Kandidat (Russian: кандидат) or Candidate of Science (кандидат наук) is a holder of a first post-graduate scientific degree in the former USSR since 1934 and in some post-Soviet states, awarded for a dissertation (the Doctor of Science is one level higher than the Kandidat). It is roughly translated into the Ph.D., but not always recognized internationally as such, and in some official cases an additional certification is requested. This article is about the thesis in dialectics and academia. ... D.Sc, Sc. ... Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. ...

The work on a dissertation is commonly carried out during a postgraduate study period, called aspirantura (аспирантура) in Russian. It is performed either within an educational institution (such as a University) or a scientific research institution (such as an institute of the Academy of Sciences network). It may be also carried out without direct relation to Academia. In exceptional cases, the Kandidat degree may be awarded on the strength of the sum of published scientific works. Quaternary education or postgraduate education is the fourth-stage educational level which follows the completion of an undergraduate degree at a college or university. ... Academy of Sciences can refer to a national academy or another learned society dedicated to sciences. ...

A necessary prerequisite is passing an examination called kandidat minimum. In the Soviet Union, kandidiat minimum exams included exams in the specialist field of the dissertant, in a foreign language of his/her choice and in Scientific Communism. In modern Russia, Scientific Communism is replaced by Philosophy. Scientific Communism was one of the three major ingredients of Marxism-Leninism as taught in the Soviet Union in all institutions of higher education and pursued in the corresponding research institutions, and departments. ... The Philosopher (detail), by Rembrandt Philosophy is a field of study that includes diverse subfields such as aesthetics, epistemology, ethics, logic, and metaphysics, in which people ask questions such as whether God exists, whether knowledge is possible, and what makes actions right or wrong. ...

The dissertation is presented in accredited educational or scientific institutions before a Higher Attestation Commission or Higher Attestation Commission (высшая аттестационная комиссия, ВАК). The USSR-wide organisation was called the "Higher Attestation Commission under the USSR Council of Ministers"; every Union republic had its own HAC. The seeker of the degree must have an official "scientific supervisor" (научный руководитель), although this is sometimes merely a formailty. The presentation is literally called "defence of dissertation" in Russian. The dissertation must be delivered together with official references of several reviewers, called "opponents" (оппоненты) In a procedure called the "defence of the dissertation" the dissertation is summarized before the Commission, followed by speeches by the opponents or the reading of their references. In its final decades of its existence, the Soviet Union consisted of 15 Soviet Socialist Republics (SSR), often called simply Soviet republics. ...

There were two forms of presentation: "open defence" and "closed defence". "Open" means that the general public is admitted to the session. "Closed" means nobody is admitted but the immediate participants. The latter is performed when the topic is declared to be a matter of national security. It is widely recognized that "closed" dissertations were often below real scientific merits and arranged for Soviet apparatchiks that were to hold an office that by statute required a scientific degree. Security measures taken to protect the Houses of Parliament in London, England. ... See Apparatchik (disambiguation) for other meanings. ...