Coat of Arms

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics in Kaluga, built in 1967

Kaluga (Калу́га in Russian) is a city in central Russia on the Oka River 188 km southwest of Moscow, administrative center of Kaluga Oblast. Geographical coordinates: 54°32′N 37°17′E Population: 335,100 (2002 All-Russia Population Census). A modern coat of arms is derived from the medi val practice of painting designs onto the shield and outer clothing of knights to enable them to be identified in battle, and later in tournaments. ... Image File history File links Kaluga. ... Image File history File links Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky_State_Museum_of_the_History_of_Cosmonautics. ... Image File history File links Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky_State_Museum_of_the_History_of_Cosmonautics. ... Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (Konstanty CioÅ‚kowski), (Константин Эдуардович Циолковский; September 5, 1857 new style – September 19, 1935) was a Russian and Soviet rocket scientist and pioneer of cosmonautics who spent most of his life in a log-house at the outskirts of the Russian town of Kaluga. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ока Length 1,500 km Elevation of the source  ? m Average discharge  ? m³/s Area watershed  ? km² Origin  ? Mouth  Volga River Basin countries Russia Oka (Russian: Ока́) is a great river in Russia, right confluent of Volga. ... A kilometre (American spelling: kilometer), symbol: km is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1000 metres (from the Greek words χίλια (khilia) = thousand and μέτρο (metro) = count/measure). ... Moscow (Russian: Москва́, Moskva, IPA: â–¶ (help· info)) is the capital of Russia, located on the river Moskva. ... Kaluga Oblast (Калу́жская о́бласть)(29,900 km², pop. ...

In the middle ages, Kaluga was a minor settlement owned by Princes Vorotynsky. The ancestral home of these princes is located south-west from the modern city. Vorotynsky was one of the most eminent Rurikid princely houses of Muscovite Russia. ... Vorotynsk used to be one of the Upper Oka towns and seat of the mediaeval Princes Vorotynsky. ...

Kaluga is connected to Moscow by a railway line and the ancient roadway (E-105 International highway) which is known as the Kaluga road.

This road was the favoured escape route from the Moscow trap for Napoleon in the fall of 1812. But General Kutuzov repelled Napoleon's advances in this direction and forced the retreating French army onto the old Smolensk road, previously devastated by the French during their invasion of Russia. For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... 1812 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Mikhail Kutuzov Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (Russian: ) (September 16, 1745 – April 28, 1813 (n. ...

Kaluga is known for its most famous resident, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, a rocket science pioneer who worked here as a school teacher. There is a Tsiolkovskiy Museum in Kaluga dedicated to his theoretical achievements and their practical implementations for modern space research. Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (Konstanty Ciołkowski), (Константин Эдуардович Циолковский; September 5, 1857 new style – September 19, 1935) was a Russian and Soviet rocket scientist and pioneer of cosmonautics who spent most of his life in a log-house at the outskirts of the Russian town of Kaluga. ...

External links

• Regional Information
• Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, official website