Junkers Ju 87
A Ju 87R
Type	dive bomber
Manufacturer	Junkers
Introduction	1937
Retired	1945
Primary users	Luftwaffe Regia Aeronautica
Number built	5,752

The Junkers Ju 87 or Stuka as it became universally known (from Sturzkampfflugzeug or German: dive bomber - literally plunging combat aircraft) was a German combat aircraft operational from 1937 and throughout World War II, and easily recognisable by its inverted gull wings, fixed undercarriage and its infamous Jericho-Trompete (Jericho Trumpet) wailing siren — though the siren was only fitted to a few aircraft because of the extra drag induced on the rather slow aircraft. The Wurfrahmen 40 was a German World War II artillery unit. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A dive bomber is a bomber aircraft that dives directly at its targets in order to provide greater accuracy. ... An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing, building, testing, selling, and maintaining aircraft, aircraft parts, missiles, rockets, and/or spacecraft. ... Junkers & Co was a major German aircraft manufacturer. ... This is a list of aviation-related events from 1937: Events March March 5 - Imperial Airways opens a new flying boat base at Hythe, Hampshire. ... This is a list of aviation-related events from 1945: // Events January January 1 - the Luftwaffe begins targeting Allied airfields in Europe as Operation Bodenplatte February February 13-15 - Allied bombers attack Dresden with incendiary weapons, destroying most of the city and killing some 50,000 people. ... The German Luftwaffe was one of the most powerful, doctrinally advanced, and battle-experienced air forces in the world when World War II started in Europe in September 1939. ... Insignia applied with a decal on the tail of the Règia Aeronautica aircraft (reconstruction). ... A dive bomber is a bomber aircraft that dives directly at its targets in order to provide greater accuracy. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The gull-winged PBM Mariner. ... Luftwaffe Junkers Ju 87s, with fixed conventional landing gear. ...

General description

A Kette of Ju 87 circa 1939-40.

Nazi propaganda image "Air victory over Poland" with an artistic vision of a Junkers Ju 87

Junkers Ju 87 G-2 (Royal Air Force Museum Hendon)

Junkers Ju 87 G-2 (Royal Air Force Museum Hendon)

The Stuka's design included some innovative features, including automatic pull-up dive brakes under both wings to ensure that the plane recovered from its attack dive even if the pilot blacked out from the high acceleration, and a wind-powered siren under its nose (later mounted to the front upper section of each fixed landing gear strut) that wailed during dives to frighten its victims. These were named Jericho-Trompeten, or "Trumpets of Jericho", by Junkers and were a form of psychological warfare. Its rugged fixed undercarriage allowed it to land and take-off from improvised airstrips close to the battlefront, giving close support to the advancing German forces. 5,752 Ju 87 of all versions were built between 1936 and August 1944. Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers. ... Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 416 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (500 × 721 pixel, file size: 246 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) // Book cover and a series of posters on the Air Victory over Poland, published in Germany during WWII http://www. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 416 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (500 × 721 pixel, file size: 246 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) // Book cover and a series of posters on the Air Victory over Poland, published in Germany during WWII http://www. ... For other uses, see Propaganda (disambiguation). ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 960 pixel, file size: 439 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Junkers Ju 87 Metadata This file... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 960 pixel, file size: 439 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Junkers Ju 87 Metadata This file... An Avro Lancaster in the main hangar of the RAF Museum London The Royal Air Force Museum (RAF Museum) is a museum dedicated to the history of aviation, and the British Royal Air Force in particular. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 960 pixel, file size: 514 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Junkers Ju 87 Metadata This file... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 960 pixel, file size: 514 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Junkers Ju 87 Metadata This file... An Avro Lancaster in the main hangar of the RAF Museum London The Royal Air Force Museum (RAF Museum) is a museum dedicated to the history of aviation, and the British Royal Air Force in particular. ... Dive brakes are meant to slow down an aircraft when in a dive. ... Combatants Israelites Kingdom of Jericho Commanders Joshua King of Jericho † Strength 40,000 warriors ? Casualties ? entire city destroyed The Battle of Jericho was the first battle of the Israelites during their conquest of Canaan. ... The U.S. Department of Defense defines psychological warfare (PSYWAR) as: The planned use of propaganda and other psychological actions having the primary purpose of influencing the opinions, emotions, attitudes, and behavior of hostile foreign groups in such a way as to support the achievement of national objectives. ...

Although sturdy, accurate, and very effective, the Stuka suffered from low speed and poor maneuverability, with little defensive armament, making it highly vulnerable to enemy fighters. The Germans learned during the Battle of Britain that air superiority must be obtained before ground attack aircraft could be effectively used. After the Battle of Britain, the Stuka was little used in Western Europe, but it remained effective further south where Allied fighters were in short supply, most notably in the battles of Crete, Malta and Leros. This article is about military history. ... Air superiority is the dominance in the air power of one side air forces of another side during a military campaign. ... Combatants Greece United Kingdom New Zealand Australia Nazi Germany Kingdom of Italy Commanders Bernard Freyberg Kurt Student Strength United Kingdom: 15,000 Greece: 11,000 Australia: 7,100 New Zealand: 6,700 Total: 40,000 (10,000 without fighting capacity[2]) Germany: 14,000 paratroopers 15,000 mountain troopers 280...

Stukas were used in vast numbers on the Eastern Front, although the steady rise in Soviet airpower as the war progressed meant that Stuka squadrons suffered very heavy losses by the final stages of the war. Combatants Soviet Union,[1] Poland, Tannu Tuva (until 1944 incorporation with USSR), Mongolia Germany,[2] Italy (to 1943), Romania (to 1944), Finland (to 1944), Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, Spain (to 1943, unofficial) Commanders Joseph Stalin, Aleksei Antonov, Ivan Konev, Rodion Malinovsky, Ivan Bagramyan, Kirill Meretskov, Ivan Petrov, Alexander Rodimtsev, Konstantin Rokossovsky...

Hans-Ulrich Rudel was the most notable Stuka ace, and the most highly decorated German soldier of World War II. (Hermann Goering was awarded the Großkreuz des eisernen Kreuzes, but not for achievements in battle.) Hans-Ulrich Rudel (July 2, 1916 – December 18, 1982) was a Stuka dive-bomber pilot during World War II. Rudel is famous for being the most highly decorated German serviceman of the war. ... The Red Baron, Manfred von Richthofen, perhaps the most famous ace of all The first ace, Adolphe Pegoud being awarded the Croix de Guerre A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat. ... Hermann Göring Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also spelled Hermann Goering in English) (January 12, 1893–October 15, 1946) was a prominent and early member of the Nazi party, founder of the Gestapo, and one of the main architects of Nazi Germany. ... The Grand Cross of the Iron Cross was an award intended for senior Generals of the German Army and dated back to 1870. ...

Operational History

Condor Legion and the Spanish Civil War

Among the many German designs that participated in the Spanish civil war, a single Ju 87A-0 was allocated the serial number 29-1 and was assigned to the Vj/88, the experimental staffel of the Legion's fighter wing. The only known information pertaining to its combat career in Spain is that it was piloted by Unteroffizier Herman Beuer. It took part in the Nationalist offensive against Bilbao in February 1937. Presumably it was shipped back to the Reich in secrecy^[1]. Hermann Göring delivering an honour (likely to be the Spanienkreuz, Spanish Cross) to a member of the Legion Condor (April 1939) The Condor Legion was a unit of Nazi Germanys air force which was sent as volunteers to support the right wing Nationalists (i. ... Not to be confused with the Spanish Civil War of 1820-1823. ... Nationalism is an ideology that creates and sustains a nation as a concept of a common identity for groups of humans. ... La Muy Noble y Muy Leal e Invicta (The most noble and most loyal and undefeated) Location Location of Bilbao in Spain and Biscay Coordinates : , Time zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer : CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Bilbao (Basque) Spanish name Bilbao Nickname El Botxo (the hole) Founded 15...

In January 1938 three Ju 87A-1s "Antons" arrived. The Ju 87s spatted undercarriage however sank into the soft surface, as a result these were removed. Another problem was that the Ju 87As 500 kg bomb-load could only be carried if the gunner vacated his seat. Therefore the bomb-load was restricted to 250 kg. The Stukas supported the Nationalist forces and carried out anti-shipping missions until they returned to Reich in October 1938. Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...

The Antons were replaced by five Ju 87B-1s Bertas. With the war close to concluding the Bertas found little to do and found themselves supporting formations of Heinkel He 111s attacking enemy positions. As the Ju 87A-0 had been, the Bertas were withdrawn discreetly back to the Reich. The Heinkel He 111 was the primary Luftwaffe medium bomber during the early stages of World War II, and is perhaps the most famous symbol of the German side of the Battle of Britain. ...

The experience of the Spanish Civil War had been invaluable. Air and ground crews perfected skills, and the equipment could be evaluated in combat conditions. Although one serious experience had been lacking - numerical and well coordinated fighter opposition.

Poland

On 1 September 1939 the Wehrmacht invaded Poland triggering World War Two. At exactly 04.26 hours a Kette of Ju 87s of 3./StG 1 lead by Staffelkapitän Oberleutnant Bruno Dilly carried out the first bombing attack of the war. The aim was to destroy the charges wired to the bridges over the Vistula. The mission failed and the Poles destroyed the bridge before the Germans could reach it. is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The straight-armed Balkenkreuz, a stylized version of the Iron Cross, the emblem of the Wehrmacht. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Staffelkapitän is a Luftwaffe position (not a rank) that is the equivalent of Royal Air Force/US Air Force Squadron Leader. ... Oberleutnant is a rank of the German military which dates from the early 19th century. ... For other uses, see Vistula (disambiguation). ...

It was a Ju 87 that achieved the first air victory during World War II on 1 September 1939, when Kettenführer Leutnant Frank Neubert of I./StG 2 'Immelmann' shot down a Polish PZL P.11c fighter aircraft piloted by Captain Mieczysław Medwecki, who was killed in the engagement^[2]. is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Second Lieutenant is the lowest commissioned rank in many armed forces. ... The PZL P.11 was a Polish fighter aircraft, designed in early-1930s by PZL in Warsaw. ... An A-10 Thunderbolt II, F-86 Sabre, P-38 Lightning and P-51 Mustang fly in formation during an air show at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. ...

The Luftwaffe had few anti-shipping naval units like 4.(St)/TrGr 186. This unit performed effectively sinking the 1540-ton destroyer Wicher and minelayer Gryf of the small but modern Polish Navy.

On one occasion six Polish divisions trapped by encircling German forces were forced to surrender after a relentless four day assault by StG 51, StG 76 and StG 77. Employed in this assault were the 50 kg fragmentation bombs which caused appalling damage to enemy ground troops. Demoralized, the Poles surrendered. The Stukas also participated in the Battle of Bzura which resulted in the breaking of Polish ability to resist effectively. The Stukageschwaders alone dropped 388 tonnes of bombs during this battle^[3]. Battle of Bzura (also known as Battle of Kutno) took place during the Second World War, Polish September Campaign between 9 September 1939 and 19 September1, 1939 and was fought between Polish and German Nazi forces. ...

Once again enemy air opposition was light, the Stukawaffe lost just 31 machines during the campaign^[4].

Norway

Operation Weserübung began on 9 April 1940 with the invasions of Norway and Denmark, Denmark capitulated within the day whilst Norway continued to resist with British and French help. Combatants Germany Denmark Norway Operation Weserübung was the German codename for Nazi Germanys assault on Denmark and Norway during World War II and the opening operation of the Norwegian Campaign. ... is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The campaign was not the classic Blitzkrieg of fast moving armoured divisions supported by air-power as the mountainous terrain ruled out close Panzer/Stuka cooperation. Instead the Germans relied on Fallschirmjäger (paratroops), airborne troops transported by Junkers Ju 52s and specialised mountain (ski troops). The strategic nature of the operation made the Stuka essential. The Ju 87s were given the role of ground attack and anti-shipping missions. The Stuka was to prove the most effective weapon in the Luftwaffe's armoury carrying out the latter. This article is about the military term. ... Fallschirmjäger Fallschirmjäger photo taken from The Hague, Bezuidenhout during the invasion of the Low Countries, morning of May 10, 1940   (often rendered Fallschirmjager in English; from German Fallschirm parachute and Jäger, hunter; ranger a term for light infantry) are German paratroopers. ... The Junkers Ju 52 (nicknamed Tante Ju - Auntie Ju - and Iron Annie) was a transport aircraft and bomber manufactured 1932 – 1945 by Junkers. ... Finnish sissi troops on skis. ...

The Stukageschwaders were now equipped with the new Ju 87R Richard, which differed from the Berta as the 50 kg bomb racks had been replaced by external fuel tanks increasing range. This was vital as Norway's coastline alone stretched for some 12,000 miles (19,300 km).

The first Stukas took off at 10.59 hours from occupied airfields to destroy Oscarsborg Fortress. The Stukas of I.StG 1, failed to silence its batteries contributing to the loss of the heavy cruiser Blücher and causing the disruption of the amphibious landings in Oslo through Oslofjord. Oscarsborg festning is a coastal fortress in the Oslofjord, close to the small city of Drøbak. ... HMS Raleigh a Hawkins class cruiser around which the treaty limits for Heavy cruisers were written. ... The German heavy cruiser Blücher ¹ was the German Kriegsmarines newest ship at the outbreak of World War II. The Blücher is most notable for being sunk on April 9, 1940, less than three years after her launch, on the first day of the invasion of Norway (Operation... This article is about the capital of Norway. ... The Oslofjord (Oslofjorden) is a bay in the south-east of Norway, stretching from Færder in the south to Oslo at the head. ...

The Stukas however had numerous successes against Allied Naval vessels. HMS Bittern was sunk on 30 April. The French super-destroyer Bison was sunk along with HMS Afridi by Stukageschwader 1 on 3 May 1940. is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Guépard-class destroyers (contre-torpilleurs) of the French navy were laid down in 1927 and commissioned in 1930. ... The second HMS Afridi (L-07/F-07) was a Tribal-class destroyer of the Royal Navy laid down by the High Walker Yard of Vickers Armstrong at Newcastle-on-Tyne on 9 June 1936, launched on 8 June 1937 by Lady Foster and commissioned on 3 May 1938. ... is the 123rd day of the year (124th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

France and the Low Countries

The Stukawaffe had learned some lessons from the Polish and Norwegian campaigns. The failures of Oberleutnant Bruno Dilly in Poland and the Stukas of I.StG 1 to silence the Oscarborg fort ensured even more attention was paid to pin-point bombing during the Phoney War period. This was to pay off in the Western campaign. Oberleutnant is a rank of the German military which dates from the early 19th century. ...

When Fall Gelb began on 10 May 1940 the Stuka helped swiftly neutralise the fortress of Eben Emael. The HQ of the Commander responsible for ordering the destruction of the bridges along the Albert Canal was stationed in the village of Lanaeken (14km to the north). However the Stuka demonstrated its accuracy when the small building was destroyed after receiving four direct hits. As a result only one of the three bridges was destroyed allowing the German Army to rapidly advance. In World War II, Battle of France or Case Yellow (Fall Gelb in German) was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries, executed 10 May 1940 which ended the Phony War. ... is the 130th day of the year (131st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... ... The Albert Canal is a canal located in northeastern Belgium. ...

The Stukageschwader were also instrumental in achieving the breakthrough at Sedan. The Stukawaffe flew 300 sorties against French positions, with Stukageschwader 77 alone flying 201 individual missions^[5]. Sedan is a town and commune in France, a sous-préfecture of the Ardennes département. ...

The Luftwaffe also benefited from excellent ground-to-air communications throughout the campaign. Radio equipped forward liaison officers could call upon the Stukas and direct them to attack enemy positions along the Axis of advance. In some cases the Stukas responded to requests in 10-20 minutes. Oberstleutnant Hans Seidmann (Richthofen's Chief of Staff) said that "never again was such a smoothly functioning system for discussing and planning joint operations achieved"^[6]. Oberstleutnant is the German Army (Bundeswehr) equivalent to Lieutenant Colonel, above Major, and below Oberst. ... The chief of staff is the chief aide to the commander of larger military formations and units. ...

During the Battle of Dunkirk 89 merchantmen (of 126,518 grt) were lost, and the Royal Navy lost 29 of its 40 destroyers sunk or seriously damaged, mostly at the hands of the Ju 87s^[7]. Enemy airpower was ineffective and disorganised, as a result the Stukas losses were mainly due to ground fire. Some 120 machines, one-third of the Stuka force was destroyed or damaged to all causes^[8]. This article is about a Second World War battle in 1940, for the 1658 battle of the same name see Battle of the Dunes (1658) Combatants United Kingdom France Belgium Germany Commanders Lord Gort General Weygand Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group A) Ewald von Kleist (Panzergruppe von Kleist) Strength approx. ... This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ...

Battle of Britain

The Battle of Britain proved for the first time that the Junkers Ju 87 was vulnerable in hostile skies against well organised and determined fighter opposition. This article is about military history. ...

Steady losses had occurred throughout their participation in the battle. On 18 August, a day known as the 'hardest day' as both sides suffered heavy losses, the Stuka was withdrawn after losing 16 of its number and numerous others damaged^[9]. The myth of the Stuka was shattered. is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

North Africa and the Mediterranean

In response to the Italian defeats in Greece and North Africa the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ordered the deployment of some German forces to these theatres. Amongst the Luftwaffe contingent deployed was the Gescwadersatb StG3 which touched down in Sicily in December 1940. In the next few days two Gruppen - some 80 Stukas were deployed under X.Fliegerkorps. The first task of the Korps was to attack British shipping passing between Sicily and Africa. The Ju 87s first made their presence by subjecting the British aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious to heavy attack. The crews were confident that they could sink it given the flight deck spanned approximately 7,000 square metres.  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... The command flag for the Chief of the High Command of the German Armed Forces (1938 - 1941) The command flag for a Generalfeldmarschall as the Chief of the High Command of the German Armed Forces (1941 - 1945) The Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or OKW (Wehrmacht High Command, Armed Forces High Command... Sicily ( in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 km² (9,926 sq. ... Sicily ( in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 km² (9,926 sq. ... HMS Illustrious (87), the fourth Illustrious of the British Royal Navy, was an aircraft carrier which saw service in World War II, the lead ship of the Illustrious class of carriers which also included HMS Victorious (R38), HMS Formidable (R67), and HMS Indomitable (R92). ...

On 10 January 1941 the Stuka crews were told four direct hits with 500 kg bombs would be enough to sink the carrier. The Ju 87s delivered six and three damaging near-misses^[10]. But the ships engines remained untouched and it made for the dubious sanctury of Malta. is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Many ex- Luftwaffe Ju 87s were handed over to their Italian ally, the Regia Aeronautica and re-named the Picchiatelli. Some of the Picchiatelli saw action in the opening phase of the Italian invasion of Greece in October 1940. The number was ineffective and the Italian forces were quicky pushed back. By early 1941 the Greeks had pushed into Italian occupied Albania. Once again Hitler decided to send military aid to his Allies. Insignia applied with a decal on the tail of the Règia Aeronautica aircraft (reconstruction). ... Combatants Italy Albania Greece United Kingdom Commanders Sebastiano Visconti Prasca Ubaldo Soddu Ugo Cavallero Giovanni Messe Alexander Papagos Strength 529,000 men Under 300,000 men Casualties 13,755 dead, 50,874 wounded, 25,067 missing, 12,368 incapacitated by frostbites, ca. ...

In March the pro-German Yugoslav government was toppled. A furious Hitler ordered the attack to be expanded to include Yugoslavia. Operation Marita commenced on 7 April. The Stuka once again spearheaded the air assault with a frontline strength of 300 machines. Yugoslav resistance in the air was minimal. As a result the Stukas fearsome reputation returned. Operating unmolested the Stukawaffe took a heavy toll of ground forces. The light losses incurred were a result of ground fire. The effectiveness of the dive-bombers helped bring about Yugoslav capitulation in just ten days. Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in the Latin alphabet, Југославија in Cyrillic; English: South Slavia, or literary The Land of South Slavs) describes three political entities that existed one at a time on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century. ... During World War II, Operation Marita was the German invasion of Greece and Yugoslavia on 6 April 1941. ...

The Stukas also took a peripheral part in Operation Punishment - Hitlers retribution bombing of Belgrade. The dive-bombers were to attack airfields and known anti-aircraft gun positions whilst the level bombers struck civilian targets. Belgrade was badly damaged, and a reported 15,000 people were killed or injured. For other uses, see Belgrade (disambiguation). ...

In Greece, despite British aid, little air opposition was encountered. The Stukas were able to roam the skies and attack targets unmolested. As the Allies withdrew and resistance collapsed the Allies began evacuating to Crete. The Stukas proved effective in inflicting severe casualties to Allied shipping. On 22 April the 1,389 ton destroyers Psara and Ydra were sunk. In the next two days the Greek Naval base at Piraeus suffered the loss of 23 vessels to Stuka attack^[11]. For other uses, see Crete (disambiguation). ... is the 112th day of the year (113th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been suggested that Kaminia (Piraeus), Greece be merged into this article or section. ...

As the Battle of Crete drew to a close the Allies began yet another withdrawal. The Stuka and their crews once again proved exceptional against enemy warships. On 21 May HMS Juno was sunk, on the 22 May the battleship HMS Warspite, and the cruiser HMS Gloucester were damaged . The Ju 87s also crippled HMS Fiji that morning, (she was later finished off by Bf 109 fighter bombers) whilst destroying HMS Greyhound with a single hit. On 23 May the Royal Navy also lost HMS Kashmir, HMS Kelly sunk followed by HMS Hereward on the 26 May. HMS Orion and HMS Dido were also severely damaged^[12]. Combatants Greece United Kingdom New Zealand Australia Nazi Germany Kingdom of Italy Commanders Bernard Freyberg Kurt Student Strength United Kingdom: 15,000 Greece: 11,000 Australia: 7,100 New Zealand: 6,700 Total: 40,000 (10,000 without fighting capacity[2]) Germany: 14,000 paratroopers 15,000 mountain troopers 280... is the 141st day of the year (142nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... HMS Juno (F46) was a J class destroyer of the Royal Navy laid down by the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company, Limited, at Govan in Scotland on 5 October 1937, launched on 8 December 1938 and commissioned on 25 August 1939. ... is the 142nd day of the year (143rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... HMS Warspite was a Queen Elizabeth-class battleship of the Royal Navy. ... For other ships of the same name, see HMS Gloucester. ... HMS Fiji (pennant number 58) was a Crown Colony-class light cruiser of the Royal Navy, named after the island, and at that time, the Crown colony of Fiji. ... (Bf 109 was the official Reichsluftfahrtministerium designation, though some late_war aircraft actually carried the Me 109 designation stamped onto their aircraft type plates. ... HMS Greyhound (H05) was a G-class destroyer laid down by Vickers Armstrong Naval Construction Works at Barrow-in-Furness on 20 September 1934, launched on 15 August 1935 and completed on 31 January 1936. ... is the 143rd day of the year (144th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ... HMS Kashmir (F12) was a K-class destroyer of the Royal Navy laid down by Thornycroft in Southampton in October 1937, launched on April 4, 1939 and commissioned on October 26, 1939. ... HMS Kelly (F01) was a K-class destroyer in Britains Royal Navy. ... HMS Hereward (H93), named after Hereward the Wake, was an H-class destroyer of the Royal Navy laid down by the High Walker Yard of Vickers Armstrong at Newcastle-on-Tyne on 28 February 1935, launched on 10 March 1936 and commissioned on 9 December 1936. ... is the 146th day of the year (147th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Leander-class light cruiser HMS Orion: Royal Navy, Penant 85 Displacement: 7,215 tons Speed: 32. ... HMS Dido was the name ship of her class of light cruisers for the Royal Navy. ...

However despite initial successes, the Stuka remained vulnerable. Perhaps the prime example of the type's vulnerability to fighters, even at this stage in the war, was the shooting down of five Stukas in the space of a few minutes, by the Australian ace Clive Caldwell in a P-40 Tomahawk, on December 5, 1941, over Libya. Clive Robertson Caldwell, DSO, DFC and bar, Polish Cross of Valour (b July 28, 1910 in Sydney, d August 5, 1994), Australian fighter ace of World War II. Caldwell is officially credited with 28. ... The Curtiss P-40 was a US single-engine, single-seat, low-wing, all-metal fighter and ground attack aircraft which first flew in 1938, and was used in great numbers in World War II. It was a direct adaptation of the existing P-36 airframe to enable mass production... is the 339th day of the year (340th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ...

The Stukageschwaders faithfully supported Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommels Deutsches Afrika Korps in its two year campaign in North Africa, helping it achieve considerable success. However as the tide turned and Allied airpower grew in the Autumn of 1942, the Ju 87 became little more than cannon fodder. The old frailties emerged and losses were heavy. The entry of the Americans into North Africa during Operation Torch made the situation far worse. The Stuka became obsolete in what was now a fighter-bomber's war. The Bf 109 and Fw 190 could at least choose to fight on equal terms after dropping their ordnance whereas the Stuka enjoyed no such option. An example of the Junkers vulnerability was demonstrated on 11 November 1942 when 15 Ju 87Ds (Doras) were all shot down by USAF P-40Fs in minutes^[13]. Replica of the marshals baton of Generalfeldmarschall von Richthofen (Third Reich) Generalfeldmarschall ( ) (general field marshal, usually translated simply as field marshal, and sometimes written only as Feldmarschall) was a rank in the armies of several German states, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Austrian Empire. ... Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel ( ) (15 November 1891 – 14 October 1944) was one of the most famous German field marshals of World War II. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname “The Desert Fox” (Wüstenfuchs,  ) for the skillful military campaigns he... The Deutsches Afrikakorps (often just Afrika Korps or DAK) was the corps-level headquarters controlling the German Panzer divisions in Libya and Egypts Western Desert during the North African Campaign of World War II. Since there was little turnover in the units attached to the corps the term is... Combatants United States United Kingdom Free French Forces Vichy France Commanders Dwight Eisenhower Andrew Cunningham François Darlan Strength 73,500 60,000 Casualties 479+ dead 720 wounded 1,346+ dead 1,997 wounded Operation Torch (initially called Operation Gymnast) was the British-American invasion of French North Africa in... (Bf 109 was the official Reichsluftfahrtministerium designation, though some late_war aircraft actually carried the Me 109 designation stamped onto their aircraft type plates. ... Focke-Wulf Fw 190 in flight. ... Ordnance is a general term for a quantity of military equipment, usually specifying the ammunition for artillery, bombs, or other large weapons. ... is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Seal of the Air Force. ... The Curtiss P-40 was an American fighter aircraft which first flew in 1938 and played a vital role in the crucial middle stages of World War II. Developed from the pre-war radial-engined P-36 Hawk, the P-40 became known as the Tomahawk, the Kittyhawk, and finally...

By 1943, the Allies enjoyed total air superiority in North Africa. The Ju 87s ventured out in Kette strength only, often jettisoning their bombs at the first sight of enemy aircraft and making "a run for home".

The Dive-bombers continued to support operations in Southern Europe; after the Italian surrender in September 1943, the Ju 87 helped Germany achieve the last campaign-sized victory over the Western Allies. The Greek Dodecanese Islands had been occupied by the British. The Luftwaffe reacted by committing 75 Stukas to recover the Islands. With the RAF bases some 500 km away the Junkers helped the German landing forces achieve a rapid conquest of the Islands. The Western Allies were the democracies and their colonial peoples, within the broader coalition of Allies during World War II. The term is generally understood to refer to the countries of the British Commonwealth of Nations and Poland (from 1939), exiled forces from Occupied Europe (from 1940), the United States... The Dodecanese (Greek Δωδεκάνησα, Dodekánisa, Turkish Onikiada, both meaning twelve islands; Italian Dodecaneso) are a group of 12 larger plus 150 smaller Greek islands in the Aegean Sea, off the southwest coast of Turkey. ... RAF is an three letter acronym for: Royal Air Force -- the Air Force of the United Kingdom (see also Air Ministry) Red Army Faction (Rote Armee Fraktion) -- a German terror organisation Rigas Autobusu Fabrika -- a factory making buses in Riga, Latvia Rapid Action Force in India Računarski Fakultet RAF...

The remaining Stuka units continued to operate during the Italian campaign, but mainly at night as to avoid Allied fighters. The Italian Campaign of World War II was the name of Allied operations in and around Italy, from 1943 to the end of the war. ...

Design History

In the early 1920's the Dessau-based Junkers Flugzeugwerke AG concentrated upon military rather than civil aircraft. One such product was the Junkers K 47. The K 47 first flew in 1929, and was found to be capable of carrying a 100 kg bomb-load. After the Nazis had come to power they were designated A 48s, although these machines had "uncranked" wings and twin tail-fin units. Despite initial competition from the Henschel Hs 123 the Reichsluftfahrtministerium turned to Herman Pohlmann of Junkers and co-designer of the K 47 (the other, Karl Plauth, had been killed in a flying accident). The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ... Henschel 123 in flight The Henschel Hs 123 was a single seat biplane close-support attack aircraft flown by the Luftwaffe during the Spanish Civil War and the early part of World War II. By 1944 the last examples were withdrawn from service. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Design of the Ju 87 had begun in 1933 as part of the Sturzbomber-programm. However the project began poorly, the Ju 87 V1, powered by a Rolls-Royce Kestrel engine V 12 cylinder liquid cooled engine, and sporting a twin-tail crashed in 1935. Square twin fins and rudders proved too weak and during dive testing they collapsed and the aircraft crashed^[14]. This prompted a change of tail design to single Vertical stabilizer. The Kestrel was a 700 hp (520 kW) V-12 aircraft engine from Rolls-Royce, their first cast-block engine and the pattern for most of their future piston-engine designs. ... The vertical stabilizer or fin of an aircraft is found on its tail, generally pointing straight upward. ...

Ju 87A

The second prototype had a redesigned single fin and rudder and a 610 PS (602 hp, 449 kW) Junkers Jumo 210A engine. After official evaluation in 1936 against three other competing aircraft, orders for 10 aircraft were placed for it, as well as for the Heinkel He 118. The initial production variant was the Ju 87 A-1, powered by a 640 PS (631 hp, 471 kW) Jumo 210C, which began to replace the Henschel Hs 123 biplanes. At least three of these aircraft were tested under operational conditions by the Condor Legion in the Spanish Civil War. Jumo 210 The Jumo 210 was Junkers Motorens first production gasoline aircraft engine, produced just before the start of World War II. It produced about 650hp in common versions, and can be considered a counterpart of the Rolls-Royce Kestrel in many ways. ... The Heinkel He 118 was a German dive bomber design that competed with the Junkers Ju 87 for production, but was never ordered for the Luftwaffe. ... Henschel 123 in flight The Henschel Hs 123 was a single seat biplane close-support attack aircraft flown by the Luftwaffe during the Spanish Civil War and the early part of World War II. By 1944 the last examples were withdrawn from service. ... Hermann Göring delivering an honour (likely to be the Spanienkreuz, Spanish Cross) to a member of the Legion Condor (April 1939) The Condor Legion was a unit of Nazi Germanys air force which was sent as volunteers to support the right wing Nationalists (i. ... Not to be confused with the Spanish Civil War of 1820-1823. ...

Ju 87B

The next major variant was the Ju 87 B-1 (Berta) with a considerably larger engine, its Junkers Jumo 211D generating 1,200 PS (1,184 hp, 883 kW), and the fuselage and landing gear were completely redesigned. This new design was again tested in Spain, and after proving its abilities there, production was ramped up to 60 per month. As a result, by the outbreak of World War II the Luftwaffe had 336 Ju 87 B-1s on hand. The Ju 87 B-2s that followed had some improvements and were built in a number of variants that included ski-equipped versions, and at the other end, with a tropical operation kit called the Ju 87 B-2/trop. Italy's Regia Aeronautica received a number of the B-2s and named them the Picchiatello, while others went to the other members of the Axis, including Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania. The Jumo 211 was an inverted V-12 aircraft engine, Junkers Motorens primary aircraft engine of World War II. It was the direct competitor to the famous Daimler-Benz DB 601 and closely paralleled its development. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Deutsche Luftwaffe or   (German: air force, literally Air Weapon, pronounced lufft-va-fa, IPA: ) is the commonly used term for the German air force. ... Insignia applied with a decal on the tail of the Règia Aeronautica aircraft (reconstruction). ... This article is about the independent states that comprised the Axis powers. ...

A long range version of the Ju 87B was also built, known as the Ju 87R. They were primarily intended for anti-shipping missions. Internal fuel capacity was increased by adding some inner-wing tanks and by using two 300-liter under-wing drop tanks. Bomb carrying ability was reduced to a single 250 kg bomb if the aircraft was fully loaded with fuel. The naval variant of the Ju 87B was known as the Ju 87C, and these were built to operate from the German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin. In any case the carrier was never completed, and all of these were converted back to the Ju 87B standard. Graf Zeppelin was an aircraft carrier of the Kriegsmarine, named like the famous airship in honour of Graf (Count) Ferdinand von Zeppelin. ...

Ju 87D

Junkers Ju 87D Stuka dive-bombers on a mission over the Russian countryside. The Ju 87G variant was used to devastating effect as a "tankbuster" with twin 37 mm cannons fitted under the wings.

Despite having its vulnerability to enemy fighters exposed during the Battle of Britain, the Luftwaffe had no choice but to continue the Stuka's development as there was no replacement aircraft in sight.^[15] The result was the D-series. The Ju 87 D-series received better streamlined oil and water coolers, and an aerodynamically refined cockpit with better visibility and space. In addition, armor protection was increased and a new dual-barrel 7.92 mm MG 81Z machine gun with an extremely high rate of fire was installed in the rear defensive position. The engine power was increased again, the Jumo 211 J-1 now delivering 1,420 PS (1,401 hp, 1,044 kW). Junkers Ju 87D Stukas on a mission over the Russian countryside during World War II. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Junkers Ju 87D Stukas on a mission over the Russian countryside during World War II. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This article is about military history. ... The Deutsche Luftwaffe or   (German: air force, literally Air Weapon, pronounced lufft-va-fa, IPA: ) is the commonly used term for the German air force. ... The MG 81 was a 7. ...

Production of the D-1 variant started in 1941 with 476 deliveries, rising to 917 D-1 and D-3 in 1942. The D-series saw extensive use in the Eastern Front and the Middle East. Bomb carrying ability was massively increased from 500 kg in the B-version to 1,800 kg in the D-version (max load for short ranges, overload condition), a typical bomb load ranged from 500 to 1,200 kg.

The D-2 was a variant used as a glider tug by converting older D-series airframes. The D-3 was an improved D-1 with more armor for its ground-attack role. The D-4 designation applied to a prototype torpedo-bomber version. The Ju 87 D-5 was another ground-attack variant that appeared in mid 1943, it had the outer wing panels extended, dive brakes were removed and the wing-mounted 7.92 mm MG 17 machine guns were replaced by 20 mm MG 151 cannons. The MG 17 was a 7. ... The MG 151 (MG 151/15) was a 15 mm autocannon produced by Waffenfabrik Mauser starting in 1940. ...

The D-6 was not built, for unknown reasons. The D-7 was another ground attack aircraft based on D-1 airframes upgraded to D-5 standard (armor, wing cannons, extended wing panels), while the D-8 was similar to the D-7 but based on D-3 airframes. It's a common myth that the D-7 and D-8 were specifically designed and built for night fighting as they were solely based on converted airframes and used for multiple mission types.

Another variant derived from the Ju 87D airframe was called the Ju 87H, and saw service as a trainer.

Ju 87G

Ju 87 G-2 "Kanonenvogel" with its 37 mm guns.

With the G variant, the aging airframe of the Ju 87 found new life as an anti-tank aircraft. This was the final operational version of the Stuka and was deployed on the Eastern Front starting in the early months of 1943. The G-1 was armed with two 37 mm cannons mounted on under-wing gondolas, each loaded with a 6-round magazine of armour piercing tungsten ammunition. With these weapons the Kanonenvogel ("cannon-bird"), as it was nicknamed, proved spectacularly successful at the hands of the Luftwaffe ace Hans-Ulrich Rudel. The G-2 was similar to the G-1 but was based on the longer-winged D-5. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Combatants Soviet Union,[1] Poland, Tannu Tuva (until 1944 incorporation with USSR), Mongolia Germany,[2] Italy (to 1943), Romania (to 1944), Finland (to 1944), Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, Spain (to 1943, unofficial) Commanders Joseph Stalin, Aleksei Antonov, Ivan Konev, Rodion Malinovsky, Ivan Bagramyan, Kirill Meretskov, Ivan Petrov, Alexander Rodimtsev, Konstantin Rokossovsky... For other uses, see Tungsten (disambiguation). ... Hans-Ulrich Rudel (July 2, 1916 – December 18, 1982) was a Stuka dive-bomber pilot during World War II. Rudel is famous for being the most highly decorated German serviceman of the war. ...

While still slow, its stable attitude, large wings and low stall speed were valuable in the acquisition of slow moving targets, such as assault boats and ground vehicles. The G-1 even influenced the design of the A-10 Thunderbolt II, with Hans Rudel's book, Stuka Pilot, being required reading for all members of the A-X project.^[16] The A-10 Thunderbolt II is a single-seat, twin-engine jet aircraft developed by Fairchild-Republic for the United States Air Force to provide close air support (CAS) of ground forces by attacking tanks, armored vehicles, and other ground targets, also providing a limited air interdiction role. ... The A-10 Thunderbolt II is a single-seat, twin-engine jet aircraft developed by Fairchild-Republic for the United States Air Force to provide close air support (CAS) of ground forces by attacking tanks, armored vehicles, and other ground targets, also providing a limited air interdiction role. ...

Diving procedure

Flying at 4,600 meters (15,000 ft), the pilot located his target through a bombsight window in the cockpit floor. After opening the dive brakes and retarding his throttle, he then rolled the aircraft 180°, automatically nosing the aircraft into a dive. Red tabs protruded from the upper surfaces of the wing as a visual indicator to the pilot that in case of a g induced black-out, the automatic dive recovery system would be activated. The Stuka dived at a 60 - 90 degree angle, accelerating to 600 km/h (350 mph). The term g force or gee force refers to the symbol g, the force of acceleration due to gravity at the earths surface. ...

When the aircraft was reasonably close to the target, a light on the contact altimeter came on to indicate the bomb-release point, usually at a minimum height of 450 m (1,500 ft). The pilot released the bomb by depressing a knob on the control column to release weapons and to initiate the automatic pull-out mechanism. An elongated U-shaped crutch located under the fuselage would swing the bomb out of the way of the propeller, and the aircraft would automatically begin a 6 g pullout. Diagram showing the face of a three-pointer sensitive aircraft altimeter displaying altitude in feet. ... The term g force or gee force refers to the symbol g, the force of acceleration due to gravity at the earths surface. ...

Once the nose was above the horizon, dive brakes were retracted, the throttle was opened, and the propeller was set to climb. The pilot regained control and resumed normal flight.

In his book Wings of the Luftwaffe, Royal Navy test pilot Eric "Winkle" Brown reported that a captured Ju 87 D-3 he test-flew after the war felt "absolutely right" diving at a 90° straight down angle, and stated that he had no doubt of the Stuka's ability in its assigned role. Captain Eric Brown CBE DSC AFC FRAeS After World War Two‚ Captain Eric ‘Winkle’ Brown served as Commanding Officer of Enemy Aircraft Flight – an elite group of pilots whose job it was to test-fly captured German aircraft. ...

Other designs

The concept of dive bombing became so popular among the leadership of the Luftwaffe, that it became almost obligatory in new aircraft designs. Later bomber models like the Junkers Ju 88 and the Dornier Do 217 were fitted for dive bombing. Even the giant Heinkel He 177 bomber was initially supposed to have dive bombing capabilities — a requirement that contributed much to the failure of the design. The Junkers Ju 88 was a WW2 Luftwaffe twin-engine multi-role aircraft. ... The Dornier Do 217 was a World War II medium bomber designed from scratch as a replacement for the venerable Dornier Do 17. ... The Heinkel He 177 Greif (Griffin) was a long-range twin engined bomber of the Luftwaffe. ...

Once the Stuka became too vulnerable to growing fighter opposition on all fronts, work was done to develop a replacement. All dedicated close support designs on the drawing board did not progress much further due to the war situation and technological obstacles. In response the Luftwaffe decided to settle on the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighter aircraft. The Fw-190 F and G series aircraft became good attack aircraft in their own right. The fighter bomber supplanted the Ju-87 along with other minor aircraft in the close support role from 1943 until the end of the war. The Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Würger (shrike), often called Butcher-bird, was a single-seat, single-engine fighter aircraft of Germanys Luftwaffe, and one of the best fighters of its generation. ...

Operators

 Bulgaria

• Bulgarian Air Force

 Croatia

• Croatian Air Force

 Czechoslovakia

• Czechoslovakian Air Force operated captured aircraft postwar.

 Germany

• Luftwaffe

 Hungary

• Hungarian Air Force

 Italy

• Regia Aeronautica

 Japan

• Imperial Japanese Army Air Force received Ju 87s for trials.

 Romania

• Romanian Air Force

Slovak Republic

• Slovak Air Force

 Yugoslavia

• SFR Yugoslav Air Force operated captured aircraft postwar.

Image File history File links Flag_of_Bulgaria_(1878-1944). ... Bulgarian Air Force Roundel Bulgarian Air Force (Bulgarian: Военновъздушни сили, ВВС) is a branch of the Bulgarian Army, the other two being the Bulgarian Navy and Bulgarian land forces. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Croatia_Ustasa. ... Croatian Air Force and Defense (Croatian: Hrvatsko ratno zrakoplovstvo i protuzračna obrana) is a branch of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Czechoslovakia. ... The Czech Air Force is the air force branch of the Czech Army. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany_1933. ... The Deutsche Luftwaffe or   (German: air force, literally Air Weapon, pronounced lufft-va-fa, IPA: ) is the commonly used term for the German air force. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Hungary_1940. ... The Hungarian Air Force is the air force branch of the Hungarian Army. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned. ... Insignia applied with a decal on the tail of the Règia Aeronautica aircraft (reconstruction). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Japan. ... The Imperial Japanese Army Air Service was Imperial Japans land based aviation force. ... File links The following pages link to this file: Axis Powers Flag of Romania Categories: Flag images ... The Romanian Air Force (Romanian: ) has an air force headquarters, an operational command, four air bases and an air defense brigade. ... Image File history File links 1stslovakia_flag_large. ... World War II Slovak Aircraft marking The Slovenské vzduÅ¡né zbrane (Slovak Air Force) (SVZ) was the air force of the short-lived World War II Slovak Republic. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslavia. ... Motto Brotherhood and Unity Anthem Hey, Slavs Capital Belgrade Language(s) Serbo-Croatian (spoken throughout the territory), Slovenian, Macedonian, Albanian, Hungarian (all official), and languages of other nationalities. ... The Soko G-2 Galeb, first Yugoslav-maiden jet fighter. ...

Survivors

Two intact Ju 87s survived and few more wrecks are on display today.

• The Chicago Museum of Science and Industry has a Ju 87 R-2/Trop., this was captured in Libya 1941 and subsequently sent to the US.
• A Ju 87 G-2, captured by British troops in Germany in 1945, is displayed in the RAF Museum in London.
• The Deutsches Technikmuseum in Berlin has the wreckage of two complete aircraft that were recovered from separate crash sites near Murmansk in 1990 and 1994.
• The Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum displays the remains of an aircraft that crashed near Saint-Tropez in 1944 and was raised from the sea-bed in 1989.
• In October 2006, another Stuka was found underwater, near Rhodes^[17]

A view from the lagoon behind the Museum of Science and Industry, the only in-place surviving building from the 1893 World Columbian Exposition and a National Historic Landmark. ... An Avro Lancaster in the main hangar of the RAF Museum London The Royal Air Force Museum (RAF Museum) is a museum dedicated to the history of aviation, and the British Royal Air Force in particular. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The Deutsche Technik Museum Berlin (German Museum of Technology) was founded in 1982 and has a large collection of historical technical artefacts. ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... Murmansk coin Murmansk (Russian: ; Finnish: (archaic); Northern Sami: ; Skolt Sami: ) is a city in the extreme northwest part of Russia with a seaport on the Kola Bay, 12 km from the Barents Sea on the northern shore of the Kola Peninsula, not far from Russias borders with Norway and... The Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum is a museum in Sinsheim, Germany. ... Saint-Tropez is a commune of the Var département in southern France, located on the French Riviera. ... This article is about the Greek island of Rhodes. ...

Specifications

Anti-tank, or simply AT, refers to any method of combating military armored fighting vehicles, notably tanks. ... Jumo 210 The Jumo 210 was Junkers Motorens first production gasoline aircraft engine, produced just before the start of World War II. It produced about 650hp in common versions, and can be considered a counterpart of the Rolls-Royce Kestrel in many ways. ... The Jumo 211 was an inverted V-12 aircraft engine, Junkers Motorens primary aircraft engine of World War II. It was the direct competitor to the famous Daimler-Benz DB 601 and closely paralleled its development. ... The Jumo 211 was an inverted V-12 aircraft engine, Junkers Motorens primary aircraft engine of World War II. It was the direct competitor to the famous Daimler-Benz DB 601 and closely paralleled its development. ... The Jumo 211 was an inverted V-12 aircraft engine, Junkers Motorens primary aircraft engine of World War II. It was the direct competitor to the famous Daimler-Benz DB 601 and closely paralleled its development. ... The MG 17 was a 7. ... The MG 17 was a 7. ... The MG 17 was a 7. ... The MG 17 was a 7. ... The BordKanone BK 37 (Broad Cannon 37) cannon was a 37mm anti-tank/bomber autocannon manufactured by Rheinmetall and mounted on WWII Luftwaffe aircraft such as the anti-tank or bomber-destroyer versions of the Junkers Ju 87D-3 and G-2, Messerschmitt Bf 110G-2/R1-3, and others. ... The MG 15 was a 7. ... The MG 15 was a 7. ... The MG 81 was a 7. ... The MG 81 was a 7. ...

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

• The Hugo Junkers Homepage
• Lemairesoft
• Luftwaffe Resource Group
• Stuka Color Footage
• Stuka Operational Details including Pre-Dive Checklist Diagrams Sound Effects etc
• Junkers Aircraft on Display
• Some high quality and high-res photos, including replicas and surviving aircraft in museums
• Sound of flying Stuka
• Test flight and combat debut of the "Kanonenvogel" - wartime video
• German WW2 newsreels, showing Stukas in combat

Related content

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Junkers Ju 87

Related development

Ju 187 Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... The Junkers Ju 187 was designed to replace the aging Ju 87 Stuka, which by the time of the Battle of Britain had proved very vulnerable to enemy fighters. ...

Comparable aircraft

• Breda Ba.65
• Caproni A.P.1
• Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik
• Douglas SBD Dauntless
• Curtiss SB2C Helldiver
• Aichi D3A "Val"
• Blackburn Skua
• Heinkel He 118
• Yokosuka D4Y
• Henschel Hs 123
• Henschel Hs 129

Designation sequence

Ar 81 - Ju 85 - Ju 86 - Ju 87 - Ju 88 - Ju 89 - Ju 90 The Breda Ba. ... Caproni A.P.1[1] was an Italian attack aircraft monoplane designed by Cesare Pallavicino, coming from the Breda firm. ... The Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik (Russian: ) was a ground attack aircraft of World War II, and was produced by the Soviet Union in huge numbers; in combination with its successor, the Ilyushin Il-10, a total of 36,163 were built. ... The Douglas SBD Dauntless was the U.S. Navys main scout bomber and dive bomber from mid-1940 until 1943, when it was replaced by the SB2C Helldiver. ... For the biplane, please see Curtiss Helldiver. ... Aichi D3A1 in flight. ... The Blackburn Skua was a navaI combat aircraft operated by the British Fleet Air Arm and combined the dual functions of dive-bomber and fighter. ... The Heinkel He 118 was a German dive bomber design that competed with the Junkers Ju 87 for production, but was never ordered for the Luftwaffe. ... Lt. ... Henschel 123 in flight The Henschel Hs 123 was a single seat biplane close-support attack aircraft flown by the Luftwaffe during the Spanish Civil War and the early part of World War II. By 1944 the last examples were withdrawn from service. ... The Henschel Hs 129, often referred to by its nickname, the Panzerknacker, (tank cracker), was a World War II ground attack aircraft fielded by the Luftwaffe. ... The Junkers Ju 86 was a German monoplane bomber and civilian airliner designed in the early 1930s by Junkers. ... The Junkers Ju 88 was a WW2 Luftwaffe twin-engine multi-role aircraft. ... The Junkers Ju 89 was a heavy bomber aircraft designed for the Luftwaffe prior to World War II. Two prototypes were constructed, but the project was abandoned without the aircraft entering production. ... The Junkers Ju 90 was an airliner developed for Lufthansa shortly before World War II. It was based on the Junkers Ju 89 bomber, which did not progress beyond prototype stage. ...

Related lists

List of military aircraft of Germany - List of bomber aircraft This list of military aircraft of Germany includes prototype, pre-production, and operational types. ... // 1914-1918 France Breguet 14 Germany Albatros C.III Rumpler Taube Gotha G AEG G.I AEG G.II AEG G.III AEG G.IV AEG G.V AEG N.I AEG R.I Italy Caproni Ca. ...