Kültepe is the modern Turkish (Türkçe or Türk dili) is a Turkic language, spoken natively by over 100 million speakers in Turkey, Cyprus, and worldwide. Classification Turkish is a member of the Turkish family of languages, which includes Balkan Gagauz Turkish, Gagauz, and Khorasani Turkish in addition to... Turkish name for an ancient city in central eastern Anatolia ( Greek: ανατολή anatolē or anatolí, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia... Anatolia, which was also called Kârum Kanesh "merchant-colony city of Kanes" in Assyrian (rendered Karum Kaniş in Turkish). The nearest modern city is Kayseri is an industrialized city in Turkey that is famous for Mount Erciyes. It is the capital of Kayseri Province. Home of the pastirma, most Westerners arrive in Kayseri en-route to the tourist attractions of Cappadocia. For its earliest history, see Caesarea Mazaca. Categories: Cities in Turkey | Turkey geography... Kayseri, about 20km southwest. The city's name is often transliterated as "Kanesh" because of how Hittite was recorded in Cuneiform (from the Latin word for wedge-shaped) can refer to: an ancient writing system originating in Mesopotamia in the 4th millennium BC three bones in the human foot a record label, Cuneiform Records. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise... cuneiform, but Kanes is more accurate. The name Karum Kanesh refers to a portion of the city which was set aside by local officials for the Old Assyrian merchants to use without paying taxes as long as the goods remained inside the Karum. A similar agreement today might be called an industrial park. The term Karum means port in Akkadian, the lingua franca of the time. The city to which the Karum was attached was the first capital of the later Hittite Empire, called Nesa.

Several other cities in Anatolia also had kârûm, but the largest was Kanes. This important kârum was inhabited by merchants from Assyria, a country named after its original capital city, Asshur on the Tigris, was originally a colony of Babylonia, and was ruled by viceroys from that kingdom. Location Assyria was located in a mountainous region lying to the north of Babylonia, extending along the Tigris as far as to the... Assyria for hundreds of years, who traded local tin and wool for luxury items, foodstuffs and spices, and woven fabrics from the Assrian homeland and [[[Elam]]].

The karum settlement is divided into several stratigraphic periods. New buildings were constructed on top of the remains of the earlier periods, thus there is a deep Stratigraphy, a branch of geology, is basically the study of rock layers and layering. It is primarily used in the study of sedimentary and layered volcanic rocks. The subject was essentially invented and first rigorously applied by William Strata Smith in England in the 1790s and early 1800s. William Smith... stratigraphy from prehistoric times to the early Hittite period. The remains of the kârum form a large circular mound 500m in diameter and about 20m above the plain.

Level IV. The first habitation. Writing was not used at this time in this region.

Level III. Another illiterate period of occupation.

Level II, 1920 BCE-1840 BCE (middle chronology). During this period, Assyrian merchants established themselves in a settlement attached to the city. The Karum was destroyed by fire at the end of level II, with the inhabitants leaving most of their possessions behind to be found by modern archaeologists. The findings have included enormous numbers of baked clay tablets, some of which were enclosed in clay envelopes stamped using cylinder Seal as impression A seal is an impression, usually in wax or embossed on the paper itself, or other item attached to a legal instrument used to authenticate it in place of, or in addition to, a signature. Seals of this nature were applied directly to the face of the... seals. The documents record common activities such as trade and legal arrangements. They record trade between the Assyrian colony and the city-state of Assur, as well as trade between Assyrian merchants and local people. The trade was run by families, not by the state of Assyria. They are the oldest written documents from Anatolia. This level was burned to the ground in antiquity, perhaps reflecting the conquest of the city of Assur by the kings of Eshnunna.

Level Ib, 1798 BCE - 1740 BCE. After an interval of abandonment, the city was rebuilt over the ruins of the old and again became a prosperous trade center. This trade was under the control of Ishme-Dagan who was put in control of Assur when his father, Shamshi-Adad conquered Ekallatum and Assur. However the colony was again destroyed again by fire; the cause may be found in the fall of Assur to other nearby kings and eventually to Hammurabi of Babylon.

Level Ia. The city was reinhabited, but the Assyrian colony was no longer inhabited. The culture was early Hittites is the conventional English-language term for an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language and established a kingdom centered in Hattusa (the modern village of Boğazköy in todayss north-central Turkey), through most of the second millennium BC. The Hittite kingdom, which at... Hittite.

The The Hittites were an Indo-European people of Anatolia who created an important empire in the 2nd millennium BC. All dates are middle chronology BCE. Old Kingdom Pithana early 18th c. Anitta, son of Pithana mid 18th c. (Tudhaliya) (PU-LUGAL-ma) Labarna 1680–1650 Labarna II a.k... Hittite kings resided in Nesa before they moved their capital to Hattusa (also known as Hattusas or Hattush) was the capital of the Hittite Empire. It was located near the modern-day village of Boğazköy, in Turkey, and was set in a loop of the Kizil Irmak river in central Anatolia, about 145 km (90 miles) east of... Hattusa. The native term for the Hittite language is Nesili, i. e. "the language of Nesa".

External links

1. KÜLTEPE (KANESH) -- http://www.atamanhotel.com/cappkultepe.html
2. Kayseri - Historical Ruins -- http://www.kultur.gov.tr/portal/arkeoloji_en.asp?belgeno=703
3. Cappadocia -- http://www.ottomanhouse.com.tr/cappadocia.html