Kamma (Telugu: కమ్మ) or the Kammavaru are a caste or social group found largely in the Southern Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu and Karnataka. They constitute about 5% of the population of Andhra Pradesh which would make them the fifth largest community ^[1]. The Kamma population was 7,95,732 in the year 1881 ^[2]. In the last decades of the previous century some of them migrated to other parts of the world, particularly to the USA, UK and Australia. Kamma might refer to: Kamma, a caste or social group found largely in Southern India The Pali term for karma Category: ... The Indian caste system is the traditional system of social stratification on the Indian Subcontinent, in which social classes are defined by a number of endogamous, hereditary groups often termed as jātis or castes. ... Categories: 1911 Britannica | Historical stubs | Feudalism ... Drawing of a Thracian peltast of 400 BC A warrior is a person habitually engaged in warfare. ... “Andhra” redirects here. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... , Karnātakā   (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ... Telugu (తెలుగు) is a Dravidian language (South-Central Dravidian languages) primarily spoken in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, where it is the official language. ... Tamil ( ; IPA ) is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamils in India and Sri Lanka, with smaller communities of speakers in many other countries. ... Kannada - aptly described as sirigannada (known to few as Kanarese) is one of the oldest Dravidian languages and is spoken in its various dialects by roughly 45 million people. ... Hinduism (known as in modern Indian languages[1]) is a religious tradition[2] that originated in the Indian subcontinent. ... Christianity percentage by country, purple is highest, orange is lowest Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch... “Atheist” redirects here. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... A silhouette of a Buddha statue at Ayutthaya, Thailand. ... Telugu (తెలుగు) is a Dravidian language (South-Central Dravidian languages) primarily spoken in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, where it is the official language. ... Caste systems are traditional, hereditary systems of social restriction and social stratification, enforced by law or common practice, based on endogamy, occupation, economic status, race, ethnicity, etc. ... “Andhra” redirects here. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... , Karnātakā   (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ...

Ancient history

Origin

There are many theories about the origins of the word "Kamma" and the social group known as the Kammas but none is conclusive.

Buddhist origin

The theory is that the people who lived in the Krishna river valley, where Buddhism prevailed, got the name from the Theravada Buddhist concept of Kamma (in Pali) or Karma (in Sanskrit)^[3]. This region was once known as Kammarashtram / Kammarattam / Kammanadu, which was under the control of the Pallavas, Eastern Chalukyas and Cholas ^[4]. Inscriptions mentioning Kammanadu are available since 3rd century C.E.^{[5][6][7][8][9]}. According to some historians the Kammas existed since the time of the Christ ^[10] A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... This article is about the Hindu deity. ... A silhouette of a Buddha statue at Ayutthaya, Thailand. ... Theravada (Pāli: theravāda; Sanskrit: स्थविरवाद sthaviravāda; literally, the Way of the Elders) is the oldest surviving Buddhist school, and for many centuries has been the predominant religion of Sri Lanka (about 70% of the population[1]) and most of continental Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand). ... For other uses, see Karma (disambiguation). ... Pali (IAST: ) is a Middle Indo-Aryan dialect or prakrit. ... For other uses, see Karma (disambiguation). ... The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Kammanadu is an ancient geographical region in the present day South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ... Kammanadu is an ancient geographical region in the present day South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ... The Pallava kingdom (Tamil: பல்லவர்) was an ancient South Indian kingdom. ... Eastern Chalukyas were a South Indian dynasty whose kingdom was located in the present day Andhra Pradesh. ... The Cholas were a South Indian Tamil dynasty, antedating the early Sangam literature (c. ... Kammanadu is an ancient geographical region in the present day South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ...

Kambhoja/Pallava origin

Some historians opined that the name Kamma is probably derived from Kambhoja, an ancient Aryan warrior clan. Avadh Bihari Lal Avasthi comments as follows: We find Kambhi, Kamma, Kumbhi etc castes in South India. Possibly, there has also been a Kamboja country in Southern India. The Garuda Purana locates a Kambhoja principality/settlement in the neighborhood of Ashmaka, Pulinda, Jimuta, Narrashtra, Lata and Karnata countries, and also specifically informs us that this section of Kambojas were living in the southern part of India. Kamboja is ancient name of a country and the tribe settled therein. ... The Pallava kingdom (Tamil: பல்லவர்) was an ancient South Indian kingdom. ... Kamboja is ancient name of a country and the tribe settled therein. ... Aryan (/eərjən/ or /ɑːrjən/, Sanskrit: ) is a Sanskrit and Avestan word meaning noble/spiritual one. ... Garuda Purana is one of the Puranas which are part of the Hindu body of texts known as the smriti. ... Kamboja (Sanskrit: कम्बोज) was the ancient name of a country, and the Indo-Iranian Kshatriya tribe, the Kambojas, settled therein. ...

pulinda ashmaka jimuta narrashtara nivasinah

carnata kamboja ghata dakshinapathvasinah^[11].

Kurmi origin

Another origin of Kammas is speculated as: Buddhist Kurmis from the Gangetic plains migrated to the Krishna river delta in large numbers to escape the persecution of Pushyamitra Sunga (184 BCE) ^[12]. Buddhism was already flourishing in Dharanikota, Bhattiprolu, Chandavolu etc in this fertile area ^[13]. Historians surmised that the Sanskrit word Kurmi/Kurma became Kamma in later years ^[14]. The first records of the word Kammarashtram appeared in the Jaggayyapeta inscription of the Ikshvaku King Madhariputra Purushadatta (3rd century CE) ^[15]. Kammarashtram extended from the Krishna River to Kandukur (Prakasam Dt.). The next record was that of Pallava King Kumara Vishnu II followed by that of Eastern Chalukya king Mangi Yuvaraja (627-696 CE). The subsequent inscriptions of Telugu Cholas/Chodas and Kakatiya dynasty mentioned ‘Kammanadu’ ^[16]. This region is also known as Pallavanadu/Palanadu/Palnadu due to Pallava rule. Kurmi(Hindi:कुर्मी), which is the name of one of the Jātis (castes) of the Hindus,Kurmi are the Kshatriya,the generation of Kuru Kingdom. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... Kurmi(Hindi:कुर्मी), which is the name of one of the Jātis (castes) of the Hindus,Kurmi are the Kshatriya,the generation of Kuru Kingdom. ... The Gangetic Plains are the part of the Ganges River (or River Ganga) that flows across Indias northern plains. ... This article is about the Hindu deity. ... A silhouette of a Buddha statue at Ayutthaya, Thailand. ... Dhanyakataka means town of rice or paddy. ... Bhattiprolu is a small village in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh State in Southern India. ... The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Kurmi(Hindi:कुर्मी), which is the name of one of the Jātis (castes) of the Hindus,Kurmi are the Kshatriya,the generation of Kuru Kingdom. ... Jaggayyapet is a town and a nagar panchayat in Krishna district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... Krishna in Vijayawada in 2007 The River Krishna (meaning dark (feminine) in Sanskrit, also called the Krishnaveni, is one of the longest rivers of India (about 1300 km in length). ... Kandukur is a city and a municipality in Prakasam district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ... The Pallava kingdom (Tamil: பல்லவர்) was an ancient South Indian kingdom. ... Eastern Chalukyas were a South Indian dynasty whose kingdom was located in the present day Andhra Pradesh. ... Many Telugu Choda kingdoms ruled over many regions including the cities on the banks of Krishna River in the period between the seventh and the thirteenth century. ... The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083 to 1323. ... Palnadu is the northern region of Guntur District in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ... The Pallava kingdom (Tamil: பல்லவர்) was an ancient South Indian kingdom. ...

Ancestry

The kings and military persona of Kammanadu started using the title Nayaka/Nayakudu from 10th century onwards as observed in many inscriptions ^[17]. There are about 1200 Kamma surnames (Intiperu) which are discernible from this time. The surnames and Gothras of Kammas and Velamas were catalogued by Badabanala Bhatta in 1068 CE ^[18]. The names of the ancestral villages were adopted as Gothras. This shows that the ancestors of Kammas and Velamas were either Buddhists or Jains who did not follow Gothra system and that both the social groups had a common history. The historical reasons for the dichotomy of the two groups are not known, although many stories abound. The inscriptions of many Kamma Nayaks mentioned that they belong to Durjaya clan (Vamsa)^[19]. For instance, the inscription (1125 CE) of Pinnama Nayudu in the temple of Sagareswara in Madala village mentioned that he belonged to Durjaya clan and Vallutla Gothra ^[20]. Another inscription (1282 CE) in the same temple mentioned that Devineni Erra Nayudu, Kommi Nayudu, Surappa Nayudu and Pothi Nayudu belonged to the lineage of Buddhavarma, Durjaya clan and Vallutla Gothra ^[21][22]. The inscription at Ravuru mentioned that the bodyguards of Queen Rudrama Devi, Ekki Nayudu, Rudra Nayudu, Pinarudra Nayudu and Pothi Nayudu belong to Durjaya vamsa and Vallutla Gothra. ^[23] It is worth mentioning here that many of the martial clans of Kammas belong to Vallutla Gothra ^[24]. Many of the Telugu Chodas of Kammanadu had relations with Eastern Chalukyas and later with Kakatiyas. According to many inscriptions and “Velugotivari Vamsavali” Kammas with surnames such as Yalamanchi, Gollapudi, Yalampati, Sammeta, Maccha, Konda, Choda, Vasireddy, Katta, Adapa etc., belong to Choda-Chalukya ancestry ^{[25] [26]}. The Vasireddy Clan had a title “Chalukya Narayana” ^[27]. Historians surmised that by the end of 10th century Durjayas, Chodas, Chalukyas and Haihayas of Kammanadu merged into Kammas.^[28]. Kammanadu is an ancient geographical region in the present day South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ... A Gotra indicates lineage in the Hindu community. ... This article or section contains self-references. ... A Gotra indicates lineage in the Hindu community. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... JAIN is an activity within the Java Community Process, developing APIs for the creation of telephony (voice and data) services. ... A Gotra indicates lineage in the Hindu community. ... Kammanadu is an ancient geographical region in the present day South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ... Eastern Chalukyas were a South Indian dynasty whose kingdom was located in the present day Andhra Pradesh. ... The Kakatiya Dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083 to 1323. ... Choda, Chaudra or Koda is an ancient Indian tribal group described in the Manusmriti, which says that, because of the omission of sacred Brahmanical rituals/codes and of their not heeding to the Brahmanans, some noble Kshatriyas have gradually degenerated. ... The Chalukya dynasty (Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು) was a powerful Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th century C.E. They began to assert their independence at the decline of the Satavahana empire and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of... The first historical record of the Vasireddy clan can be traced from 1413 AD inscription of Pothineedu at Pithapuram (East Godavari district) in the state of Andhra Pradesh. ... The Chalukya dynasty (Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು) was a powerful Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th century C.E. They began to assert their independence at the decline of the Satavahana empire and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of... Kammanadu is an ancient geographical region in the present day South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ...

Medieval history

Identity

The division of warrior class into many castes and their consolidation commenced during the time of Kakatiya king Rudra I (1158-1195 CE). Badabanala Bhatta prescribed Surnames and Gothras of Kammas. The affiliation of Kammas as a caste to the ruling dynasties could not be ascribed till 11th century. Traces of evidence were found in the inscriptions of Telugu Cholas/Chodas of Velanadu starting from Gonka I (1075-1115 CE), found in many places in Kammanadu. The Dharanikota kings (1130-1251 CE) who belonged to Kota clan of Kammas had marital alliances with Telugu Cholas. Similarly, Kota kings married the women from Kakatiya dynasty (E.g., Kota Betharaja married Ganapamba, daughter of Ganapati Deva). The Kakatiya Ganapati Deva married the sisters of Jayapa Senani, a warrior hailing from Diviseema ^[29]. Jayapa Nayudu is also well known for his contributions to the field of Indian dance (1231 CE)^[30] and was the head of the elephant corps in the Kakatiya army. Around this time many other warriors from Kammanadu joined the forces of the Kakatiya dynasty. The Kakatiya Dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083 to 1323. ... Many Telugu Choda kingdoms ruled over many regions including the cities on the banks of Krishna River in the period between the seventh and the thirteenth century. ... Kammanadu is an ancient geographical region in the present day South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ... Dhanyakataka means town of rice or paddy. ... Many Telugu Choda kingdoms ruled over many regions including the cities on the banks of Krishna River in the period between the seventh and the thirteenth century. ... The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083 to 1323. ... The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083 to 1323. ... // The defeat of Velanati Chodas at the hands of Kakatiya emperor Ganapatideva (1241 CE) led to many Nayaka warriors migrating to Warangal and joining the Kakatiya army. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... // The defeat of Velanati Chodas at the hands of Kakatiya emperor Ganapatideva (1241 CE) led to many Nayaka warriors migrating to Warangal and joining the Kakatiya army. ... The Kakatiya Dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083 to 1323. ... Kammanadu is an ancient geographical region in the present day South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ... The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083 to 1323. ...

Kakatiya period

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Kammas grew to prominence during the Kakatiya dynasty's reign (1083-1323 CE) by also holding important positions in their army. One of the most famous commanders during the time of Rudrama Devi and Prataparudra II was Daadi Nagadeva who played a prominent role in warding off the attack of the Yadava king of Devagiri. Nagadeva’s son Ganna Mantri, also called Ganna Senani or Yugandhar, who upon his conversion to Islam changed his name to Malik Maqbul and was a great warrior and a patron of arts and literature. Poet Maarana dedicated his “Markandeya Puranam” to Ganna (Malik Maqbul). Nagadeva’s other sons Ellaya Nayaka and Mechaya Nayaka were also valiant fighters. Another warrior of repute was Muppidi Nayaka who went on an expedition to Kanchi, defeated the Pandya king and merged it with Kakatiya dynasty in 1316 CE. In prolonged battles with Muslims between 1296 and 1323 CE. thousands of Kamma Nayakas perished along with others, in the defense of Warangal. The inhuman atrocities perpetrated by the aliens on Telugu people later prompted two Kamma chieftains, Musunuri Prolaya Nayaka and Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka, who served the Kakatiya king Prataparudra, to raise the banner of revolt^[31]. After the fall of Warangal they united the Nayaka chieftains, wrested Warangal from the Delhi Sultanate and ruled for 50 years. (Musunuri Nayaks) Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083 to 1323. ... The Yadava Dynasty ruled a kingdom in what is now Maharashtra, India from the 12th century to the 14th century. ... Daulatabad (from Persian دولت‌آباد meaning Built by the Government), also called Deogiri or Devagiri, is a hill-fortress in Maharashtra state, India, in about 40 miles northwest of the city of Aurangabad in Aurangabad district. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Malik Maqbul or Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul Tilangani, was the Wazir or Prime Minister of the Delhi Sultanate, in the government of Feroz Shah Tughlaq (reign CE 1351-1388), in the Indian sub-continent. ... Malik Maqbul or Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul Tilangani, was the Wazir or Prime Minister of the Delhi Sultanate, in the government of Feroz Shah Tughlaq (reign CE 1351-1388), in the Indian sub-continent. ... Kanchipuram, Kanchi, or Kancheepuram (also sometimes Conjeevaram) is the name of a temple town and the headquarters of Kanchipuram district in Tamil Nadu, India. ... The Pandyan kingdom was an ancient state at the tip of South India, founded around the 6th century BCE. It was part of the Dravidian cultural area, which also comprised other kingdoms such as that of the Pallava, the Chera, the Chola, the Chalukya and the Vijayanagara. ... The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083 to 1323. ... , For the district of the same name, see Warangal district. ... The conquest of South India (Deccan) by the Delhi Sultanate started in 1296 when Alauddin Khilji, the son-in-Law and commander of the Sultan Jalaluddin raided and plundered Devagiri (Maharashtra). ...

Vijayanagar period

Subsequent to the martyrdom of Kaapaaneedu (Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka) many Kammas migrated to the Vijayanagar kingdom. During the reign of Sri Krishnadevaraya Kammas belonging to thirty seven Gothras were living in the city of Vijayanagar^[32]. Kamma Nayaks formed the bulwark of Vijayanagar army and were appointed as governor in many areas of Tamil Nadu. Their role in protecting the last great Hindu kingdom of India was significant. Some of the prominent commanders who achieved fame were: Vijayanagara (often written Vijayanagar), in northern Karnataka, is the name of the now ruined capital city of the historic Vijayanagar empire in the Southern part of India. ... Sri Krishnadevaraya (శ్రీ క్రిశ్ణదేవరాయ, also transliterated as Srikrishnarayalu and other ways) was a Vijaynagar emperor who presided over the empire at its zenith and ruled from 1509 until his death in 1529, and is today a hero of people of Telugu descent in South India. ... A Gotra indicates lineage in the Hindu community. ... Vijayanagara (often written Vijayanagar), in northern Karnataka, is the name of the now ruined capital city of the historic Vijayanagar empire in the Southern part of India. ... Vijayanagara (often written Vijayanagar), in northern Karnataka, is the name of the now ruined capital city of the historic Vijayanagar empire in the Southern part of India. ... For other uses, see Governor (disambiguation). ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ...

• Pemmasani Thimma Nayudu was the commander of Vijayanagar army which fought and won the battle of Gulbarga (Kalubarige) in 1422 CE. The grateful king Devaraya II made him the governor of Gandikota (Cuddapah)^[33]. Thimma Nayudu constructed a large number of temples and tanks in the Rayalaseema region. The Gandikota Kammas kept the Muslim rulers like the Bahmanis at bay and protected Telugu land for a long time to come.

• Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu was the most favourite and chief commander of Sri Krishna Deva Raya^[34]. The battle of Raichur was won by Ramalinga during which thousands of Kamma warriors perished. The exploits of Ramalinga were extolled by many poets ^[35]. Portuguese historian Nuniz referred Ramalinga as ‘Camanayque’ in his writings^[36]. (Pemmasani Nayaks).

• Another illustrious clan which won laurels in Vijayanagar Empire were the Ravella Nayaks. Many commanders of this clan fought and protected the honour of Telugu country^[37].

• Kammas controlled large swathes of southern and northern Tamil Nadu for several years under the title of Nayacker or Naicker or Naidu, which was a legacy of the Vijayanagar Empire.

Martial clans: Many clans figure prominently in the battles during Vijayanagar era and in the subsequent years. Some of these clans include Eruva, Matcha, Konda, Kodali, Sammeta, Choda/Chode, Dasari, Alamandala, Adapa, Suryadevara, Nadendla, Veliseti, Sakhamuri etc., ^[38]. Vijayanagara (often written Vijayanagar), in northern Karnataka, is the name of the now ruined capital city of the historic Vijayanagar empire in the Southern part of India. ... Gulbarga is a town in the Indian state of Karnataka. ... For other uses, see Governor (disambiguation). ... Gandikota or Gorgefort, is believed, was founded in 1123 A.D. by a certain chief Kakaraja, a subordinate of Ahavamalla Someswara I, the Western Chalukyan king of Kalyana. ... Map showing cuddapah district Cuddapah, or Kadapa, as it is known now, is one of the districts of Rayalaseema in Andhra Pradesh, India. ... the region marked in green Rayalaseema is an unofficial region of Indias Andhra Pradesh state. ... Gandikota or Gorgefort, is believed, was founded in 1123 A.D. by a certain chief Kakaraja, a subordinate of Ahavamalla Someswara I, the Western Chalukyan king of Kalyana. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... The Bahmani Sultanate was a Muslim state of the Deccan in southern India. ... Sri Krishna Deva Raya, was a Great King who ruled during the Golden Period of Telugu history. ... // Raichur is a small town in the south Indian state of Karnataka. ... The hard earned independence of Telugu land came to an end in fifty years with the martyrdom of Musunuri Kapaneedu in 1370 A.D at the hands of Velamas who colluded with Bahmani sultan (See Musunuri Nayaks). ... The Vijayanagara empire was based in the Deccan, in peninsular and southern India, from 1336 onwards. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... The Vijayanagara empire was based in the Deccan, in peninsular and southern India, from 1336 onwards. ... Vijayanagara (often written Vijayanagar), in northern Karnataka, is the name of the now ruined capital city of the historic Vijayanagar empire in the Southern part of India. ...

Golkonda period

Vijayanagar kingdom underwent very difficult times after the battle of Tallikota in 1565. Pemmasani Nayaks, Ravella Nayaks and Sayapaneni Nayaks steadfastly helped the Araviti kings in keeping the Muslims at bay. It took another 90 years to consolidate the Muslim power in Andhra country with the capture of Gandikota in 1652. Kamma nayaks migrated in large numbers to the Tamil region. During the Golkonda period, the Sayapaneni Nayaks (1626-1802) ruled Dupadu region as vassals of the Golkonda sultans ^[39]. Gangappa Nayudu, Venkatadri Nayudu and Rangappa Nayudu were famous among them. Ibrahim Qutb Shah captured Kondavidu in 1579. Rayarao, his Maratha commander, appointed Deshmukhs and Chowdarys in 497 villages. Some of the prominent Chowdarys belonged to Dasari, Chava, Nallamotu,Nagandla,Narvaneni, Kosaraju,Kakani, Paruchuri, Vadlamudi, Ravella, Vunnam and Vasireddy clans. The usage of the name ‘Chowdary’ in coastal Andhra commenced at this time. Vijayanagara (often written Vijayanagar), in northern Karnataka, is the name of the now ruined capital city of the historic Vijayanagar empire in the Southern part of India. ... Battle of Talikota or Tellikota (January 26, 1565) fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Deccan sultanates resulted in a rout for Vijayanagara and ended the last great Hindu kingdom in South India. ... The hard earned independence of Telugu land came to an end in fifty years with the martyrdom of Musunuri Kapaneedu in 1370 A.D at the hands of Velamas who colluded with Bahmani sultan (See Musunuri Nayaks). ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Sapayaneni Nayaks ruled small region of Telugu country called Dupati Seema during the transition period between Aravidu dynasty of Vijayanagar kingdom and Golkonda regime. ... Andhra Pradesh (ఆంధర దేశం), a state in South India, lies between 12°41 and 22°N latitude and 77° and 84°40E longitude . ... Gandikota or Gorgefort, is believed, was founded in 1123 A.D. by a certain chief Kakaraja, a subordinate of Ahavamalla Someswara I, the Western Chalukyan king of Kalyana. ... (Tamil தமிழகம்) is a Tamil word meaning the Tamil country or the Tamil home. ... Golconda fort overlooking Hyderabad Golkonda, also Golconda, a ruined city of south-central India and west of Hyderabad, capital of ancient Hyderabad state (c. ... Sapayaneni Nayaks ruled small region of Telugu country called Dupati Seema during the transition period between Aravidu dynasty of Vijayanagar kingdom and Golkonda regime. ... Golconda fort overlooking Hyderabad Golkonda, also Golconda, a ruined city of south-central India and west of Hyderabad, capital of ancient Hyderabad state (c. ... Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah Wali (sometimes transliterated other ways) was the third ruler of the kingdom of Golconda in southern India under the Qutb Shahi dynasty. ... The Marāthās (Marathi: , also Mahrattas) form an Indo Aryan group of Hindu warriors and peasants hailing mostly from the present-day state of Maharashtra, who created a the expansive Maratha Empire, covering a major part of India, in the late 17th and 18th centuries. ... Andhra Pradesh (ఆంధర దేశం), a state in South India, lies between 12°41 and 22°N latitude and 77° and 84°40E longitude . ...

Vasireddy Sadasiva Nayudu ruled Nandigama paragana from 1550 to 1581 ^[40]. He was granted the paragana by Ibrahim Qutb Shah of Golkonda. Chinapadmanabha Nayudu got a grant of 500 villages from Abul Hassan Tanisha in 1685.^[41] He built a fort at Chintapalli and ruled it until 1710 CE. His successors ruled until 1760. During this period the French and the British were trying to gain control of the Andhra country. Jaggayya ruled Chintapalli from 1763 onwards. He was killed by French troops sent by Basalat Jung, brother of the Golkonda Nawab in 1771. Jaggayya’s wife Acchamma committed Sati. Jaggayya’s son Venkatadri recovered Chintapalii in 1777 and earned fame as a benevolent and illustrious ruler ^[42]. (Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu and Vasireddy Clan). The British gained control of Andhra by 1788 from Golkonda Nawabs. Another Kamma principality during Golkonda period was Devarakota with Challapalli as its capital. Its ruler, Yarlagadda Guruvarayudu was subdued by Abdullah Qutb Shah in 1576. His successors ruled as vassals of Golkonda till the French took over in 1751 and later the British in 1765. Nandigama is a small town and a Mandal in Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India. ... Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah Wali (sometimes transliterated other ways) was the third ruler of the kingdom of Golconda in southern India under the Qutb Shahi dynasty. ... Golconda fort overlooking Hyderabad Golkonda, also Golconda, a ruined city of south-central India and west of Hyderabad, capital of ancient Hyderabad state (c. ... Abul Hasan Qutb Shah (also transliterated in different ways) was the seventh and last ruler of the kingdom of Golconda in southern India under the Qutb Shahi dynasty. ... Andhra Pradesh (ఆంధర దేశం), a state in South India, lies between 12°41 and 22°N latitude and 77° and 84°40E longitude . ... Golconda fort overlooking Hyderabad Golkonda, also Golconda, a ruined city of south-central India and west of Hyderabad, capital of ancient Hyderabad state (c. ... Sati may refer to any of the following: The Hindu Goddess Sati, daughter of Daksha and wife of Shiva A social practise in some parts of India in past centuries, often spelt Suttee The Buddhist Sati; see mindfulness. ... Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu (1783-1816) was the last king of the Vasireddy Clan that ruled parts of coastal Andhra pradesh from 1413 A.D. till the advent of British. ... The first historical record of the Vasireddy clan can be traced from 1413 AD inscription of Pothineedu at Pithapuram (East Godavari district) in the state of Andhra Pradesh. ... Andhra Pradesh (ఆంధర దేశం), a state in South India, lies between 12°41 and 22°N latitude and 77° and 84°40E longitude . ... Golconda fort overlooking Hyderabad Golkonda, also Golconda, a ruined city of south-central India and west of Hyderabad, capital of ancient Hyderabad state (c. ... Golconda fort overlooking Hyderabad Golkonda, also Golconda, a ruined city of south-central India and west of Hyderabad, capital of ancient Hyderabad state (c. ... Abdullah Qutb Shah (also transliterated in different ways) was the sixth ruler of the kingdom of Golconda in southern India under the Qutb Shahi dynasty. ... Golconda fort overlooking Hyderabad Golkonda, also Golconda, a ruined city of south-central India and west of Hyderabad, capital of ancient Hyderabad state (c. ...

British period

By the end of 18th century the British East India Company had consolidated their rule in Andhra. The armies of Zamindars and Deshmukhs were dismantled and only the power of tax collection was left intact. The well-known Kamma Zamindaris under the British rule were Muktyala, Chintapalli (Amaravati), Challapalli, Devarakota, Kapileswarapuram, Kesanakurru, Undrajavaram, Rangapuram, Katuru, Surepalli, Cherukuru etc. These Zamindars encouraged modern education by establishing many schools and libraries. The British East India Company, sometimes referred to as John Company, was the first joint-stock company (the Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock). ... Andhra Pradesh (ఆంధర దేశం), a state in South India, lies between 12°41 and 22°N latitude and 77° and 84°40E longitude . ...

Modern history

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After the decline of major kingdoms, Kammas controlled large fertile areas in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, as a legacy of their martial past. The British recognized their prominence and made them village heads(Talari) also known as Chowdary to collect taxes. The association of Kammas with the land and agriculture is legendary. The martial prowess of Kammas was put to good use to tame the lands in modern times. There are many proverbs in Telugu language which speak of the Kammas’ adeptness in agriculture and their emotional attachment to the soil. English historians like Edgar Thurston and noted agricultural scientists like M. S. Randhawa eulogized the spirit of Kamma farmers ^{[43] [44]}. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... “Andhra” redirects here. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... Kamma is a caste or social group found in the south Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu. ... Telugu (తెలుగు) is a Dravidian language (South-Central Dravidian languages) primarily spoken in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, where it is the official language. ...

Construction of dams and barrages and establishment of an irrigation system in Godavari and Krishna river deltas by Sir Arthur Cotton was a great boon to the Kamma farmers. Availability of water and the natural propensity for hard work made the Kammas wealthy and prosperous. The money was put to good use by establishing numerous schools and libraries and encouraging their children to take up modern education. Among the non-Brahmin communities, Kammas were one of the first to take to education in large numbers. Over a period of 10 years, in Guntur District alone, 130 High schools were established by their initiative. The first KAMMA HOSTEL for students was built in KHAMMAM Town, KHAMMAM DISTRICT, before Independence, when khammam was a part of Hyderabad state, which was under Nizam's rule The zamindars of Challapalli and Kapileswarapuram founded many schools and libraries. In the modern times, the pace of the growth in wealth accelerated due to their enterprise and notable achievements in business, real estate, farming, arts and movie industry, education, medicine, engineering, media and high technology Godavari river map The Godavari River, adjacent to the town of Kovvur This article is about Godavari River in India. ... Krishna in Vijayawada in 2007 The River Krishna (meaning dark (feminine) in Sanskrit, also called the Krishnaveni, is one of the longest rivers of India (about 1300 km in length). ... General Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton (15 May 1803 Oxford – 25 July 1899 Dorking) was a British general and irrigation engineer. ... , Guntur is a district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh on the east coast of Bay of Bengal. ... Zamindar, also known as Zemindar, Zamindari, or the Zamindari System (Persian: زمیندار) were employed by the Mughals to collect taxes from peasants. ...

The Kammas of Tamil Nadu have also excelled in the cultivation of black cotton soils and later diversified into various industrial enterprises, particularly in Coimbatore. Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... , Coimbatore   (Tamil: ), also known as Kovai (Tamil: ), is a major industrial city in India. ...

In the recent past, enterprising farmers migrated to other regions such as Nizamabad; Raichur and Bellary (Karnataka), Raipur (Chattisgarh) and Sambalpur (Orissa) and bought lands. In the past fifty years, the enterprise of the Kammas has profoundly influenced every aspect of social, economic and political life of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and the country in general. The contribution of Kammas to the economy of the state of Andhra Pradesh is significant. See for the district information in Nizamabad district. ... Raichur, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River, is the capital of the Raichur district, an administrative district in the state of Karnataka (formerly Mysore) in India. ... , Bellary (Kannada: pronunciation: in Kannada and in English) is a city in Bellary District in Karnataka state, India. ... , Karnātakā   (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ... , Raipur   (Hindi: रायपुर) is the capital city of the state of Chhattisgarh, India. ... Chhattisgarh (छत्तीसगढ़), a state in central India, formed when the sixteen southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh gained statehood on November 1, 2000. ... Sambalpur is a city in the western portion of Indias Orissa state. ... , Orissa   (Oriya: ଓଡ଼ିଶା), is a state situated on the east coast of India. ... “Andhra” redirects here. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... “Andhra” redirects here. ...

With the power of knowledge and education, a large number of Kammas have migrated to the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand etc. This migration is continuing unabated. Kammas have truly become Global citizens.

Distribution

In Total Andhra pradesh, at present Highest KAMMA population are found in KHAMMAM DISTRICT located in Telangana Region of Andhra Pradesh. The Kamma community are also found in significant numbers in Guntur, Krishna, Prakasam and West Godavari districts of Coastal Andhra Pradesh and in large numbers in Chittoor, Khammam, Hyderabad, Rangareddy, Anantapur, East Godavari, Nizamabad, Visakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh; Bellary]] and Bangalore districts of Karnataka; and Chennai, Coimbatore, Tirunelveli, Tuticorin, Kovilpatti, Madurai, Virudhunagar, Theni, Karur, Dindigal, North Arcot and South Arcot districts of Tamil Nadu. This article is about a city in India. ... This article is about the Hindu deity. ... Prakasam is an administrative district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. ... Map showing West Godavari district West Godavari (పశ్చిమ గోదావరి) is a district in Andhra Pradesh in India. ... Image:Chitoor. ... , Khammam is a town in the Khammam District of Indias Andhra Pradesh state. ... Hyderabad   or Haydarābād // ( Urdu:حیدر آباد), (Telugu:హైదరాబాదు) is the capital city of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ... Map showing rangareddi district Rangareddi District is a district in the Andhra Pradesh State of India. ... , Anantapuram   (Anantapuram in vernacular) is a city (population: 466,359) and a municipal corporation in Anantapur district in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... See for the district information in Nizamabad district. ... , Visakhapatnam  (telugu - విశాఖపట్నం) (also Viśākhapattanamu, shortened and anglicized: Vizag or Vizagapatnam) is a port city in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ... “Andhra” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Bangalore (disambiguation). ... , Karnātakā   (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ... , “Madras” redirects here. ... , Coimbatore   (Tamil: ), also known as Kovai (Tamil: ), is a major industrial city in India. ... , Tirunelveli district [8] is the penultimate southern most district of Tamilnadu in India. ... Thoothukudi (தூத்துக்குடி in Tamil), also known as Tuticorin is a city and district in Tamil Nadu, India. ... , Kovilpatti (கோவில்பட்டி in Tamil) is a town and a municipality in Tuticorin / Toothukudi District in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ... {{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction | native_name = Madurai | type = city | latd = 9. ... , Virudhunagar is a city and a municipality in Virudhunagar district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ... , Theni is a Business Center in Western Tamil Nadu of southern India. ... Karur (Tamil : கரூர் ) is a town and a municipality in Karur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ... Dindigul is a city in the Tamil Nadu state of southern India. ... The Indian District of North Arcot split on 1989-09-30 into Tiruvannamalai-Sambuvarayar (present-day Tiruvannamalai District) and North Arcot Ambedkar (present-day Vellore District). ... South Arcot is a former district of British India, located in the state of Tamil Nadu. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ...

Kamma community are the largest community found in NORTH AMERICA(USA) TELUGU's.

Zamindaris

• Challapalli - Yarlagadda Clan
• Chintapalli/Amaravati - Vasireddy clan
• Kapileswarapuram - Balusu clan
• Muktyala - Vasireddy clan
• Melkalathuru (Old Arcot Dt) - Bollineni/Bollini Clan
• Kurivikulam (Tirunelveli Dt) – Pemmasani clan
• Ilavarasanandanan (Tirunelveli Dt) – Ravella clan
• Neikarapatti (Dindugal Dt) – Pemmasani clan

Surnames

Several Kamma surnames end with 'neni' denote the descent from an ancestor having the title 'Nayakudu/Nayudu/Nayuni. For example, persons with surname 'Veeramachaneni' are descendants of 'Veeramacha Nayudu'. Other surnames indicate the villages to which the persons originally belonged to. Kammas use different titles in different regions such as Chowdary, Naidu, Rao and Naicker. In Tamil Nadu and Southern Andhra Pradesh, Naidu is commonly used. Naicker title is added in the areas south of Coimbatore district. However, Telugu speaking Velama, Balija, Gavara and other communities also use the titles Naidu and Naicker in Coastal Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu respectively. Kamma is a caste or social group found in the south Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu. ... Naidu or Nayudu or Naidoo is a common title used by various social groups of Andhra Pradesh. ... Rao is a surname in several different cultures. ... Naiker also Nayakar, Nayakkar, Naicker is title used by many Andhra Pradesh, Tamil nadu and Karnataka derived people in India and abroad in the Tamil diaspora. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... “Andhra” redirects here. ... Naidu or Nayudu or Naidoo is a common title used by various social groups of Andhra Pradesh. ... Naiker also Nayakar, Nayakkar, Naicker is title used by many Andhra Pradesh, Tamil nadu and Karnataka derived people in India and abroad in the Tamil diaspora. ... Telugu (తెలుగు) is a Dravidian language (South-Central Dravidian languages) primarily spoken in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, where it is the official language. ... This article or section contains self-references. ... Balija is a is a Sub Caste of the Kapu or Naidu caste of Andhra Pradesh found in the state of Andhra Pradesh,Tamil Nadu and Karnataka and primarily concentrated in the Rayalaseema Region of Andhra Pradesh. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Sub-Divisions

There are a few divisions among Kammas, although these have largely disappeared for all practical purposes. The divisions are:

1. Pedda Kamma (Descendants of Nayaks and ruling clans, belonging to many surnames.)
2. Chinna Kamma (Majority of the Kammas).
3. Kota Kamma (Descendants of Dharanikota kings with surnames Kota, Sagineni etc.).
4. Gampa Kamma (Descendants of Gandikota Nayaks who migrated to coastal districts after the downfall of Gandikota).
5. Gandikota Kamma (Descendants of Gandikota Nayaks who migrated to Tamil Nadu).

Religion

While most of the Kammas are Hindus there were conversions to other religions/schools of thought such as Christianity, Atheism, Buddhism and Islam. Christianity percentage by country, purple is highest, orange is lowest Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch... “Atheist” redirects here. ... A silhouette of a Buddha statue at Ayutthaya, Thailand. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ...

Politics

Kammas are politically very active, especially in the Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema regions of Andhra Pradesh and parts of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. During the twentieth century a number of leaders like Prof N.G. Ranga, Kotha Raghuramaiah, Gottipati Brahmaiah, Moturu Hanumantha Rao and Kalluri Chandramouli took prominent roles in the national freedom movement. Several Kammas were also attracted to leftist ideals and joined the Communist Party. It was a strong political force in the state until the mid sixties. Many wealthy Kammas willingly relinquished their lands and actively worked for the land distribution reforms. This helped many landless individuals attain middle class status and brought about greater economic development of the state as a whole rather than to just one particular community. We are witnessing the benefits of this sacrifice now in the state as Andhra Pradesh has developed into an economic hub. However, their affinity towards the Communist party in the early days led them to lose political clout along with the diminished influence of the Communist party throughout the world. Coastal Andhra is an unofficial region of Indias Andhra Pradesh state. ... the region marked in green Rayalaseema is an unofficial region of Indias Andhra Pradesh state. ... “Andhra” redirects here. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... , Karnātakā   (Kannada: ಕನಾ೯ಟಕ) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ... N.G.Ranga or Achrya N. G. Ranga is a former politician from Guntur City in India. ... Kotha Raghuramaiah was born in 1912 in a small village, Jagarlamudi in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, South India. ... In modern usage, the term communist party is generally used to identify any political party which has adopted communist ideology. ... “Andhra” redirects here. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ...

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During the 1980s, they again played a key role in state and national politics with the inception of the Telugu Desam Party. Nandamuri Taraka Ramarao gave a progressive direction to Andhra Pradesh and won global recognition to the Telugu language and the state of Andhra Pradesh. His legacy was continued by Nara Chandrababu Naidu. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Telugu Desam Party (Party for Telugu Land) or TDP is a regional political party in Andhra Pradesh state of India founded by former Telugu film star N.T. Rama Rao on 29 March 1982. ... NTR Nandamuri Taraka Ramarao (28 May 1923 – 18 January 1996), more commonly known as N.T. Ramarao, NTR, or Anna garu, was an Indian film actor, director, and producer. ... “Andhra” redirects here. ... Telugu (తెలుగు) is a Dravidian language (South-Central Dravidian languages) primarily spoken in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, where it is the official language. ... “Andhra” redirects here. ... Nara Chandrababu Naidu Nara Chandrababu Naidu (born April 20, 1951) was the chief minister of Andhra Pradesh during 1995-2004. ...

Crossroads

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The Kammas are at a crossroads, today. A large number of families has already transplanted themselves to urban centres in India and abroad. Their enterprising nature and hard work created a class of ‘neo-rich’. In villages, land reforms forced many Kammas to give away their lands to the government. Subsequently, land holdings got fragmented and presently most of the Kammas living in rural areas are small farmers. The vagaries of weather and a lack of good "support prices" made agriculture unremunerative. Loss of interest in agriculture and the lure of urban environment have only exacerbated the situation. There are impending signs of a gulf developing between the rural and urban Kammas. Development of collective and corporate agriculture in the near future may obviate this possible scenario. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Land reform (also agrarian reform) is the government-initiated or government-backed transfer of ownership of (or tenure in) agricultural land. ...

See also

• List of Kammas

This is a list of notable Kammas (that is, notable members of the Kamma caste or social group distributed predominantly in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in India). ...

Notes

Garuda Purana is one of the Puranas which are part of the Hindu body of texts known as the smriti. ...

References

Inscriptions

• Konidena inscription of Tribhuvana Malla – 1146 CE
• South Indian Inscriptions, Vol. I, p. 243 and 317
• Annual Report of Madras Epigraphy Vol. 38, No. 346 (Inscription of Pinnama Nayudu)
• Annual Report of Madras Epigraphy, Vol. 38, No. 348 (Inscription of Devineni Erra Nayudu)
• Journal of Andhra History and Culture, Vol. 1, No. 2
• Annual Report of Madras Epigraphy, 1916, Vol. 15, No. 333, p. 135 (Details of Rudrama's bodyguards).

External links

• Kamma Velugu - A comprehensive community website
• International Kamma Service Society - A social service website for kammas
• KAMMAVARU - A Yahoo! group