Julius Kambarage Nyerere
1st President of Tanzania
In office October 29, 1964 – November 5, 1985
Preceded by	None
Succeeded by	Ali Hassan Mwinyi
Born	April 13, 1922 Butiama, Tanzania
Died	October 14, 1999 London, United Kingdom
Political party	CCM
Spouse	Maria Nyerere

Julius Kambarage Nyerere (April 13, 1922 - October 14, 1999) was President of Tanzania, and previously Tanganyika, from the country's founding in 1964 until his retirement in 1985. Born in Tanganyika to a local Zanaki chief called Nyerere Burito, Julius Nyerere was known by the Swahili name Mwalimu or 'teacher' because of his profession before becoming active in politics. Image File history File links Nyerere2. ... This page contains a list of presidents of Tanzania. ... October 29 is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... November 5 is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 56 days remaining. ... 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ali Hassan Mwinyi (born May 8, 1925, on the island of Zanzibar) was the president of the United Republic of Tanzania from 1985 to 1995. ... April 13 is the 103rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (104th in leap years). ... 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Butiama is the birthplace of Julius K. Nyerere, the first president of Tanzania. ... October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... London (pronounced ) is the capital city of the United Kingdom and the largest city of England (strangely, England has no constitutional existence within the United Kingdom, and therefore cannot be said to have a capital). ... CCM banner The Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary State Party) is the ruling political party of Tanzania. ... April 13 is the 103rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (104th in leap years). ... 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... This page contains a list of presidents of Tanzania. ... Flag of Tanganyika Tanganyika was an East African republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, named after Lake Tanganyika, which formed its western border. ... 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Swahili (also called Kiswahili; see below for derivation) is a Bantu language widely spoken in East Africa. ...

Education

Nyerere began attending Government Primary School in Musoma at the age of 12 where he completed the 4 years program in 3 years and went on to Tabora Boys Government Secondary School. He received a scholarship to attend Makerere University, (at that time it was the only tertiary education institution in East Africa), where he obtained a teaching Diploma. He returned to Tanganyika and worked for 3 years at St. Mary’s Secondary School in Tabora, where he taught Biology and English. In 1949 he got a scholarship to attend the University of Edinburgh (he was the first Tanzanian to study at a British university and only the second to gain a university degree outside Africa) where he obtained his Masters of Arts Degree on Economics and History in 1952. In Edinburgh, partly through his encounter with Fabian thinking, Nyerere began to develop his particular vision of connecting socialism with African communal living. Musoma is a city located in northern Tanzania. ... Makerere University is Ugandas largest university. ... Flag of Tanganyika Tanganyika was an East African republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, named after Lake Tanganyika, which formed its western border. ... The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1583, is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland. ... Edinburgh (pronounced ; Scottish Gaelic: ) is the capital of Scotland and its second-largest city. ...

Political career

On his return to Tanganyika, Nyerere took a position teaching History, English and Kiswahili, at St. Francis’ College, near Dar es Salaam. It is at St. Francis’ College that he founded TANU. His political activities attracted the attention of the Colonial Authorities was forced to make a choice between his political activities and his teaching. He was reported as saying that he was a schoolmaster by choice and a politician by accident. He resigned and continued with his work on his goal to bring a number of different nationalist factions into one grouping which was achieved in 1954. Nyerere travelled throughout the country speaking to common people and tribal chiefs, trying to garner support for movement towards independence. He also spoke on behalf of TANU to the Trusteeship Council and Fourth Committee of the United Nations in New York. His oratory skills and integrity helped Nyerere achieve TANU goal for an independent country without war or bloodshed. The cooperative British governor Sir Richard Turnbull was also a factor in the struggle for independence. Nyerere entered the Colonial Legislative council in 1958 and was elected chief minister in 1960. In 1961 Tanganyika was granted self governance and Nyerere became its first Prime Minister on December 9, 1961. A year later Nyerere was elected President of Tanganyika when it became a Republic. Nyerere was instrumental in the union between the islands of Zanzibar and the mainland Tanganyika to form Tanzania, after a coup in Zanzibar in 1964 toppled Jamshid bin Abdullah, who was the Sultan of Zanzibar. Dar es Salaam (دار السلام), formerly Mzizima, is the largest city (pop. ... The Tanganyika African National Union was the principal political party in the struggle for sovereignty in the East African state of Tanganyika. ... The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity. ... December 9 is the 343rd day (344th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1961 calendar). ... Motto: Uhuru na Umoja (Swahili: Freedom and Unity) Anthem: Mungu ibariki Afrika (God Bless Africa) Capital (and largest city) Stone Town English Government Republic  - President Amani Abeid Karume  - Prime Minister Shamsi Vuai Nahodha Independence From the United Kingdom   - Tanganyika December 9, 1961   - Zanzibar December 19, 1963   - Merge April 26, 1964... Flag of Tanganyika Tanganyika was an East African republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, named after Lake Tanganyika, which formed its western border. ... Jamshid bin Abdullah Al-Said (born September 16, 1929 in Zanzibar) was the last Sultan of Zanzibar. ... In 1698 Zanzibar became part of the overseas holdings of Oman, falling under the control of the Sultan of Oman. ...

Government Positions Held

• 1954 A Founder Member of TANU
• 1958-1960 Member of the Legislative Assembly in the first elections in which Africans were allowed to vote.
• 1958 Leader of the Opposition in Parliament.
• 1960 Chief Minister of the first Internal Self-Government Administration.
• 1961 Prime Minister of the first Government of Independent Tanganyika
• 1962 Elected President of Tanganyika when it became a Republic.
• 1963-1970 Chancellor of the University of East Africa.
• 1964-1985 President of the United Republic of Tanzania.
• 1970-1985 Chancellor of University of Dar-es-Salaam.
• 1977-1990 Chairman of Chama Cha Mapinduzi which was formed by a merger between TANU and the Afro-Shiraz Party of Zanzibar. CCM was born in Zanzibar on February 5, 1977.
• 1984-1985 Chancellor of Sokoine University of Agriculture.

1985: Retired from Presidency. 1999: Died of leukemia in London. CCM banner The Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary State Party) is the ruling political party of Tanzania. ... The Afro-Shirazi Party is a union between the mostly Persian Shiraz Party and the mostly African Afro Party in the Island of Zanzibar. ...

Economic Policies

Symbolic mixing of Soils from Zanzibar and Tanganyika in 1964

When in power, Nyerere implemented a socialist economic program (announced in the Arusha Declaration), establishing close ties with China, and also introduced a policy of collectivization in the country's agricultural system, known as Ujamaa or "familyhood". Although some of his policies can be characterized as socialist, Nyerere was first and foremost an African, and secondly a socialist. He was what is often called an African socialist. Nyerere had tremendous faith in rural African people and their traditional values and ways of life. He believed that life should be structured around the ujamaa, or extended family found in traditional Africa. He believed that in these traditional villages, the state of ujamaa had existed before the arrival of imperialists. All that needed to be done was to return to this state and capitalism would be forgotten. He believed that Africans were already, recently, socialists, all that they needed to do was return to their traditional mode of life and they would recapture it. This would be a true repudiation of capitalism, since his society would not rely on capitalism to exist. This ujamaa system failed to boost agricultural output and by 1976, the end of the forced collectivization program, Tanzania went from the largest exporter of agricultural products in Africa to the largest importer of agricultural products in Africa. With the realisation that the Tanzanian economy did not flourish and being unwilling to lead Tanzania using an economic model he did not believe, Nyerere willingly announced that he would retire after presidential elections in 1985, leaving the country to enter its free market era under the leadership of Ali Hassan Mwinyi. Image File history File links Muungano. ... Image File history File links Muungano. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Arusha Declaration ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... African socialism is the belief in the doctrine of sharing economic resources in a traditional African way, as compared to classical socialism. ... Imperialism is the policy of extending the control or authority over foreign entities as a means of acquisition and/or maintenance of empires, either through direct territorial or through indirect methods of exerting control on the politics and/or economy of other countries. ... This box:      Capitalism generally refers to an economic system in which the means of production are mostly privately or corporately owned and operated for profit, in which investment is determined by private decision, and in which distribution, production and pricing of goods and services are determined in a largely free... Ali Hassan Mwinyi (born May 8, 1925, on the island of Zanzibar) was the president of the United Republic of Tanzania from 1985 to 1995. ...

Nyerere was instrumental in putting both Ali Hassan Mwinyi and Benjamin Mkapa in power. He remained the chairman of Chama Cha Mapinduzi (ruling party) for five years following his presidency until 1990, and is still recognised as the Father of the Nation. Benjamin Mkapa Benjamin William Mkapa (born November 12, 1938) is the President of the United Republic of Tanzania (since 1995), for the Revolutionary Party (Chama Cha Mapinduzi; CCM). ... CCM banner The Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary State Party) is the ruling political party of Tanzania. ...

Foreign Policy

Nyerere was one of the African Leaders during the Pan-African movement that swept the continent in the 1960's. He was a larger-than-life person, a seemingly uncorruptable individual and a committed Pan-africanist. Nyerere was also one of the founders of the Organization of African Unity in 1963. Nyerere provided a home for a number of African liberation movements including the African National Congress (ANC) and the Pan African Congress (PAC) of South Africa, FRELIMO when it sought to overthrow Portuguese rule in Mozambique, and ZANLA (and Robert Mugabe) in its struggle to unseat the white regime in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). From the mid 1970s, along with President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, he was an instigator and leader of the "Front Line States", which provided uncompromising support for the campaign for Black Majority Rule in South Africa. In 1978 He led Tanzania into war against Uganda, then under the dictatorship of Idi Amin, resulting in the defeat of Uganda and the exile of Idi Amin. He also was instrumental in the coup in Seychelles, which brought France-Albert René to power. Nyerere's foreign policy emphasized neutrality in the Cold War, and under his leadership, Tanzania enjoyed friendly relations with both the West and the East. Pan-Africanism is a term which can have two separate, but related meanings. ... Flag of the Organisation of African Unity, later also used by the African Union. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... The African National Congress (ANC) is a social-democratic political party, and has been South Africas governing party supported by a tripartite alliance between itself, the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party (SACP) since the establishment of majority rule in May 1994. ... The Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) (later the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania), was a South African liberation movement, that is now a minor political party. ... The Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO, pronounced fray-LEE-moo; Portuguese: Frente de Libertação de Moçambique) is a political party that has ruled Mozambique since independence in 1975. ... ZANLA or the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army was the armed wing of the Zimbabwean political movement ZANU (the Zimbabwe African National Union) and participated in the Second Chimurenga against white minority rule in Rhodesia. ... Robert Gabriel Mugabe KCB (born February 21, 1924) is a Zimbabwean politician. ... National motto: Sit Nomine Digna (Latin: May she be worthy of the name) Official language English Capital Salisbury Political system Parliamentary system Form of government Constitutional monarchy (until 1970) Republic (March 2, 1970) - Last President John Wrathall - Prime Minister Ian Smith Area  - Total  - % water 390 580 km² 1% Population  - 1978... Kenneth Kaunda Kenneth David Kaunda, commonly known as KK (born April 28, 1924) was the first President of Zambia (1964–1991). ... Front Line States (FLS) was an organization established to achieve black majority rule in South Africa. ... Idi Amin Dada (1 January 1925?–16 August 2003) was an army officer and President of Uganda (1971–1979). ... France-Albert René (born November 16, 1935) was the long-time socialist President of Seychelles from 1977 to 2004. ... A neutral country takes no side in a war between other parties, and in return hopes to avoid being attacked by either of them. ... The Cold War was the point that people liked chilli peppers. ... The term Western World or the West can have multiple meanings depending on its context. ... A map of the Eastern Bloc. ...

After the Presidency

After the Presidency, Nyerere remained the Chairman of CCM until 1990 when Ali Hassan Mwinyi took over. Nyerere remained vocal about the extent of corruption and corrupt officials during the Ali Hassan Mwinyi administration. He also blocked Jakaya Kikwete's nomination for the presidency, citing that he was too young to run a country. Nyerere was instrumental in getting Benjamin Mkapa elected (Mkapa had been Minister of Foreign Affairs for a time during Nyerere's administration). Ali Hassan Mwinyi (born May 8, 1925, on the island of Zanzibar) was the president of the United Republic of Tanzania from 1985 to 1995. ... Ali Hassan Mwinyi (born May 8, 1925, on the island of Zanzibar) was the president of the United Republic of Tanzania from 1985 to 1995. ... Colonel Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete (born October 7, 1950) is a Tanzanian politician and Current President. ... Benjamin Mkapa Benjamin William Mkapa (born November 12, 1938) is the President of the United Republic of Tanzania (since 1995), for the Revolutionary Party (Chama Cha Mapinduzi; CCM). ...

In one of his famous speeches during the CCM general assembly, Nyerere said in Swahili "Ninang'atuka", meaning that he was pulling out of politics for good. He moved back to his childhood home village of Butiama in western Tanzania. During his retiment, he continued to travel the world meeting various heads of government as an advocate for poor countries and especially the South Center institution. Nyerere travelled more widely after retiring than he did when he was president of Tanzania. One of his last high-profile actions was as the chief mediator in the Burundi conflict in 1996. He died in a London hospital of leukaemia on October 14, 1999.

Positions Held after Presidency

• 1985-1990 Chairman of Chama Cha Mapinduzi
• 1987-1990 Chairman of the independent International South Commission.
• 1990-1999 Chairman, South Center, Geneva & Dar es Salaam Offices.

CCM banner The Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary State Party) is the ruling political party of Tanzania. ...

Beatification inquiry

In January 2005, the Catholic diocese of Musoma opened a cause for the beatification of Julius Nyerere. Nyerere was a devout Catholic who attended Mass daily throughout his public life and was known for fasting frequently. 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Musoma is a city located in northern Tanzania. ... In Catholicism, beatification (from Latin beatus, blessed, via Greek μακαριος, makarios) is a recognition accorded by the church of a dead persons accession to Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in their name (intercession of saints). ... A Medieval Low Mass by a bishop. ... Fasting is the act of willingly abstaining from some or all food and in some cases drink, for a period of time. ...

Honorary Degrees

• University of Edinburgh (UK)
• University of Duquesne (USA),
• University of Cairo (Egypt)
• University of Nigeria (Nigeria)
• University of Ibadan (Nigeria)
• University of Liberia (Liberia)
• University of Toronto (Canada)
• Howard University (USA)
• Jawaharlal Nehru University (India)
• University of Havana (Cuba)
• University of Lesotho
• University of the Philippines
• Fort Hare University (South Africa)
• Sokoine University of Agriculture (Tanzania)

The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1583, is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland. ... Cairo University is an institute of higher education located in Giza, Egypt. ... The University of Nigeria is a university situated in the town Nsukka. ... The University of Ibadan is Nigerias oldest university, and is located five miles (8 kilometres) from the centre of the major city of Ibadan in Western Nigeria. ... The University of Liberia in Monrovia, Liberia is the oldest instituition of higher learning in West Africa. ... The University of Toronto (U of T) is a coeducational public research university in Toronto, Ontario. ... Howard University is a historically black university in Washington, D.C. Howard was established in 1867 by congressional order and named after Oliver O. Howard. ... The sprawling campus of Jawaharlal Nehru University is located in New Delhi, the capital of India. ... The University of Havana or UH (in Spanish, Universidad de La Habana) is a university located in Havana, Cuba. ... The University of the Philippines (Filipino: Unibersidad ng Pilipinas) or U.P. or State U is the premiere state university of the Philippines. ... Fort Hare University is located on the Tyhume river in a South African town known as Alice in English or as eDikeni in the local isiXhosa language. ...

Awards

• Nehru Award for International Understanding, 1976
• Third World Prize, 1982
• Nansen Medal for outstanding services to Refugees, 1983
• Lenin Peace Prize, 1987

The Nansen Medal is given annually by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to recognize exceptional service to the betterment of refugees. ... The International Stalin Prize or the International Stalin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples (renamed Russian: , the International Lenin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples as a result of destalinization) was the Soviet Unions equivalent to the Nobel Peace Prize. ...

Publications & Literary Works

• Freedom and Socialism. A Selection from Writings & Speeches, 1965-1967, Dar es Salaam: Oxford University Press. This book includes "The Arusha Declaration"; "Education for self-reliance"; "The varied paths to socialism"; "The purpose is man"; and "Socialism and development". (1968)
• Freedom & Development, Uhuru Na Maendeleo, Dar es Salaam: Oxford University Press. Includes essays on adult education; freedom and development; relevance; and ten years after independence. (1974)
• Ujamaa - Essays on Socialism, London: Oxford University Press. (1977)
• Crusade for Liberation, Dar es Salaam: Oxford University Press. (1979)
• Julius Kaisari (a Swahili translation of William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar)
• Mabepari wa Venisi (a Swahili translation of William Shakespeare's play - The Merchant of Venice)

Presidents of Tanzania
Julius Nyerere • Ali Hassan Mwinyi • Benjamin Mkapa • Jakaya Kikwete

Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The Tragedy of Julius Caesar is a tragedy by William Shakespeare probably written in 1599. ... Title page of the first quarto (1600) The Merchant of Venice is one of William Shakespeares best-known plays, written sometime between 1594 and 1597. ... List of the Heads of Government of Tanzania Political Affiliation CCM - Chama Cha Mapinduzi TANU - Tanganyika African National Union See Also lists of incumbents List of Presidents of Tanzania List of Governors-General of Tanganyika List of Presidents of Tanganyika List of Presidents of Zanzibar List of Prime Ministers of... Rashidi Mfaume Kawawa (born 27 May 1926 or 1929) was the prime minister of Tanzania in 1972-77. ... This page contains a list of presidents of Tanzania. ... Ali Hassan Mwinyi (born May 8, 1925, on the island of Zanzibar) was the president of the United Republic of Tanzania from 1985 to 1995. ... This page contains a list of presidents of Tanzania. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Tanzania. ... Ali Hassan Mwinyi (born May 8, 1925, on the island of Zanzibar) was the president of the United Republic of Tanzania from 1985 to 1995. ... Benjamin Mkapa Benjamin William Mkapa (born November 12, 1938) is the President of the United Republic of Tanzania (since 1995), for the Revolutionary Party (Chama Cha Mapinduzi; CCM). ... Colonel Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete (born October 7, 1950) is a Tanzanian politician and Current President. ...

See also

• Tanzania
• TPDF
• Zanzibar
• Zanzibar Revolution
• TANU
• Tanganyika
• President of Tanzania
• OAU
• Pan-Africanism
• Socialism
• Governor-General of Tanganyika
• Template:User Ujamaa

The Tanzania Peoples’ Defence Force (TPDF) (swahili: Jeshi la Wananchi la Tanzania - JWTZ) was created in september 1964. ... Motto: Uhuru na Umoja (Swahili: Freedom and Unity) Anthem: Mungu ibariki Afrika (God Bless Africa) Capital (and largest city) Stone Town English Government Republic  - President Amani Abeid Karume  - Prime Minister Shamsi Vuai Nahodha Independence From the United Kingdom   - Tanganyika December 9, 1961   - Zanzibar December 19, 1963   - Merge April 26, 1964... The Zanzibar revolution of January 12, 1964 was the rebellion that overthrew Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah, and led to the proclamation of Zanzibar as a republic, and three months later, to Zanzibars uniting with Tanganyika to form Tanzania. ... The Tanganyika African National Union was the principal political party in the struggle for sovereignty in the East African state of Tanganyika. ... Flag of Tanganyika Tanganyika was an East African republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, named after Lake Tanganyika, which formed its western border. ... This page contains a list of presidents of Tanzania. ... Flag of the Organisation of African Unity, later also used by the African Union. ... Pan-Africanism is a term which can have two separate, but related meanings. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ... This page contains a list of Governors-General of Tanganyika. ...

External links

• Nyerere's remarks on Ali Hassan Mwinyi Corrupt practices
• PBS Interview with Nyerere on the Great Lakes crisis, December 26, 1996
• Infed.org article on Nyerere and his views on education in Tanzania
• Jerry Atkin's Nyerere tribute, from InMotion Magazine
• SouthCentre Nyerere Memorial Site
  • Mwalimu Neyerere Speeches
• A translation of Merchant of Venice into KiSwahili
• The Guardian Orbituary
• Nyerere Orbituary from the ANC
• NPR Weekend Edition reflection on Nyerere
• Julius Nyerere Fellowship
• Called to greatness MercatorNet, Nov 10, 2006

The African National Congress (ANC) is a social-democratic political party, and has been South Africas governing party supported by a tripartite alliance between itself, the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party (SACP) since the establishment of majority rule in May 1994. ...

Beatification

• Beatification inquiry for Tanzania's Nyerere (from Catholic World News)
• Is Nyerere's process to sainthood timely? (from IPP Media)

References

• Yakan, Mohamad A (1999). Almanac of African Peoples & Nations. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56000-433-9.
• Infed
• Embassy of Tanzania - Sweden
• South Centre
• Tanzania State House
• Government of Tanzania