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The 1918 Spring Offensive or Kaiserschlacht was a series of German attacks along the Western Front during the First World War, which marked the deepest advance by either side since 1914. The German authorities had realised that their remaining chance of victory was to defeat the Allies before the overwhelming human and matériel resources of the United States could be deployed. They also had the advantage of nearly 60 divisions freed by the Russian surrender (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk). 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...
Combatants Belgium, British Empire, France, United States, other Western Allies of WWI Germany Commanders No unified command until 1918, then General Ferdinand Foch Kaiser Wilhelm II Casualties ~4,800,000 Unknown though considerably higher Following the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the German army opened the Western...
Combatants Allied Powers: British Empire Canada France Italy Russian Empire United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria German Empire Ottoman Empire Commanders Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Sir Arthur Currie Ferdinand Foch Nicholas II Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Reinhard Scheer Franz Josef I Oskar Potiorek Ä°smail Enver Ferdinand I...
Matériel (from the French for equipment or hardware, related to the word material) is a term used in English to refer to the equipment and supplies in military and commercial supply chain management. ...
Symbol of the Polish 1st Legions Infantry Division in NATO code A division is a large military unit or formation usually consisting of around ten to fifteen thousand soldiers. ...
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, at Brest, formerly Brest-Litovsk, between Russia and the Central Powers, marking Russias exit from World War I. The treaty was practically obsolete before the end of the year but is significant as a chief...
There were four separate German attacks, codenamed Michael, Georgette, Gneisenau, and Blucher-Yorck. They were initially intended to draw forces away from the Channel ports that were essential for British supply and then attack the ports and other lines of communication. The planning process, however, diluted the strategy.
Tactics
By this stage of the war, both sides had refined their tactics.
The German army had developed stormtrooper units, with infantry trained in Hutier tactics (after Oskar von Hutier) to infiltrate and bypass enemy front line units, leaving these strongpoints to be "mopped-up" by follow-up troops. The stormtroopers' tactic was to attack and disrupt enemy headquarters, artillery units and supply depots in the rear areas, as well as to occupy territory rapidly. The term Stormtrooper refers to special military troops which were formed in the last year of World War I as the German army developed new methods of attacking enemy trenches, called infiltration tactics. Men trained in these methods were known as in German as Sturmmann (meaning assault soldier, but usually...
In warfare, infiltration tactics involves small forces bypassing enemy strongpoints, instead isolating these strongpoints for later forces and disrupting rear areas. ...
Oskar von Hutier (August 27, 1857-December 5, 1934) was one of Germanys most successful and innovative generals of World War I. Hutier spent the first year of the war as a divisional commander in France, performing well but not distinguishing himself until the spring of 1915, when he...
A 155 mm artillery shell fired by a United States 11th Marine regiment M-198 howitzer Historically, artillery refers to any engine used for the discharge of projectiles during war. ...
To enable the initial breakthrough, Lieutenant Colonel Georg Bruchmuller[1], a German artillery officer, developed the Feuerwalze, an effective and economical artillery bombardment scheme. There were three phases: a brief attack on the enemy's command and communications, destruction of their artillery and lastly an attack upon the enemy front-line infantry defences. Bombardment would always be brief to retain surprise.
In their turn, the Allies had developed defences in depth, reducing the proportion of troops in their front line and pulling reserves and supply dumps back beyond German artillery range. In theory, the front line was an "outpost zone", held by snipers, patrols and machine-gun posts only. Behind was the "battle zone", where the offensive was to be resisted and behind that again was a "rear zone", where reserves were held ready to counter-attack or seal off penetrations.
Unfortunately, in the sector held by the British Fifth Army, which they had recently taken over from French units, the defences were not completed and there were too few troops to hold the complete position in depth. The rear zone existed as outline markings only, and the battle zone consisted of battalion "redoubts" which were not mutually supporting (allowing stormtroopers to penetrate between them). The British Fifth Army was a field army of the British Expeditionary Force during the First World War. ...
Michael see also First Battle of the Somme (1918) Of the battles in the valley of the River Somme, fought in 1918, the earlier series began with the German Spring Offensive, launched from the Hindenburg Line, on March 21, in the vicinity of Saint-Quentin. ...
On March 21, 1918 the Germans launched a major offensive against British and British Imperial forces. By the end of the first day, the Germans had broken through at several points on the front of the British Fifth Army, and after two days Fifth Army was in full retreat. March 21 is the 80th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (81st in leap years). ...
1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...
The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ...
Erich Ludendorff, the German commander, failed to follow the correct stormtrooper tactics, as described above. His lack of a coherent strategy to accompany the new tactics was expressed in a remark to one of his Army Group commanders, Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, in which he stated, "We chop a hole. The rest follows". Ludendorff's dilemma was that the most important parts of the allied line were also the most strongly held. Much of the German advance was achieved where it was not strategically significant. Ludendorff in 1918 Erich Ludendorff (sometimes given incorrectly as Erich von Ludendorff) (April 9, 1865 – December 20, 1937, Tutzing, Bavaria, Germany) was a German Army officer, noted as a general during World War I. Ludendorff was born in Kruszewnia near Posen, Prussia (now Poznań, Poland). ...
Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria or Crown Prince Rupert of Bavaria(German: Kronprinz Rupprecht von Bayern) (18 May 1869 – 2 August 1955) was the last Bavarian Crown Prince. ...
Because of this, Ludendorff continually exhausted his forces by attacking strongly entrenched British units. At Arras on March 24, he launched a hastily-prepared attack (Operation Mars) on the left wing of the British Third Army, and was repulsed. Overall, he was unable to attain a decisive victory, despite impressive advances into Allied territory. March 24 is the 83rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (84th in leap years). ...
The British Third Army was a British Army unit. ...
The Allies reacted by appointing the French Field Marshal Ferdinand Foch to coordinate all Allied activity in France and then as generalissimo of all Allied forces everywhere. Note: This article is about the military usage of the word marshal. For other usages, see the end of this article. ...
Marshal of France Ferdinand Foch, OM, GCB, (October 2, 1851 – March 20, 1929) was a French soldier. ...
A generalissimo is a commissioned officer of the highest rank; the word is often translated as Supreme Commander or Commander in Chief. It is an Italian superlative substantive, which grammatically would actually be disallowed in Italian (superlatives can be made with adjectives only). ...
Ludendorff called off Operation Michael on March 25. By the standards of the time, there had been a substantial advance. It was, however, of little value - a Pyrrhic victory, as Amiens, an important rail centre, remained in Allied hands. The newly-won territory was difficult to traverse, as much of it consisted of the shell-torn wilderness left by the Battle of the Somme, and difficult to defend against Allied counterattacks. March 25 is the 84th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (85th in leap years). ...
A Pyrrhic victory (pronounced pirric) is a victory which comes at heavy cost to the victor. ...
The cathedral in Amiens Location within France Amiens is a city and commune in the north of France, 120 km north of Paris. ...
See Battle of the Somme (disambiguation) for other battles and meanings Battle of the Somme Conflict First World War Date 1 July 1916 – 18 November 1916 Place Somme, Picardy, France Result Stalemate The 1916 Battle of the Somme was one of the largest battles of the First World War, with...
The Allies lost nearly 255,000 men (British, British Empire, French and American). Also lost were 1,300 artillery pieces and 200 tanks. All of this could be replaced, either from British factories or from American manpower. German troop losses were 239,000 men, largely specialist shocktroops (Stosstruppen) who were irreplaceable.
Georgette Michael had drawn British forces to defend Amiens, leaving the rail route through Hazebrouck and the approaches to the Channel ports of Calais, Boulogne and Dunkirk vulnerable. German success here could choke the British into defeat. Hazebrouck en Flandre Hazebrouck is a commune of the Nord département, in northern France. ...
Location within France The Burghers of Calais, by Rodin, with Calais Hotel de Ville behind J.M.W. Turner: Calais Pier Calais (Dutch: ) is a town in northern France, located at 50°57N 1°52E. It is in the département of Pas-de-Calais, of which it is a...
Boulogne-sur-Mer is a city and commune in northern France, in the Pas-de-Calais département of which it is a sous-préfecture. ...
Location of Dunkirk in the arrondissement of Dunkirk Location within France Dunkirks seafront Map of Dunkirk courtesy of the Calgary Highlanders. ...
The attack started on April 4th after a Feuerwalze. The Portuguese defenders at the point of attack were rapidly overrun but the British resistance on either flank held and threatened the German breakthrough. Despite this and other Allied actions, the Germans made rapid progress and, without French reinforcement, it was feared that the remaining 15 miles to the ports could be covered within a week. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) commander, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, issued an "Order of the Day" on April 11th stating, "With our backs to the wall and believing in the justice of our cause, each one of us must fight on to the end." The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was the British army sent to France and Belgium in World War I and British Forces in Europe from 1939 - 1940 during World War II. The BEF was established by Secretary of State for War Richard Haldane following the Second Boer War in case the...
Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig (June 19, 1861 - January 28, 1928) was a British soldier and senior commander during World War I. He had independent wealth: his family manufactured Haig & Haig whisky. ...
However, the German offensive had stalled because of logistical problems and exposed flanks. Counterattacks by British, French, American, Canadian and ANZAC forces had slowed and stopped the German advance. Ludendorff ended Georgette on April 30th. An ANZAC soldier gives water to a wounded Turk The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (popularly abbreviated as ANZAC) was originally an army corps of Australian and New Zealand troops who fought in World War I at Gallipoli, in the Middle East and on the Western Front. ...
As with Michael, losses were roughly equal, approximately 110,000 men wounded or killed, each. Again, the results were disappointing for the Germans. Hazebrouck remained in Allied hands and the flanks of the German salient were vulnerable. The British abandoned the territory they had captured at vast cost the previous year around Ypres, freeing several divisions to face the German attackers. In military terms, a salient is a battlefield feature that projects into enemy territory. ...
The Belfry of Ypres Ypres (French, generally used in English;1 Ieper official name in the local Dutch) is a municipality located in Flanders, one of the three regions of Belgium, and in the Flemish province of West Flanders. ...
While Georgette ground to a halt, a new attack on French positions was planned to draw forces further away from the Channel and allow renewed German progress in the north. The strategic objective remained to split the British and the French and gain victory before American forces could make their presence felt on the battlefield. The Third Battle of the Aisne was a German offensive during World War I that focused on capturing the Chemin des Dames Ridge before the American Expeditionary Force could arrive in France. ...
The German attack took place on May 27, between Soissons and Rheims, after another Feuerwalze. The bombardment was very effective and the Allied front, with a few notable exceptions, collapsed. Despite French and British resistance on the flanks, German troops advanced to the Marne River and Paris seemed a realistic objective. However, U.S. Army machine-gunners and Senegalese sharpshooters halted the German advance at Château-Thierry, with U.S. Marines also heavily engaged at Belleau Wood. May 27 is the 147th day (148th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 218 days remaining. ...
Soissons is a town and commune in the Aisne département, Picardie, France, located on the Aisne River, about 60 miles northeast of Paris. ...
Reims (English traditionally Rheims) is a city of north-eastern France, 98 miles east-northeast of Paris. ...
The Marne is a river in France, a tributary of the Seine in the area east and southeast of Paris. ...
Château-Thierry is a commune of north-eastern France, about 56 miles east-northeast of Paris. ...
Combatants France Britain United States German Empire Commanders John J. Pershing James Harbord Crown Prince Wilhelm Strength U.S 2nd and 3rd Divisions, plus some elements of the French 6th Army and British IX Corps elements of the 237th, 10th, 197th, 87th, and 28th Divisions Casualties 9,777 unknown The...
Yet again, losses were much the same on each side: 137,000 Allied and 130,000 German casualties (up to June 6). German losses were again mainly from the difficult-to-replace assault divisions. June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining. ...
Ludendorff sought to extend Blucher-Yorck westwards with Operation Gneisenau, intending to draw yet more Allied reserves south and to link with the German salient at Amiens.
The French had been alerted of this attack by information from German prisoners and their defence in depth reduced the impact of the artillery bombardment on June 9. Nonetheless, the German advance was impressive, despite fierce French and American resistance. At Compiègne, a sudden French counter-attack on June 11 caught the Germans by surprise and halted their advance. Gneisenau was called off the following day. June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. ...
Compiègne is a commune in the Oise département of France, of which it is a sous-préfecture. ...
June 11 is the 162nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (163rd in leap years), with 203 days remaining. ...
Losses were approximately 35,000 (Allied) and 30,000 (German).
Strategic Impact The Kaiserschlacht series of offensives had yielded large, in First World War terms, territorial gains for the Germans. However, the strategic objective of a quick victory was not achieved and the German armies were severely depleted, exhausted and in exposed positions. In six months the strength of the German army had fallen from 5.1 million fighting men to 4.2 million. Manpower was exhausted. German High Command predicted they would need 200,000 men per month to make good the losses suffered, but even by drawing on the next annual class of eighteen year olds, only 300,000 recruits would be available for the year.
The Allies had been badly hurt but not broken. The lack of a unified high command was partly rectified and coordination would improve in later Allied operations. American troops were for the first time used as independent formations and had proven themselves. Their presence counterbalanced the serious manpower shortages that Britain and France were experiencing after four years of war.
Allied offensives in July (Second Battle of the Marne) and August (Hundred Days Offensive) 1918 made rapid gains and pushed the Germans back to their original defence lines and beyond. This time, German reserves were inadequate and the German High Command advised their government to give up the war. The Second Battle of the Marne, was a World War I battle fought from July 15 to July 18, 1918 near the Marne River. ...
The Hundred Days Offensive was the final offensive in World War I by the Allies against the Central Powers on the Western Front from August 8, 1918 to November 11, 1918. ...
References - John Keegan, (1999) The First World War, Pimlico ISBN 0-7126-6645-1
- Stanley Chodorow, Mainstream of Civilization
- Martin Marix Evans, (2002) 1918: The Year of Victories, Arcturus Military History Series ISBN 0-572-02838-5
- Randal Gray, (1991) Kaiserschlacht, 1918: The Final German Offensive Osprey Campaign Series ISBN 1-85532-157-2
- Gregory Blaxland, (1968), Amiens 1918, W. H. Allen ISBN 0-352-30833-8
See also | World War I | | Theatres | Main events | Specific articles | Participants | See also | | Prelude:
•Causes
•Sarajevo assassination
•The July Ultimatum Journeys End is the seventh and most famous play by R. C. Sherriff. ...
Wilfred Owen Wilfred Edward Salter Owen, MC (March 18, 1893 – November 4, 1918) was an English poet. ...
Combatants Allied Powers: British Empire Canada France Italy Russian Empire United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria German Empire Ottoman Empire Commanders Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Sir Arthur Currie Ferdinand Foch Nicholas II Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Reinhard Scheer Franz Josef I Oskar Potiorek Ä°smail Enver Ferdinand I...
European military alliances in 1915. ...
A plaque commemorating the exact location of the Sarajevo Assassination On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg were shot to death in Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, by Gavrilo Princip, a member of Young...
The Austro-Hungarian Ultimatum to Serbia or July Ultimatum was an ultimatum or final list of demands delivered to the government of Serbia on July 23, 1914, following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo. ...
Main theatres:
•Western Front
•Eastern Front
•Italian Front
•Middle Eastern Theatre
•Balkan Theatre
•Atlantic Theatre Combatants Belgium, British Empire, France, United States, other Western Allies of WWI Germany Commanders No unified command until 1918, then General Ferdinand Foch Kaiser Wilhelm II Casualties ~4,800,000 Unknown though considerably higher Following the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the German army opened the Western...
A German trench in the swamp area near the Mazuric Lakes on the Eastern Front. ...
The Italian campaign refers to a series of battles fought between the armies of Italy and Austria Hungary along with their allies in northern Italy between 1915 and 1918. ...
Combatants Ottoman Empire Triple Entente Strength 2,850,000 2 Casualties 550,000 KIA 3 891,000 WIA 240,000 Sickness 103,731 MIO 250,000 POW 1 1 Ottoman casualties are from Republic of Turkey gov. ...
Combatants Central Powers Triple Entente, Serbia, Romania The Balkans Campaign of World War I was fought between Serbia and later Romania who sided with the Allied Powers against the Central Powers, mostly Austria-Hungary and Germany as well as Bulgaria. ...
The First Battle of the Atlantic (1914–1918) was a naval campaign of World War I, largely fought in the seas around the British Isles and in the Atlantic Ocean. ...
Other theatres:
•African Theatre
•Pacific Theatre Combatants Great Britian, South Africa, France, Belgium, Portugal Germany The African Theatre of World War I was a set of unrelated wars for control over German colonies in Africa: the German colonies of Kamerun, Togo, South-West Africa, and German East Africa. ...
Combatants Japan, Great Britain, New Zealand, Australia Germany The Asian and Pacific Theatre of World War I was a largely bloodless conquest of a number of German controlled islands in the Pacific Ocean. ...
General timeline:
•WWI timeline The following tables list the main events happened during World War I. // 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 Post-1920 Categories: | ...
| 1914:
• Battle of Liège
• Battle of Tannenberg
• Invasion of Serbia
• First Battle of the Marne
• Battle of Sarikamis
1915:
• First Battle of Arras
• Mesopotamian Campaign
• Battle of Gallipoli
• Italian Campaign
• Conquest of Serbia
1916:
• Battle of Verdun
• Battle of the Somme
• Battle of Jutland
• Brusilov Offensive
• Conquest of Romania
• Great Arab Revolt
1917:
• Second Battle of Arras (Vimy Ridge)
• Battle of Passchendaele
• Capture of Baghdad
• Conquest of Palestine
1918:
• Spring Offensive
• Hundred Days Offensive
• Meuse-Argonne Offensive
• Armistice with Germany
• Armistice with Ottoman Empire
The Battle of Liège was the opening battle of the German invasion into Belgium, and the first battle of World War I. // The plan In 1870, soon after the German military defeated the French in the Franco-Prussian War, German military leader Helmuth von Moltke began formulating a plan...
Combatants Imperial Russia German Empire Commanders General Alexander Samsonov General Paul von Rennenkampf General Field Marshall Paul von Hindenburg General Erich Ludendorff Strength 150,000 210,000 Casualties 30,000 killed or wounded; 95,000 captured 20,000 The Battle of Tannenberg in 1914 was a decisive conflict between the...
Combatants Central Powers, Bulgaria Serbia, Triple Entente The Serbian Campaign was fought from August 1914 until the end of the war in 1918 with a nearly two year break in the middle as Serbia was conquered. ...
Combatants France United Kingdom Germany Commanders Joseph Joffre John French Helmuth von Moltke Karl von Bulow Alexander von Kluck Strength 1,071,000 1,485,000 Casualties Approximately 263,000: 250,000 French casualties (80,000 dead) 13,000 British casualties (1,700 dead) Approximately 250,000 total The First...
Combatants Russia Ottoman Empire Commanders General Vorontsov General Yudenich Enver Pasha Strength 100,000 90,000 (plus aprox. ...
Combatants Allies Central Powers Commanders Julian Byng Arthur Currie Ludwig von Falkenhausen Strength 30,000 Unknown Casualties 3,598 dead 7,104 wounded 20,000 The Battle of Vimy Ridge was one of the opening battles in a larger British campaign known as the Battle of Arras. ...
The Mesopotamian Campaign was a theater of the First World War fought between Allied forces represented by British and Anglo-Indian troops, and Central forces of the Ottoman Empire. ...
Combatants British Empire France India Australia New Zealand Newfoundland Ottoman Empire Commanders Sir Ian Hamilton Otto von Sanders Mustafa Kemal Strength 5 divisions (initial) 14 divisions (final) 6 divisions (initial) 14 divisions (final) Casualties 252,000 (205,000 British, 47,000 French) 253,000[citation needed] The Battle of Gallipoli...
The Italian campaign refers to a series of battles fought between the armies of Italy and Austria Hungary along with their allies in northern Italy between 1915 and 1918. ...
Combatants Central Powers, Bulgaria Serbia, Triple Entente The Serbian Campaign was fought from August 1914 until the end of the war in 1918 with a nearly two year break in the middle as Serbia was conquered. ...
Combatants France Germany Commanders Philippe Pétain Robert Nivelle Erich von Falkenhayn Strength About 30,000 on 21 February 1916 About 150,000 on 21 February 1916 Casualties 378,000; of whom 120,000 dead 337,000; of whom 100,000 dead The Battle of Verdun was a major battle...
Combatants British Empire Australia Canada New Zealand Newfoundland South Africa United Kingdom France German Empire Commanders Douglas Haig Ferdinand Foch Max von Gallwitz Fritz von Below Strength 13 British & 11 French divisions (initial) 51 British and 48 French divisions (final) 10. ...
Combatants Royal Navy (Grand Fleet) Kaiserliche Marine (High Seas Fleet) Commanders Sir John Jellicoe, Sir David Beatty Reinhard Scheer, Franz von Hipper Strength 28 battleships, 9 battlecruisers, 8 heavy cruisers, 26 light cruisers, 78 destroyers 16 battleships, 5 battlecruisers, 6 pre-dreadnoughts, 11 light cruisers, 61 torpedo-boats Casualties 6...
Combatants Russian Empire Austro-Hungary German Empire Commanders Aleksei Brusilov Conrad von Hötzendorf Alexander von Linsingen Strength 40+ infantry divisions (573,000 men) 15 cavalry divisions (60,000 men) 39 infantry divisions (437,000 men) 10 Cavalry divisions (30,000 men) Casualties ~500,000 men killed and wounded 975...
Combatants Central Powers, Bulgaria Romania, Russia Commanders General Falkenhayn General Mackensen General Averescu, General Zaionchovsky Strength 450,000 600,000 Casualties 60,000 roughly 330,000 (50% POWs) The Romanian Campaign was a campaign in the Balkans theatre of World War I fought between Romania and Russia against armies of...
Flag of the Arab Revolt This article is about the Arab Revolt of 1916. ...
Combatants Allies Central Powers Commanders Julian Byng Arthur Currie Ludwig von Falkenhausen Strength 30,000 Unknown Casualties 3,598 dead 7,104 wounded 20,000 The Battle of Vimy Ridge was one of the opening battles in a larger British campaign known as the Battle of Arras. ...
Combatants United Kingdom France Canada Australia New Zealand German Empire Commanders Douglas Haig Hubert Gough Herbert Plumer Francois Anthoine Max von Gallwitz Erich Ludendorff Strength Unknown Unknown Casualties 448,000 killed and wounded 260,000 killed and wounded The 1917 Battle of Passchendaele, also known as the Third Battle of...
Combatants The Tigris Corps of British India Sixth Army of the Ottoman Empire Commanders Sir Frederick Stanley Maude Khalil Pasha Strength 50,000 men 25,000 men Casualties unknown unknown, more than 9,000 were taken prisoner Baghdad was the southern capital of the Ottoman Empire in 1917. ...
Sinai and Palestine Campaign during World War I: Combatants Great Britain Ottoman Empire Commanders Sir John Maxwell,Archibald Murray,Henry George Chauvel,Philip Chetwode,Charles Dobell,Edmund Allenby Djemal Pasha,Kress von Kressenstein Strength ? Casualties ? // Sinai campaign The Ottoman Empire, at the urging of their German ally, chose to attack...
The Hundred Days Offensive was the final offensive in World War I by the Allies against the Central Powers on the Western Front from August 8, 1918 to November 11, 1918. ...
The Meuse-Argonne Offensive was a major battle of World War I. It was the biggest operation and victory of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in that war. ...
The armistice treaty between the Allies and Germany was signed in a railway carriage in woods near Compiègne on November 11th, 1918, and marked the end of the First World War on the Western Front. ...
The Armistice of Mudros was signed between the Ottoman Empire (represented by the Ottoman Minister of Marine Affairs Rauf Beg) and the Allies (represented by the British Admiral Arthur Calthorpe), in the Mudros port in the island of Lemnos on 30 October 1918. ...
| •Military engagements
•Naval warfare
•Air warfare
•Cryptography
•People
•Poison gas
•Railways
•Technology
•Trench warfare A German trench in the swamp area near the Mazuric Lakes on the Eastern Front. ...
British battleship HMS Irresistible abandoned and sinking, 18 March 1915, during the Battle of Gallipoli. ...
Nieuport Fighter Aisne, France 1917 Aerial warfare was introduced alongside many other innovations in World War I. Previously wars had been fought on land and at sea, but the advent of aircraft technology allowed a third dimension: a war in the air. ...
In cryptography, trench codes were codes used for secrecy by field armies in World War I. A reasonably-designed code is generally more difficult to crack than a classical cipher, but of course suffers from the difficulty of preparing, distributing, and protecting codebooks. ...
A poison gas attack in World War I. The use of poison gas was a major military innovation of the First World War. ...
The machine gun was one of the decisive technologies during World War I. Picture: British Vickers machine gun crew on the Western Front. ...
Trench Warfare is a form of war in which both opposing armies have static lines of fortifications dug into the ground, facing each other. ...
Civilian impact and atrocities:
•Armenian Genocide
•Assyrian Genocide Armenian Genocide photo. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Aftermath:
•Aftermath
•Casualties
•Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
•Paris Peace Conference
•Treaty of Versailles
•Treaty of Saint-Germain
•Treaty of Neuilly
•Treaty of Trianon
•Treaty of Sèvres
•Treaty of Lausanne
•League of Nations Woodrow Wilson and the American peace commissioners during the negotiations on the Treaty of Versailles. ...
Pie chart showing deaths by alliance and military/civilian. ...
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, at Brest, formerly Brest-Litovsk, between Russia and the Central Powers, marking Russias exit from World War I. The treaty was practically obsolete before the end of the year but is significant as a chief...
The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 was a conference, organized by the victors of World War I to negotiate the peace treaties between the Allied and Associated Powers and the defeated Central Powers. ...
The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was the peace treaty which officially ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany. ...
The Treaty of Saint-Germain, was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the new republic of Austria on the other. ...
The Treaty of Neuilly, dealing with Bulgaria for its role as one of the Central Powers in World War I, was signed on the November 27, 1919 at Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. ...
The Grand Trianon at Versailles, site of the signing The Treaty of Trianon was the peace agreement imposed on Hungary after World War I by the victorious powers. ...
The Treaty of Sèvres of August 10, 1920, was a peace treaty between the Entente and Associated Powers[1] and the Ottoman Empire after World War I. The treaty was signed by the Ottoman Government, but Sultan Mehmed VI never signed that treaty. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Conference of Lausanne. ...
The Palais des Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, built between 1929 and 1938, was constructed as the Leagues headquarters. ...
| Entente Powers
•
 Russian Empire
•
 France
•
 United Kingdom
•
 Australia
•
 Canada
•
 India
•
 New Zealand
•
 Newfoundland
•
 South Africa
•
Italy
•
 Romania
•
 United States
•
 Serbia
•
 Portugal
•
 China
•
 Japan
•
 Belgium
•
 Montenegro
•
Greece
•
 Armenia
• more... European military alliances in 1915. ...
Image File history File links Russian_Empire_1914_17. ...
Official language Russian Official Religion Russian Orthodox Christianity Capital Saint Petersburg (Petrograd 1914-1925) Area Approx. ...
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National motto: Quaerite Prime Regnum Dei (Latin: Seek ye first the kingdom of God) Capital St. ...
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Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946). ...
File links The following pages link to this file: Axis Powers Flag of Romania Categories: Flag images ...
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Karađorđe Petrović, leader of Serbian uprising in 1804 Serbia gained its autonomy from the Ottoman Empire in two revolutions in 1804 and 1815, though Turkish troops continued to garrison the capital, Belgrade until 1867. ...
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Image File history File links Old_Flag_of_Montenegro. ...
The history of Montenegro begins in the early Middle Ages, after the arrival of the Slavs into that part of the former Roman province of Dalmatia that forms present-day Montenegro. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Greece_(1828-1978). ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Armenia. ...
European military alliances in 1915. ...
Central Powers
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 German Empire
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 Austria-Hungary
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 Ottoman Empire
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 Bulgaria
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Triple Alliance. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_German_Empire. ...
Motto: Gott mit Uns (German: God with usâ€) Anthem: Heil dir im Siegerkranz (unofficial) Territory of the German Empire in 1914, prior to World War I Capital Berlin Official language(s) German Minor language(s) Polish (Posen, Upper Silesia, Masuria) French (Elsass-Lothringen) Government Constitutional Monarchy - First Kaiser Wilhelm I...
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy. ...
Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ...
Image File history File links Ottoman_Flag. ...
Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah...
The flag of the Kingdom of Bulgaria. ...
| • Category: World War I
• A war to end all wars
• Female roles
• Literature
• Total war
• Spanish flu
• Veterans
World War I (then known as The Great War) was at the time and in the years just after described as the war to end all wars (or, in the jargon of the French Poilus: la der des der, i. ...
Rosie the Riveter: We Can Do It! - Many women first found economic strength in World War II-era manufacturing jobs. ...
World War I has inspired great novels, drama and poetry. ...
This article is about Total War. ...
The Spanish Flu Pandemic, also known as , , or the 1918 flu, was a pandemic caused by an unusually severe and deadly strain of the subtype H1N1 of the species Influenza A virus. ...
The following is a list of surviving veterans of the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918). ...
Contemporaneous conflicts:
• First Balkan War
• Second Balkan War
• Maritz Rebellion
• Easter Rising
• Russian Revolution
• Russian Civil War
• Finnish Civil War
• North Russia Campaign
• Wielkopolska Uprising
• Polish-Soviet War
• Turkish War of Independence
Combatants Ottoman Empire Balkan League (Serbia), (Montenegro), (Greece), (Bulgaria) Commanders Nazim Pasha, Zekki Pasha, Esat Pasha, Abdulach Pasha Constantine I of Greece, Vladimir Vazov, Petar Bojovic, Radomir Putnik, Pavlos Kountouriotis Strength 350,000 men Greece 115,000 men, Bulgaria 300,000 men, Serbia 220,000 men, Montenegro 35,000 men...
The Second Balkan War was fought in 1913 between Bulgaria on one side and Greece and Serbia on the other side. ...
The Maritz Rebellion or the Boer Revolt or the Five Shilling Rebellion1, occurred in South Africa in 1914 at the start of World War I, in which men who supported the recreation of the old Boer republics rose up against the government of the Union of South Africa. ...
Combatants Irish Volunteers, Irish Citizen Army, Irish Republican Brotherhood British Army Dublin Metropolitan Police Royal Irish Constabulary Commanders Pádraig Pearse, James Connolly General Sir John Maxwell Strength 1250 in Dublin, c. ...
The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a series of political events in Russia, which, after the elimination of the Russian autocracy system, and the Provisional Government (Duma), resulted in the establishment of the Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party. ...
The Russian Civil War was fought from 1918 to 1922, after the collapse of the Russian Empire, and immediately after and because of Lenins dissolution of the Russian Constituent Assembly, between Communist forces known as the Red Army and loosely allied anti-Communist forces known as the White Army. ...
Combatants Whites: White Guards German Empire Swedish volunteers Reds: Red Guards Bolshevist Russia Commanders Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim Ali Aaltonen Eero Haapalainen Eino Rahja Kullervo Manner Strength 50,000 - 90,000 50,000 - 90,000 Casualties 3,450 killed in action 1, 400-1,650 executed 46 missing 5,200...
North Russia Campaign Arkhangelsk Oblast May 1918 – Sept 1919 Polar Bear Expedition Russian Civil War North Russia Relief Force // Introduction The North Russia Campaign (also known as the Northern Russian Expedition or the Allied Intervention in North Russia) was the involvement of international troops part of the Allied Intervention in...
Soldiers of the Great Polish Army Wielkopolska Uprising of 1918–1919 (Polish: powstanie wielkopolskie 1918–19 roku) was a military insurrection of the Polish people in the Greater Poland region (also called the Grand Duchy of Poznań) against the German/Prussian forces. ...
Combatants Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic Second Polish Republic Commanders Mikhail Tukhachevsky Semyon Budyonny Joseph Stalin Józef Piłsudski Edward Rydz-Śmigły Strength 950,000 including reserves 5 million 360,000 including reserves 738,000 Casualties Unknown, dead estimated at 100,000 - 150,000 Unknown, dead estimated at...
Combatants Turkish Revolutionaries Triple Entente, Greece, Armenia Commanders Mustafa Kemal Ismet Inonu Kazim Karabekir Ali Fuat Cebesoy Fevzi Çakmak Papoulas Hatzianestis The Turkish War of Independence (Turkish: Kurtuluş Savaşı), or sometimes referred to as birth of a nation was part of the political and military events that began with the...
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