Kakutsa Cholokashvili (right) and Gen. Giorgi Kvinitadze (left)

Kaikhosro Cholokashvili (Georgian: ქაიხოსრო ჩოლოყაშვილი) commonly known as Kakutsa (Georgian: ქაქუცა, a hypocorism of Kaikhosro;) (July 14, 1888 – June 27, 1930) is a national hero of Georgia who gained popularity as a guerilla leader against the Bolshevik Red Army during the Russian Civil War. His name is also spelled Kakoutsa Tcholokhachvili in a French manner. Image File history File links Cholokashvili_and_Kvinitadze. ... Image File history File links Cholokashvili_and_Kvinitadze. ... Giorgi Kvinitadze (in Georgian: გიორგი კვინიტაძე) (1874_1970) was a Georgian general and one of the most prominent military leaders of the Democratic Republic of Georgia. ... A nickname is a short, clever, cute, derogatory, or otherwise substitute name for a person or things real name (for example, Tom is short for Thomas). ... July 14 is the 195th day (196th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 170 days remaining. ... 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... June 27 is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 187 days remaining. ... 1930 (MCMXXX) is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Leaders of the Bolshevik Party and the Communist International, a painting by Malcolm McAllister on the Pathfinder Mural in New York City and on the cover of the book Lenin’s Final Fight published by Pathfinder. ... The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (in Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya), the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ... The Russian Civil War was fought from 1918 to 1922. ...

Early life and career

He was born into the prominent aristocratic family of Prince Ioseb Cholokashvili in the village Matani, Kakheti region (then part of the Russian Empire). The family of Cholokashvili had been playing an important role in the military and political life of Georgia. The 17th century clerical leader and diplomat Nikoloz Cholokashvili is one example. Kakutsa himself descended directly from Prince Bidzina Cholokashvili, a prominent leader of the 1654 uprising against the Persian rule and Christian martyr who is regarded as saint by the Georgian Orthodox Church. Aristocracy is a form of government in which rulership is in the hands of an upper class known as aristocrats. ... Matani (Georgian: მატანი) is a village in the Kakheti region, Georgia. ... Categories: Caucasus geography stubs | Georgia (country) ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... Nikoloz Cholokashvili (Nicholas Irubakidze-Cholokashvili) (Georgian: ნიკოლოზ ჩოლოყაშვილი; ნიკოლოზ ირუბაქიძე-ჩოლოყაშვილი), known in Europe as Niciphores Irbachi, (1585-1658), was a Georgian Orthodox priest, politician and diplomat. ... The term Persian Empire refers to a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau. ... Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on Jesus of Nazareth, known by Christians as Jesus Christ, and New Testament accounts of his life and teachings. ... The Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church is one of the worlds most ancient Christian Churches, founded in the 1st century by the Apostle Andrew. ...

After the graduation from the Tiflis Gymnasium of Nobility, Cholokashvili served as an officer in the Tver Dragoon Regiment of the Russian army. He married Nino Megvinetukhutsesi in 1913 and retired to his estate at Matani where he lived with his family until the World War I erupted in 1914. Tvers coat of arms depicts grand ducal crown placed on a throne. ... It has been suggested that mounted infantry be merged into this article or section. ... In russian, word army means armed forces in general. ... Combatants Allies: Serbia, Russia, France, Romania, Belgium, British Empire, United States, Italy, and others Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire Casualties Military dead:5 million Civilian dead:3 million Total dead:8 million Military dead:4 million Civilian dead:3 million Total dead:7 million The First World...

He fought first against the Austro-Hungarian army and was severely wounded in 1914. After that, Prince Cholokashvili was transferred to the Caucasus Front as a commander of a rear unit. During the Turkish offensive, he gallantly defended the strategic fort of Eagle’s Nest and received serious wounds again. After the recovery, he was assigned to lead the Georgian Cavalry Legion, which served under General Nikolai Nikolayevich Baratov (Baratashvili) in Persia in 1915 and made a brilliant raid to Mesopotamia, where he joined the British expeditionary forces in 1916. The Austro-Hungarian Army was the ground force of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. ... 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... The Entholinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map The Caucasus, a region bordering Asia Minor, is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. ... Motto: Persian: Esteqlāl, āzādÄ«, jomhÅ«rÄ«-ye eslāmÄ« (English: Independence, freedom, (the) Islamic Republic) Anthem: SorÅ«d-e MellÄ«-e Īrān Capital Tehran Largest city Tehran Official language(s) Persian Government Supreme Leader President Islamic republic Ali Khamenei Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Revolution Declared Overthrew Mohammad Reza Pahlavi... Mesopotamia (Greek: Μεσοποταμία, translated from Old Persian Miyanrudan between rivers; Aramaic name being Beth Nahrain house of rivers) is a region of Southwest Asia. ...

On May 26, 1918, Georgia declared independence and Colonel Cholokashvili joined the national army. He took part in all important campaigns of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG) from 1918 to 1921. He also served as Deputy Defence Minister of DRG in 1919. National motto: n/a Language Georgian (official), Russian (unofficial) Capital Tbilisi (aka Tiflis) Chairman of the Government Noe Ramishvili (1918–1919), Noe Zhordania (1919–1921) Area 107,600 km² Population 2. ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Partisan leader

In February, 1921, Bolshevik Russia’s Red Army invaded Georgia. Georgians had to abandon their capital, Tiflis on February 25, 1921 and retreat to the west. In March, the Georgian government capitulated and left the country. However, Cholokashvili refused to flee and organized a small guerilla force ("The Conspirators of Georgia") to fight the Bolshevik regime in March 1922. 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Bolshevist Russia is a common term that refers to the Red side in the Russian government between the Bolsheviks October Revolution (November 7, 1917) and the constitution of the Soviet Union (December 30, 1922). ... The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (in Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya), the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ... View of Tiflis from the Grounds of Saint David Church, ca. ... February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Leaders of the Bolshevik Party and the Communist International, a painting by Malcolm McAllister on the Pathfinder Mural in New York City and on the cover of the book Lenin’s Final Fight published by Pathfinder. ... 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

The first clash took place near the town of Signagi in June, 1922. In the summer of 1922, Cholokashvili and his supporters organized a peasant revolt in the mountainous region of Khevsureti. The Soviet troops burned several villages to the ground, but Cholokashvili managed to escape to neighboring Chechnya. He returned in November and attacked the Bolshevik forces again. His brother Svimon Cholokashvili was killed in one of the skirmishes. Cholokashvili’s family members were arrested and his father-in-low was later executed by the Soviets. 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Khevsureti mountains Fortress village Shatili Khevsureti is a historic province in eastern Georgia, located along both the northern and southern slopes of the Great Caucasus Mountains. ... Capital Grozny Area - total - % water Ranked 80th - 15,300 km² - negligible Population - Total - Density Ranked 49th - est. ...

The most intense fighting erupted during the August Uprising in Georgia in 1924, the banner of which was entrusted to Cholokashvili. He took the town Manglisi in a surprise attack on August 29, but could not get reinforcement and moved to the eastern Georgian mountains where he seized control of Dusheti and crushed the Red Army units at Svimoniant-Khevi on September 3. Despite the uprising was generally unsuccessful and brutally suppressed, Cholokashvili refused to surrender and tried to organize, though vainly, sortie to Tbilisi on several occasions. He fought his last engagement at Khev-Grdzela in Kakheti in mid-September and could escape unbeaten despite being vastly outnumbered and shelled by the Red Army artillery. Eventually, the partisans’ forces exhausted and Cholokashvili had to flee to Turkey where he was joined by several emigrants and moved to France. August Uprising in Georgia was an unsuccessful popular uprising against the Bolshevik occupation in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic in August 1924. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... August 29 is the 241st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (242nd in leap years), with 124 days remaining. ... Dusheti is a small town in the Mtskheta-Mtianeti province in central Georgia. ... The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (in Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya), the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ... September 3 is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years). ... Categories: Caucasus geography stubs | Georgia (country) ...

He lived a hard life in France and died of tuberculosis in 1930. Buried initially at the Cimetière de Saint-Ouen he was moved in a few years to the cemetery of Leuville-sur-Orge, a burial ground of the Georgian emigration to France. Tuberculosis (commonly shortened to TB) is an infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system (meningitis), lymphatic system, circulatory system (Miliary tuberculosis), genitourinary system, bones and joints. ... Cimetière de Saint-Ouen - The Saint-Ouen cemetery is located just north of Montmartre at Saint-Ouen in Paris, France. ...

Legacy

President Mikheil Saakashvili and Parliament chairperson Nino Burjanadze attend Cholokashvili's reburial ceremony, November 20 2005

His name was banned throughout 70 years of the Soviet Union. His family and in-laws were either purged or subjected to intolerable pressure from the authorities forcing many of the Cholokashvili even to change their surnames. Image File history File links Georgian_officials_at_Cholokashvili_burial_ceremony. ... Image File history File links Georgian_officials_at_Cholokashvili_burial_ceremony. ... Mikhail Saakashvili briefing the press at UN headquarters Mikhail Saakashvili (Georgian: მიხეილ სააკაშვილი) (born December 21, 1967), Georgian jurist and politician, is the President of Georgia. ... Nino Burjanadze Nino Burjanadze (Georgian: ნინო ბურჯანაძე) (born on July 16, 1964) is a Georgian jurist and politician. ...

With a new tide of national-liberation movement in the late 1980s, Kakutsa Cholokashvili remerged as a major symbol of Georgian patriotism and national resistance to the Soviet rule, his portraits seen elsewhere at protest manifestations. Public interest to his person increased especially after his most trusted friend and comrade in arms, Alexandre Sulkhanishvili, returned from emigration bringing Kakutsa’s famous banner of rebellion back to Georgia in 1990.

On November 20-21 2005, he was moved to another grave at the Mtatsminda Pantheon, Tbilisi. The burial was attended by all high-ranking officials and thousands of Georgians from various regions of Georgia. His portrait will soon grace the banknote in value of 200 Lari, the National Bank of Georgia decided. His name will also be given to a street in popular Vake district in Tbilisi. Tbilisi (Georgian თბილისი) is the capital city of the country of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura (Mtkvari) river, at . ... The lari (Georgian: ლარი ; ISO 4217:GEL) is the national currency of the Republic of Georgia. ...

Literature

• Guram Sharadze, Guram Gverdtziteli, editors. Kakutsa Cholokashvili; Tbilisi, 1989. (In Georgian)

See also

• Democratic Republic of Georgia
• August Uprising in Georgia
• Kote Abkhazi