NationMaster - Encyclopedia: July 4

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836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples

993 - Saint Ulrich of Augsburg canonized.

1054 - A supernova is observed by the Chinese, the Arabs and possibly Amerindians near the star ζ Tauri. For several months it remains bright enough to be seen during the day. Its remnants form the Crab Nebula.

1120 - Jordan II of Capua anointed as prince after his infant nephew's death

1187 - The Crusades: Battle of Hattin - Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem.

1253 - Battle of West-Capelle: John I of Avesnes defeats Guy of Dampierre.

1359 - Francesco II Ordelaffi of Forlì surrenders to the Papal commander Gil de Albornoz.

1634 - The city of Trois-Rivières is founded in New France, later to become the Canadian province of Quebec.

1636 - City of Providence, Rhode Island forms.

1754 - Lt-Col. George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to French Capt. Louis Coulon de Villiers.

1776 - American Independence Day: The United States Declaration of Independence by the Second Continental Congress declaring itself free of British rule.

1802 - At West Point, New York the United States Military Academy opens.

1803 - The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people.

1810 - The French occupy Amsterdam.

1817 - At Rome, New York, United States, construction on the Erie Canal begins.

1826 - Former American presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson die, fifty years to the day after the adoption of the United States Declaration of Independence.

1827 - Slavery is abolished in New York State.

1837 - Grand Junction Railway, world's first long-distance railway, opens between Birmingham and Liverpool.

1838 - The Iowa Territory is organized.

1840 - The Cunard Line's 700 ton wooden paddle steamer RMS Britannia departs from Liverpool bound for Halifax, Nova Scotia on the first transatlantic crossing with a scheduled end.

1845 - Near Concord, Massachusetts, Henry David Thoreau embarks on a two-year experiment in simple living at Walden Pond (see Walden).

1855 - In Brooklyn, New York, the first edition of Walt Whitman's book of poems titled Leaves of Grass is published.

1859 - Austro-Sardinian War: The Battle of Magenta.

1862 - Lewis Carroll tells Alice Liddell a story that would grow into Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequels.

1863 - American Civil War: Siege of Vicksburg - Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant after 47 days of siege. 150 miles up the Mississippi River, a Confederate Army is repulsed at the Battle of Helena, Arkansas.

1865 - Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is published.

1881 - In Alabama, the Tuskegee Institute opens.

1886 - First scheduled Canadian transcontinental train arrives in Port Moody, British Columbia.

1887 - Founder of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam, Karachi.

1892 - Western Samoa changes the International Date Line, so that year there were 367 days in this country, with two occurrences of Monday, July 4.

1894 - The short-lived Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed by Sanford B. Dole.

1910 - African-American boxer Jack Johnson knocks out white boxer Jim Jeffries in a heavyweight boxing match sparking race riots across the United States.

1918 - Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI ascends to the throne.

1918 - Bolsheviks kill Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and his family (Julian calendar date).

1927 - First flight of the Lockheed Vega.

1934 - Leo Szilard patents the chain-reaction design for the atomic bomb.

1939 - Lou Gehrig, recently diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, tells a crowd at Yankee Stadium that he considered himself "The luckiest man on the face of the earth" as he announces his retirement from major league baseball.

1940 - Robert Pershing Wadlow, the tallest man on Earth, died in his sleep.

1941 - Mass murder of Polish scientists and writers, committed by Nazi Germans in the captured Polish city of Lwów.

1946 - After 381 years of near-continuous colonial rule, the Philippines is granted full independence by the United States.

1947 - "Indian Independence Bill" is presented before British House of Commons, suggesting bifurcation of British India into two sovereign countries - India and Pakistan.

1950 - First broadcast by Radio Free Europe.

1959 - With the admission of Alaska as the 49th U.S. state earlier in the year, the 49-star flag of the United States debuts in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

1960 - Due to the post-Independence Day admission of Hawaiˈi as the 50th U.S. state on August 21, 1959, the 50-star flag of the United States debuts in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania almost ten and a half months later (see Flag Act).

1966 - President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Freedom of Information Act into United States law. The act goes into effect the next year.

1968 - Two teens are killed at Lake Herman Road in California. They were the first (known) victims of the Zodiac Killer.

1976 - Israeli commandos raid Entebbe airport in Uganda, rescuing all of the passengers and crew of an Air France jetliner seized by Palestinian terrorists.

1982 - Iranian diplomats kidnapping (1982):Four Iranian diplomats kidnapped by Lebanese militia in Lebanon.

1987 - In France, former Gestapo chief Klaus Barbie (aka the "Butcher of Lyon") is convicted of crimes against humanity and is sentenced to life imprisonment.

1992 - USS George Washington (CVN-73), a Nimitz Class aircraft carrier of the United States Navy is commissioned at Norfolk, Virginia.

1993 - Sumitomo Chemical's resin plant in Nihama explodes killing one and injuring three workers.

1997 - NASA's Pathfinder space probe lands on the surface of Mars.

2004 - The cornerstone of the Freedom Tower is laid on the site of the World Trade Center in New York City. (This was largely a symbolic event; actual construction would not start for several weeks)

2005 - The Deep Impact collider hits the comet Tempel 1.

2006 - Space Shuttle program: STS-121 Mission - Space Shuttle Discovery launches at 18:37:55 UTC.

2006 - North Korea tests four short-range missiles, one medium-range missile, and a long-range Taepodong-2. The long-range Taepodong-2 reportedly fails in mid-air over the Sea of Japan.

2007 - Zaca Fire Starts in Santa Barbara, California becomes second largest fire in California history.

Events Abbasid caliph al-Mutasim establishes new capital at Samarra, Iraq. ... The Pactum Sicardi was a treaty signed on 4 July 836 between the three Greek Tyrrhenian city-states (duchies) of Sorrento, Naples, and Amalfi and the Prince of Benevento, Sicard. ... The Duchy of Benevento was the southernmost Lombard duchy in medieval Italy, centred on Benevento, a city central in the Mezzogiorno. ... The Duchy of Naples (Latin: Ducatus Neapolitanus), born as a Byzantine province governed by a military commander (dux), rapidly became a de facto independent state, lasting more than five centuries during the Early and High Middle Ages. ... Events July 4 - Saint Ulrich of Augsburg canonized Births Deaths Categories: 993 ... Saint Ulrich (Uodalric, Odalrici) of Augsburg was born in 890 (-973) at or near Augsburg and studied at the monastery of St. ... This article discusses the process of declaring saints. ... Events Cardinal Humbertus, a representative of Pope Leo IX, and Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, decree each others excommunication. ... For other uses, see Supernova (disambiguation). ... Languages Arabic other minority languages Religions Predominantly Sunni Islam, as well as Shia Islam, Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, Roman Catholicism, Alawite Islam, Druzism, Ibadi Islam, and Judaism Footnotes a Mainly in Antakya. ... For other uses, see Native Americans (disambiguation). ... This article is about the astronomical object. ... Taurus (IPA: , Latin: , symbol , ) is one of the constellations of the zodiac. ... The Crab Nebula (catalogue designations M 1, NGC 1952, Taurus A) is a supernova remnant in the constellation of Taurus. ... Events Welcher of Malvern creates a system of measurement for the earth using degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude and longitude. ... Jordan II (Italian: Giordano) (c. ... // Events May 1 - Battle of Cresson - Saladin defeats the crusaders July 4 - Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, at the Battle of Hattin. ... This article is about the medieval crusades. ... Combatants Ayyubids Kingdom of Jerusalem Commanders Saladin Guy of Lusignan Raymond III of Tripoli Strength Est. ... Saladin, properly known as Salah al-DÄ«n Yusuf ibn Ayyub (Arabic: , Kurdish: ) (c. ... Imaginary portrait of Guy of Lusignan by FranÃ§ois-Edouard Picot, c. ... This is a list of Kings of Jerusalem, from 1099 to 1291, as well as claimants to the title up to the present day. ... For broader historical context, see 1250s and 13th century. ... John I of Avesnes (May 1, 1218 â€“ December 24, 1257) was the count of Hainaut from 1246 to his death. ... Guy of Dampierre (Dutch: Gwijde van Dampierre) (c. ... Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Orhan I (1326-1359) to Murad I (1359-1389) Berlin joins the Hanseatic League. ... Francesco II Ordelaffi (also known as Cecco II, c. ... ForlÃ¬ is a comune and city in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, famed as the birthplace of the great painter Melozzo da ForlÃ¬ and of Fascist leader Benito Mussolini, at the nearby comune of Predappio. ... Gil Ãlvarez Carrillo de Albornoz (1310-1367) was a Spanish cardinal and ecclesiastical leader Albornoz was born at Cuenca early in the 14th century. ... Events Moses Amyrauts Traite de la predestination is published CuraÃ§ao captured by the Dutch Treaty of Polianovska First meeting of the AcadÃ©mie franÃ§aise The witchcraft affair at Loudun Jean Nicolet lands at Green Bay, Wisconsin Opening of Covent Garden Market in London English establish a settlement... Des Forges boulevard at night. ... Capital Quebec Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King See List of French monarchs Governor See list of Governors Legislature Sovereign Council of New France Historical era Ancien RÃ©gime in France - Royal Control 1655 - Articles of Capitulation of Quebec 1759 - Articles of Capitulation of Montreal 1760 - Treaty... This article is about the Canadian province. ... Year 1636 (MDCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Providence redirects here. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... 1754 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... George Washington (February 22, 1732 â€“ December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775â€“1783), and in 1789 was elected the first President of the United States of America. ... Main article: Battle of the Great Meadows Fort Necessity National Battlefield, located near Farmington, Pennsylvania, commemorates the first military engagement of the French and Indian War (known as the Seven Years War outside of the United States). ... Sieur Louis Coulon de Villiers (17 August 1710 â€“ 2 November 1757) was a French Canadian military officer during the French and Indian War (Seven Years War). ... For other uses, see 1776 (disambiguation). ... Fourth of July redirects here. ... The United States Declaration of Independence was an act of the Second Continental Congress, adopted on July 4, 1776, which declared that the Thirteen Colonies in North America were Free and Independent States and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to... John Trumbulls Declaration of Independence depicts the five-man drafting committee presenting the first draft of the Declaration of Independence to the Second Continental Congress. ... Year 1802 (MDCCCII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... West Point painting West Point is a federal military base (and a census-designated place) located in the Town of Highlands in Orange County, New York. ... This article is about the state. ... USMA redirects here. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The Louisiana Purchase (French: Vente de la Louisiane) was the acquisition by the United States of America of 828,000 square miles (2,140,000 kmÂ²) of French territory (Louisiana) in 1803. ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see Amsterdam (disambiguation). ... 1817 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Rome is a city in Oneida County, New York, United States. ... The Erie Canal (currently part of the New York State Canal System) is a canal in New York State, United States, that runs from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. ... The oldest surviving photograph, NicÃ©phore NiÃ©pce, circa 1826 1826 (MDCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... For other persons named John Adams, see John Adams (disambiguation). ... Thomas Jefferson (13 April 1743 N.S.â€“4 July 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801â€“09), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the United States. ... The United States Declaration of Independence was an act of the Second Continental Congress, adopted on July 4, 1776, which declared that the Thirteen Colonies in North America were Free and Independent States and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to... Year 1827 (MDCCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Slave redirects here. ... State nickname: Empire State Other U.S. States Capital Albany Largest city New York Governor George Pataki Official languages None Area 141,205 km² (27th) - Land 122,409 km² - Water 18,795 km² (13. ... Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Grand Junction Railway (GJR) was an early railway company in the United Kingdom which existed between 1833 and 1846. ... This is the top-level page of WikiProject trains Rail tracks Rail transport refers to the land transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. ... This article is about the British city. ... For other uses, see Liverpool (disambiguation). ... | JÃ¶ns Jakob Berzelius, discoverer of protein 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Iowa Territory was an organized territory of the United States from July 4, 1838 until December 28, 1846 when it became Iowa, the 29th state. ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Cunard Line, formerly Cunard White Star Line, is a British cruise line, operator of ocean liners RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2) and RMS Queen Mary 2 (QM2). ... A paddle steamer, paddleboat, or paddlewheeler is a ship or boat propelled by one or more paddle wheels driven by a steam engine. ... The RMS Britannia was an ocean liner of the British Cunard Steamship Lines. ... For other uses, see Liverpool (disambiguation). ... The City of Halifax (1841-1996) was the capital of the province of Nova Scotia, and the largest city in Atlantic Canada. ... Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Regional Municipality Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 11 Senate seats 10 Confederation July 1, 1867... For other uses, see Transatlantic (disambiguation). ... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Location in Middlesex County in Massachusetts Coordinates: , Country State County Middlesex Settled 1635 Incorporated 1635 Government - Type Open town meeting Area - Total 25. ... Thoreau redirects here. ... Thoreaus Cove, Concord, Mass. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Year 1855 (MDCCCLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... For other meanings, see Brooklyn (disambiguation). ... Walter Whitman (May 31, 1819 â€“ March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist, journalist, and humanist. ... Poetry (ancient Greek: poieo = create) is an art form in which human language is used for its aesthetic qualities in addition to, or instead of, its notional and semantic content. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Year 1859 (MDCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Major places of the Austro-Sardinian war 1859 Austro-Sardinian War was fought by Napoleon III of France and Kingdom of Sardinia against Austria in 1859. ... Combatants French Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Austrian Empire Commanders Napoleon III Ferencz Gyulaj Strength 59,100 91 guns 125,000 [2] Casualties 657 dead 3,858 wounded 1,368 dead 4,538 wounded 4,500 captured Map of the Second Italian War of Independence The Battle of Magenta was fought... This article is about 1862 . ... The Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (IPA: ) (27 January 1832 â€“ 14 January 1898), better known by the pen name Lewis Carroll (), was an English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican clergyman and photographer. ... Alice Pleasance Liddell (May 4, 1852 â€“ November 15, 1934) was the inspiration for childrens classic Alices Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll. ... Alice in Wonderland redirects here. ... Year 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... Battle of Vicksburg Conflict American Civil War Date May 18 - July 4, 1863 Place Warren County, Mississippi Result Union victory The Battle of Vicksburg was an American Civil War siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi, on a well-fortified west-facing cliff on the Mississippi River. ... The historic Mississippi River Commission Building in Vicksburg, constructed in 1894 Vicksburg is a city in Warren County, Mississippi. ... Ulysses S. Grant,[2] born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27, 1822 â€“ July 23, 1885), was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869â€“1877). ... Battle of Helena Conflict American Civil War Date July 4, 1863 Place Phillips County, Arkansas Result Union victory The Battle of Helena was a land battle of the American Civil War fought on 4 July 1863 at Helena, Arkansas. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... Alice in Wonderland redirects here. ... Year 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... There is also the Tuskegee Airmen, a corps of African-American military pilots trained there during World War II Tuskegee University is an American institution of higher learning located in Tuskegee, Alabama. ... Year 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Port Moody, British Columbia is a small city forming a crescent at the east end of Burrard Inlet in British Columbia, and part of the Greater Vancouver Regional District. ... Motto: Splendor sine occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Steven Point Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 36 Senate seats 6 Confederation July 20, 1871 (6th province) Area Ranked 5th Total 944... Year 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah of Pakistan Mohammad Ali Jinnah (referred to in Pakistan as Quaid-e-Azam, or Great Leader, which is a legally defined title) (December 25, 1876 - September 11, 1948) was an Indian Muslim nationalist, who led the movement demanding a separate homeland for Muslims in... Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam (Urdu: Ø³Ù†Ø¯Ú¾ Ù…Ø¯Ø±Ø³Ûƒ Ø§Ù„Ø§Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù… ) is a high school in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. ... (Sindhi: , Urdu: ) is the largest city in Pakistan and is the provincial capital of Sindh province. ... Year 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Independent State of Samoa (conventional long form) or Samoa (conventional short form) is a country comprising a group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean. ... â€œDate lineâ€ redirects here. ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Iolani Palace in Honolulu, formerly the residence of the Hawaiian monarch, was the capitol of the Republic of Hawaii. ... Former advisor to Queen Liliuokalani and justice of the Hawaii judiciary, Sanford B. Dole assumed the role of President of the Republic of Hawaii. ... Year 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Languages Predominantly American English Religions Protestantism (chiefly Baptist and Methodist); Roman Catholicism; Islam Related ethnic groups Sub-Saharan Africans and other African groups, some with Native American groups. ... John Arthur Johnson (March 31, 1878 â€“ June 10, 1946), better known as Jack Johnson and nicknamed the Galveston Giant, was an American boxer and arguably the best heavyweight of his generation. ... James Jackson Jeffries (born April 15, 1875 in Carroll, Ohio, United States – died March 3, 1953 in Burbank, California) was a world heavyweight boxing champion. ... For other meanings of these words, see boxing (disambiguation) or boxer. ... A race riot or racial riot is an outbreak of violent civil unrest in which race is a key factor. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... The Osmanli Dynasty, also the House of Osman, ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1923, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, Ertuğrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan. ... Mehmed VI (Arabic: Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø³Ø§Ø¯Ø³), original name Mehmed Vahdettin or Mehmed Vahideddin, (January 14, 1861 â€“ May 16, 1926) was the 36th and last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from 1918â€“1922. ... This article is about the Bolshevik faction in the RSDLP 1903-1912. ... Nicholas II redirects here. ... The Julian calendar was a reform of the Roman calendar which was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and came into force in 45 BC (709 ab urbe condita). ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Vega was a six-passenger monoplane built by the Lockheed company starting in 1927. ... Year 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Leó Szilárd (right) working with Albert Einstein. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Henry Louis Lou Gehrig (June 19, 1903 â€“ June 2, 1941), born Ludwig Heinrich Gehrig[2], was an American baseball player in the 1920s and 1930s, who set several Major League records and was popularly called the The Iron Horse[2] for his durability. ... Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, sometimes called Lou Gehrigs Disease, or Maladie de Charcot) is a progressive, usually fatal, neurodegenerative disease caused by the degeneration of motor neurons, the nerve cells in the central nervous system that control voluntary muscle movement. ... This page is about the stadium the New York Yankees currently play in. ... This article is about the sport. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Template:If: Robert Pershing Wadlow (February 22, 1918 â€“ July 15, 1940), according to Guinness World Records is the tallest man in medical history for whom there is irrefutable evidence. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... Monument to the victims in WrocÅ‚aw, Poland The murder of the LwÃ³w professors was the mass execution of approximately 45 Polish professors of the University of LwÃ³w (a. ... Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal Nazism or National Socialism (German: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the ideology and practices of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party, German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) under Adolf Hitler. ... Motto: Semper fidelis Oblast Lviv Oblast Municipal government City council (Ð›ÑŒÐ²Ñ–Ð²ÑÑŒÐºÐ° Ð¼Ñ–ÑÑŒÐºÐ° Ñ€Ð°Ð´Ð°) Mayor City chairman Lyubomyr Bunyak Area 171,01 kmÂ² Population - city - urban - density 808,900 ? 4786/kmÂ² Founded City rights 13th century 1353 Latitude Longitude 49Â°51â€² N 24Â°01â€² E Area code +0322 Car plates ? Twin towns Corning, Freiburg... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Type Lower House Speaker Michael Martin, (Non-affiliated) since October 23, 2000 Leader Harriet Harman, (Labour) since June 28, 2007 Shadow Leader Theresa May, (Conservative) since May 5, 2005 Members 659 Political groups Labour Party Conservative Party Liberal Democrats Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Democratic Unionist Party Sinn FÃ©in... Anthem God Save The King-Emperor The British Indian Empire, 1909 Capital Calcutta (1858 - 1912) New Delhi (1912 - 1947) Language(s) Hindustani, English and many others Government Monarchy Emperor of India - 1858-1901 VictoriaÂ¹ - 1901-1910 Edward VII - 1910-1936 George V - 1936 Edward VIII - 1936-1947 George VI Viceroy... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the radio broadcast service. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Alaska (disambiguation). ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal A U.S. state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of... Union Jack. ... Nickname: City of Brotherly Love, Philly, the Quaker City Motto: Philadelphia maneto (Let brotherly love continue) Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Founded October 27, 1682 Incorporated October 25, 1701 Mayor John F. Street (D) Area - City 369. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal A U.S. state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of... is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Union Jack. ... Nickname: City of Brotherly Love, Philly, the Quaker City Motto: Philadelphia maneto (Let brotherly love continue) Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Founded October 27, 1682 Incorporated October 25, 1701 Mayor John F. Street (D) Area - City 369. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... LBJ redirects here. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with freedom of information legislation. ... The law of the United States is derived from the common law of England, which was in force at the time of the Revolutionary War. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... For the New York City Zodiac copycat, see Heriberto Seda. ... Year 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Location of Entebbe within Uganda. ... Air France (formally SociÃ©tÃ© Air France) is Europes largest airline company. ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... Upon invasion of Lebanon on July 4, 1982, four Iranian diplomats were allegedly kidnapped by militiamen and Israeli forces at an inspection point for the Lebanese Forces in north Lebanon. ... This article is about the year 1987. ... The (contraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: â€œsecret state policeâ€) was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. ... Klaus Barbie posing with the other OKW officers. ... This article is in need of attention. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... USS George Washington (CVN 73) (Callsign: WARFIGHTER) is the sixth ship in the Nimitz class of nuclear-powered supercarriers, and the fourth United States Navy ship to be named after George Washington, first President of the United States. ... USS Nimitz in 1997 The Nimitz class supercarriers are the largest warships in the world. ... Four aircraft carriers, (bottom-to-top) Principe de Asturias, amphibious assault ship USS Wasp, USS Forrestal and light V/STOL carrier HMS Invincible, showing size differences of late 20th century carriers An aircraft carrier is a warship designed to deploy and recover aircraft, acting as a sea-going airbase. ... USN redirects here. ... Motto: Crescas (Latin for, Thou shalt grow. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Sumitomo Group ) is a family of related Japanese companies, or keiretsu. ... Niihama (æ–°å±…æµœå¸‚; -shi) is a city located in the eastern part of Ehime, Japan. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... For other uses, see NASA (disambiguation). ... The Mars Pathfinder was launched on December 4, 1996 by NASA aboard a Delta II just a month after the Mars Global Surveyor was launched. ... Adjectives: Martian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 0. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the skyscraper in New York City. ... For other uses, see World Trade Center (disambiguation). ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Illustration of the Deep Impact space probe after impactor separation (artists conception) Deep Impact is a NASA space probe designed to study the composition of the interior of the comet Tempel 1. ... Comet Hale-Bopp Comet West For other uses, see Comet (disambiguation). ... Tempel 1 is a periodic comet (formally designated 9P/Tempel 1). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... NASAs Space Shuttle, officially called Space Transportation System (STS), is the United States governments current manned launch vehicle. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Space Shuttle Discovery (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-103) is one of the three currently operational spacecraft in the Space Shuttle fleet of NASA, the space agency of the United States. ... Picture of Taepodong-1 missile test from 1998 Two rounds of North Korean missile tests were conducted on July 5, 2006. ... The Taepodong-2 (TD-2, also spelled as Taepo-dong 2[1]), (Korean: ëŒ€í¬ë™ 2í˜¸) is a designation used to indicate a North Korean three-stage ballistic missile design that is the successor to the Taepodong-1. ... NASA satellite image of the Zaca Fire taken on August 7, 2007 The Zaca Fire is a wildfire which began burning northeast of Buellton, California, in Santa Barbara County, California. ...

[edit] Births

1330 - Ashikaga Yoshiakira, Japanese shogun (d. 1367)

1546 - Murat III, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1595)

1694 - Louis-Claude Daquin, French composer (d. 1772)

1715 - Christian Fürchtegott Gellert, German poet (d. 1769)

1719 - Michel-Jean Sedaine, French dramatist (d. 1797)

1790 - George Everest, Welsh surveyor and namesake of Mt. Everest (d. 1866)

1799 - King Oscar I of Sweden, French general (d. 1859)

1804 - Nathaniel Hawthorne, American writer (d. 1864)

1807 - Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian patriot (d. 1882)

1816 - Hiram Walker, American grocer and distiller (d. 1899)

1826 - Stephen Foster, American songwriter (d. 1864)

1845 - Thomas Barnardo, Irish humanitarian (d. 1905)

1847 - James Anthony Bailey, American circus impresario (d. 1906)

1854 - Victor Babeş, Romanian bacteriologist (d. 1926)

1872 - Calvin Coolidge, 30th President of the United States (d. 1933)

1881 - Ulysses S. Grant III, American soldier (d. 1968)

1882 - Louis B. Mayer, American film producer (d. 1957)

1883 - Rube Goldberg, American cartoonist (d. 1970)

1895 - Irving Caesar, American lyricist and composer (d. 1996)

1896 - Mao Dun, Chinese writer (d. 1981)

1898 - Dr. Pilar Barbosa, Puerto Rican historian (d. 1997)

1898 - Gertrude Lawrence, English-born actress (d. 1952)

1902 - Meyer Lansky, Russian-born American gangster (d. 1983)

1902 - George Murphy, American entertainer (d. 1992)

1903 - Flor Peeters, Belgian composer, organist and teacher (d. 1986)

1904 - Angela Baddeley, English actress (d. 1976)

1905 - Irving Johnson, American adventurer (d. 1991)

1907 - Gordon Griffith, American director (d. 1958)

1907 - Howard Taubman, American music and theater critic (d. 1996)

1910 - Gloria Stuart, American actress

1911 - Mitch Miller, American entertainer

1912 - Viviane Romance, French actress (d. 1991)

1916 - Iva Toguri D'Aquino, American thought to be Tokyo Rose in World War II (d. 2006)

1917 - Manolete, Spanish bullfighter (d. 1947)

1918 - Ann Landers, American advice columnist (d. 2002)

1918 - Abigail Van Buren, American advice columnist ("Dear Abby")

1918 - King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV of Tonga (d. 2006)

1920 - Norm Drucker, American basketball referee

1920 - Leona Helmsley, American hotel operator and real estate investor (d. 2007)

1921 - Gerard Debreu, French economist, Nobel laureate (d. 2004)

1921 - Tibor Varga, Hungarian violinist (d. 2003)

1923 - Rudolf Friedrich, Swiss Federal Councilor

1924 - Eva Marie Saint, American actress

1926 - Alfredo Di Stéfano, Argentine-Spanish footballer

1927 - Gina Lollobrigida, Italian actress

1927 - Neil Simon, American playwright

1929 - Al Davis, American football team owner (Oakland Raiders)

1929 - Chuck Tanner, American baseball player

1929 - Bill Tuttle, American baseball player (d. 1998)

1930 - Frunzik Mkrtchyan, Armenian actor

1930 - George Steinbrenner, American businessman & baseball team owner (New York Yankees)

1930 - Yuri Tyukalov, Soviet Olympic rower

1931 - Stephen Boyd, Northern Irish actor (d. 1977)

1931 - Sébastien Japrisot, French author, film director and sreenwriter (d. 2003)

1934 - Colin Welland, English actor

1935 - Paul Scoon, Governor General of Grenada

1937 - Sonja Haraldsen, Queen of Norway (spouse of King Harald V of Norway)

1938 - Bill Withers, American singer and songwriter

1942 - Hal Lanier, American baseball player

1942 - Floyd Little, American football player

1942 - Stefan Meller, Polish foreign minister (d. 2008)

1943 - Konrad "Conny" Bauer, German musician

1943 - Geraldo Rivera, American reporter

1943 - Alan "Blind Owl" Wilson, American musician (Canned Heat) (d. 1970)

1943 - Emerson Boozer, American football player

1944 - Ray Meagher, Australian actor

1946 - Tish Howard, American model

1946 - Ron Kovic, American peace activist

1946 - Michael Milken, American financier

1946 - Ed O'Ross, American actor

1947 - Morganna Roberts, American personality (kissing bandit)

1948 - Ed Armbrister, baseball player

1948 - René Arnoux, French race car driver

1948 - Tommy Körberg, Swedish singer and actor

1948 - Jeremy Spencer, English musician

1950 - David Jensen, Canadian-born British radio DJ

1951 - Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, American politician

1952 - Álvaro Uribe Vélez, Colombian politician

1954 - Jim Beattie, American baseball player

1955 - John Waite, English singer (The Babys)

1958 - Kirk Pengilly, Australian musician (INXS)

1959 - Victoria Abril, Spanish actress

1960 - Sid Eudy, American professional wrestler

1960 - Roland Ratzenberger, Austrian racing driver (d. 1994)

1961 - Richard Garriott, English video game designer

1962 - Neil Morrissey, English actor

1962 - Pam Shriver, American former tennis player

1963 - Henri Leconte, French former tennis player

1963 - Matt Malley, American musician (Counting Crows)

1963 - José Oquendo, Puerto Rican baseball player

1964 - Cle Kooiman, American soccer player

1964 - Mark Slaughter, American singer (Slaughter)

1966 - Lee Reherman, American actor

1965 - Horace Grant, American basketball player

1967 -