Jüün Ghar was a tribe of the OyiradMongols. They maintained the last nomadic empire around Jungaria from the 17th century to the middle 18th century.
List of Jüün Ghar chiefs
Khara Khula
Baatur Khong Tayiji
Sengge
Galdan
Tsewang Rabtan
Galdan Tsereng
Dawachi
History
The origin of Jüün Ghar is mysterious. They suddenly emerged in the early 17th century. The royal family was said to be in line of Esen Tayisi. It shared the clan name Choros with the Dörbed and their ancestral legend resembles the Uighur royal family's. The Jüün Ghar and Dörbed are considered as the successor of the Naiman. Jüün Ghar means left (east) hand (wing) in Mongolian although they were in the west end of the Mongols. Maybe they were formed as the left wing of the Dörbed.
The Oyirad Mongols were under the dominion of Jasaghtu Khan of the Khalkha. Khalakhula seems to have resisted against the Khalkha. In 1623 the Oyirad confederation killed Ubasi Khong Tayiji, the first Altan Khan of the Khalkha and gained independence.
In 1636 his son joined the expeditionary force to Tibet against the Karma school led by Güshi Khan and gave the title Baatur Khong Tayiji. After he returned to Jungaria, Jüün Gjar rapidly gained strength. He made three expeditions against the Kazakhs.
In 1653 his son Sengge succeeded the Jüün Ghar chief, but an internal strife with his half brother Chechen Tayiji involved the Khoshuud. With the supprt of Ochirtu Khan of the Khoshuud, this strife ended with Sengge's victory in 1661. In 1667 he captured Erinchin Lobsang Tayiji, the third and last Altan Khan. He was killed by Chechen Tayiji in a coup in 1670.
Sengge's younger brother Galdan immediately returned to lay life and took revenge on Chechen. As a Buddhist priest, Galdan had been to Tibet at the age of thirteen and had trained under the fourth Panchen Lama and then the fifth Dalai Lama. In 1671 The Dalai Lama bestowed the title of Khong Tayiji on him. He came into conflict with Ochirtu Khan. The victory over Ochirtu in 1677 resulted in the establishment of hegemony over the Oyirad. In the next year the Dalai Lama gave the highest title of Boshughtu Khan to Galdan.
The main events of the war with Jungars occur in 1723-1727 known in the history as "the years of the great disaster" ("Aktaban shobyryndy").
Indeed, All-Kazak congresses contributed tangibly to the formation of the corps (1727 - at the river of Bulanty; an Anrakai battle in 1729) to retailiating Jungar aggression.
The second half of the XVIIIth century is marked with the formation of Abylai's Khanate, the very person who was one of the organizers of effective rebuff against Jungar aggressors.
During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Taiwan became part of the country and the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nerchinsk was signed to determine the eastern border between the two countries.
During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Xinjiang was incorporated into China after the Jungars and Uygurs were defeated.
The early Qing emperors not only resolved the long conflict between nomads and peasants that had plagued China throughout history, but also took a series of measures to develop the economy, culture and transportation in the frontier areas.
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