov joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). At the Second Congress of the RSDLP in London in 1903, there was a dispute between Martov and Vladimir Lenin over who was to be considered a member of the RSDLP. Lenin had published his ideas for moving the party forward in his pamphlet What is to be Done?, which was considered to be a document putting forward the views of the entire Iskra group led by Lenin and Martov. However, in the London Congress of the party differing definitions of party membership were put forward by the two men, with Lenin arguing for a restricted membership of fully committed cadre while Martov argued for a looser interpretation of membership. The Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, or RSDLP (Росси́йская Социа́л-Демократи́ческая Рабо́чая Па́ртия = РСДРП), also known as the Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party and the Russian Social-Democratic Party, was a revolutionary socialist Russian political party formed in 1898 in Minsk to unite the various revolutionary organizations into one party. ... 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the name   (b. ... What Is to Be Done? (Russian: ) was a political pamphlet, written by Vladimir Lenin at the end of 1901 and early 1902. ...

Both Martov and Lenin based their ideas for party organization on those prevailing in the European Social Democratic parties in particular that of Germany. When the vote was taken on the disputed question, the group led by Lenin lost and split. However, they were referred to as Bolsheviks throughout the Congress and subsequently as they had won a vote to determine the composition of the Iskra editorial board, hence their adoption of the name Bolshevik which literally means 'person of the majority'. The minority or Menshevik faction adopted that title. Ironically, the vote on the editorial board was not seen as important by any of the disputants at the time, and in fact the Bolsheviks were generally in a minority but some delegates had not been present for the crucial vote who would otherwise have voted for the Mensheviks. Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. ... The first edition of Iskra Iskra (Spark) was a political newspaper of Russian socialist emigrants. ...

Martov became one of the outstanding Menshevik leaders along with George Plekhanov, Fedor Dan and Irakli Tsereteli. Leon Trotsky too was a member of the Menshevik faction for a brief period but soon broke with them. Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov (December 11, 1856 – May 30, 1918; Old Style: November 29, 1856 – May 17, 1918) was a Russian revolutionary and a Marxist theoretician. ... Fedor Dan (1871-1949) was born in St Petersburg. ... Irakli Tsereteli (also spelled Irakly Tsereteli) (Georgian: ირაკლი წერეთელი) commonly known as Kaki Tsereteli (1881–1959) was a Georgian politician, one of the leaders of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party and the Georgian Mensheviks. ...   (Russian: Лев Давидович Троцкий) (Latinized: Lev Davidovič Trokij; also transliterated Leo, Lev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij, Trockij and Trotzky) (November 7, 1879 [O.S. October 26] – August 21, 1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronstein (Лев Давидович Бронштейн), was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist. ...

After the reforms brought about by the 1905 Revolution, Martov argued that it was the role of revolutionaries to provide a militant opposition to the new bourgeois government. He advocated the joining a network of organisations such as trade unions, cooperatives, village councils and soviets to harass the bourgeois government until the economic and social conditions made it possible for a socialist revolution to take place. (Redirected from 1905 Revolution) The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a country-wide spasm of anti-government and undirected violence. ... Bourgeois at the end of the thirteenth century. ... A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers... A soviet (Russian: сове́т) originally was a workers local council in late Imperial Russia. ...

Martov was always to be found on the left wing of the Menshevik faction and supported the reunification with the Bolsheviks in 1905. That fragile unity was short lived, however, and by 1907 the two factions had again split in two.

Leaders of the Menshevik Party at Norra Bantorget in Stockholm, Sweden, May 1917. Pavel Axelrod, Julius Martov and Alexander Martinov

In 1914 Martov was a part of the opposition to the First World War, which he viewed as an imperialist war in terms very similar to those of Lenin and Trotsky. He therefore became the central leader of the Menshevik Internationalist faction which organised in opposition to the Menshevik Party leadership. Image File history File links Mensevikii. ... Image File history File links Mensevikii. ... The LO-building at Norra Bantorget Norra Bantorget (The Northern Railway Square) is an area in central Stockholm. ...   (IPA: ; UN/LOCODE: SE STO) is the capital of Sweden, and consequently the site of its Government and Parliament as well as the residence of the Swedish head of state, King Carl XVI Gustaf. ... Pavel Borissovich Axelrod (1850-1928). ... Alexander Martinov (1865 - 1935) was a Right-wing Menshevik before 1917 and for a few years after the revolution an opponent of the Soviet government. ... Combatants Allied Powers: France Italy Russia Serbia United Kingdom United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Paul von Hindenburg Reinhard... Imperialism is a policy of extending control or authority over foreign entities as a means of acquisition and/or maintenance of empires. ...

After the February Revolution in 1917, Martov returned to Russia but was too late to stop some Mensheviks joining the Provisional Government. He strongly criticized those Mensheviks such as Irakli Tsereteli and Fedor Dan who, now part of Russia's government, supported the war effort. However, at a conference held on June 18, 1917, he failed to gain the support of the delegates for a policy of immediate peace negotiations with the Central Powers. The February Revolution (N.S.: March Revolution) of 1917 in Russia was the first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917. ... The Russian Provisional Government was formed in Petrograd after the deterioration of the Russian Empire and the abdication of the Tsars. ... Irakli Tsereteli (also spelled Irakly Tsereteli) (Georgian: ირაკლი წერეთელი) commonly known as Kaki Tsereteli (1881–1959) was a Georgian politician, one of the leaders of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party and the Georgian Mensheviks. ... Fedor Dan (1871-1949) was born in St Petersburg. ... June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining. ...

When the Bolsheviks came to power as a result of the October Revolution in 1917, Martov became politically marginalised, best exempified by Trotsky's comment to him and other party memebers as they left the first meeting of the council of Soviets after October 25th 1917 in disgust at the way in which the Bolsheviks had seized political power, "You are pitiful isolated individuals; you are bankrupts; your role is played out. Go where you belong from now on — into the dustbin of history!". Martov silently walked away without looking back. He paused at the exit seeing a young Bolshevik worker wearing a black shirt with a broad leather belt, standing in the shadow of the portico. The young man turned on Martov with unconcealed bitterness: 'And we amongst ourselves had thought, Martov would at least will remain with us.' Martov stopped and with a characteristic movement tossed up his head to emphasize his reply: 'One day you will understand the crime in which you are taking part,'. Waving his hand wearily he left the hall. The October Revolution, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution or November Revolution, was the second phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, the first having been instigated by the events around the February Revolution. ...

For a while Martov led the small Menshevik opposition group in the Constituent Assembly until the Bolsheviks abolished it. On one occasion a factory section chose Martov as their delegate ahead of Lenin in a soviet election. Shortly afterwards the factory found its supplies reduced^[1]. The Russian Constituent Assembly (Всероссийское Учредительное Собрание, Vserossiyskoye Uchreditelnoye Sobranie) was a democratically elected constitutional body convened in Russia after the overthrow of Tsar Nicholas II. It met for 13 hours, 4 p. ... Soviet redirects here. ...

The Mensheviks were banned along with other political parties (except for the Communists) by the Soviet government during the Russian Civil War. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Russian: Коммунисти́ческая Па́ртия Сове́тского Сою́за = КПСС) was the name used by the successors of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party from 1952 to 1991, but the wording Communist Party was present in the partys name since 1918 when the Bolsheviks became the Russian... Combatants Red Army (Bolsheviks) German Empire? White Army (Monarchists, SRs, Anti-Communists) Commanders Leon Trotsky, Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Semyon Budyonny Lavr Kornilov, Alexander Kolchak, Anton Denikin, Pyotr Wrangel The Russian Civil War was fought from 1917 to 1922. ...

Martov supported the Red Army against the White Army during the Civil War; however, he continued to denounce the persecution of liberal newspapers, the Cadets and the Socialist-Revolutionaries. The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (in Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya), the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ... The White movement, whose military arm is known as the White Army (Белая Армия) or White Guard (Белая Гвардия, белогвардейцы) and whose members are known as Whites (Белые, or the derogatory Беляки) or White Russians (a term which has other meanings) comprised some of the Russian forces, both political and military, which opposed the Bolsheviks after the... Constitutional Democrats or Cadets were a bourgeois liberal party in Tsarist Russia that was eventually banned by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution. ... The Socialist-Revolutionary Party (SRs, or Esers; Партия социалистов-революционеров (ПСР), эсеры in Russian) were a...

In 1923 Martov was forced into exile and he died in Schömberg, Germany the same year. Before dying, however, he was able to launch the newspaper Socialist Messenger which remained the publication of the Mensheviks in exile in Berlin, Paris and eventually in New York when the last of them passed. It has been rumored that Lenin, also on his deathbed at the time, provided funds for this last venture of Martov^[2]. 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Schomberg or Schömberg // Placenames In Germany Pronunciation /SHEUM-buhrg/ Schömberg bei Gera Schömberg (Zollernalbkreis) Schömberg im Schwarzwald In North America Pronunciation /SHOHM-buhrg/ Schomberg, Ontario Persons Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg Charles de Schomberg, 2nd Duke of Schomberg Meinhard Schomberg Sites of interests Schomberg House... Berlin is the capital city and a state of Germany. ...   City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région ÃŽle-de-France Département Paris (75) Subdivisions 20 arrondissements Mayor Bertrand Delanoë  (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land area... Official language(s) English de facto Capital Albany Largest city New York City Area  Ranked 27th  - Total 54,520 sq mi (141,205 km²)  - Width 285 miles (455 km)  - Length 330 miles (530 km)  - % water 13. ...

Notes

1. ^ Martov : a political biography of a Russian social democrat by Israel Getzler. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2003. ISBN 0-521-52602-7 .
2. ^ See, for example, Roy Bainton. A Brief History Of 1917: Russia's Year of Revolution, New York, Carroll and Graf Publishers, 2005, ISBN 0-7867-1493-X p.271.

External links

• Julius Martov archive
• Biography from Spartacus Educational