Kangnido map (1402)
Korean Name
Revised Romanization	Honilgangniyeokdaegukdojido
McCune-Reischauer (North Korean)	Honilgangniryŏktaeguktojido
Hangul	혼일강리역대국도지도
Chosŏn'gŭl (North Korean Hangul)	혼일강리력대국도지도
Hanja	混一疆理歷代國都之圖
Short Name	Gangnido (Kangnido; 강리도; 疆理圖)

The Kangnido map ("Integrated Historical Map of Countries and Cities"), was made in Korea from Chinese source material in 1402, by Kim Sa-hyeong (김사형:金士衡), Yi Mu (이무:李茂) and Yi Hoe (이회). Download high resolution version (1739x1615, 2623 KB)The Korean Kangnido map (1402). ... The Revised Romanization of Korean (Korean: 국어의 로마자 표기법; 國語의 로마字 表記法) is the official Korean language romanization system in South Korea. ... McCune-Reischauer romanization is one of the two most widely used Korean language romanization systems, along with the Revised Romanization of Korean, which replaced (a modified) McCune-Reischauer as the official romanization system in South Korea in 2000. ... North Korea, officially the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK; Korean: Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk; Hangul: 조선민주주의인민공화국; Hanja: 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國), is a country in eastern Asia... For other uses, see Hangul (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Hangul (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that Sino-Korean be merged into this article or section. ... Korea (Korean: 한국 or ì¡°ì„ , see below) is a geographic area, civilization, and former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. ... Events September 14 - Battle of Homildon Hill. ... Yi Mu is a name borne by several Korean people: Yi Mu (early Joseon) (1355-1409), a scholar-official of the early Joseon Dynasty. ...

The map depicts the totality of the Old World, from Europe and Africa in the west, to Korea and Japan in the east, with an oversized China in the middle, at a time preceding the first European voyages of exploration, and even the famous travels by the Chinese Admiral Zheng He, suggesting in-depth geographical knowledge and explorations from a very early date. The Old World consists of those parts of Earth known to Europeans before the voyages of Christopher Columbus; it includes Europe, Asia, and Africa (collectively known as Africa-Eurasia), plus surrounding islands. ... Zheng He (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Cheng Ho; Birth name: 馬三寶 / 马三宝; pinyin: Mǎ Sānbǎo; Arabic name: حجّي محمود Hajji Mahmud) (1371–1433), was a famous Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat and fleet admiral, who made the voyages collectively referred to as the travels of Eunuch Sanbao to the...

Origins

China began to explore the territories to the west from the embassy of Zhang Qian in 126 BCE. Various countries were thus identified, such as K'ang-chü (Sogdiana), Ta-Yuan (in Ferghana), An-shih (파사:pa-sa:Parthia) and Daqin (대진:Daejin:the Roman empire). China also engaged in sea travel, especially following the expansion of Islam on the continent in the 8th century. Zhang Qian leaving emperor Han Wudi, for his expedition to Central Asia from 138 to 126 BCE, Mogao Caves mural, 618-712 CE. Zhang Qian (Chinese:張騫; died 113 BCE) was a Chinese explorer and imperial envoy in the 2nd century BCE, during the time of the Han Dynasty. ... Sogdiana (Sug`ud,Sug`diyona -Uzbek, Sughd - Tajik, Sugdiane, Old Persian Sughuda, Persian:سغد, Chinese: Kang-Kü) ancient civilization of Iranian peoples, then was a province of the Achaemenian Empire, the eighteenth in the list in the Behistun Inscription of Darius the Great (i. ... The Ta-Yuan (in Ferghana) was one of the three advanced civilizations of Central Asia around 130 BCE, together with Parthia and Greco-Bactria (Han Shu, Former Han Chinese Chronicles). ... Fergana is a city in the Fergana Valley, capital of the Fargona Viloyati of Uzbekistan. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Daqin (Ch:大秦) is the ancient Chinese name for the Roman Empire. ... The Roman Empire is the name given to both the imperial domain developed by the city-state of Rome and also the corresponding phase of that civilization, characterized by an autocratic form of government. ... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the Quran, its principal scripture, whose followers, known as Muslims (مسلم), believe God (Arabic: الله ) sent through revelations to Muhammad. ... (7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there. ...

According to the explanatory notes on the map, it was made by combining two earlier Chinese maps, a map, 聲教廣被圖 by Li Tse-min (李澤民) produced around 1330 and another map, 混一疆理圖 by Ch'ing Chün (清浚) produced around 1370, both maps now lost. These two maps came to Korea through the agency of the Korean ambassador Kim Sa-hyeong (1341-1407), and were combined in 1402 by Yi Hoe and Yi Mu. Events The Bulgars under Michael III are beaten by the Serbs at Velbuzhd, and large parts of Bulgaria fall to Serbia. ... Events Beginning of the rule of Poland by Capet-Anjou family. ... Korea (Korean: 한국 or ì¡°ì„ , see below) is a geographic area, civilization, and former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. ...

Contents

Main areas of the world as described by the Kangnido map.

Details of Africa, Europe and the Middle East.

The map depicts in great detail the Empire of China, as well as Korea and Japan, although relative sizes and positions are not exactly preserved. China and Korea are oversized, and Southeast Asia (with its protruding peninsula and profusion of islands) as well as India are rounded up into the global landmass. Download high resolution version (775x720, 97 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (775x720, 97 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (779x720, 91 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (779x720, 91 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is one of the six inhabited continents of the Earth. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Korea (Korean: 한국 or 조선, see below) is a geographic area, civilization, and former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. ...

In the West, the Arabian peninsula, Africa and Europe are quite clearly delineated, although the continents are shown smaller than their actual size. In particular, the Mediterranean is clearly depicted, as well as the Iberian and Italian peninsulas and the Adriatic. There are over 100 names for the European countries alone, including "Alumangia" for the Latin word Alemania (Germany). The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية, or جزيرة العرب) is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia consisting mainly of desert. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is one of the six inhabited continents of the Earth. ...

The knowledge of the actual contour of Africa indicates early explorations of the area, clearly predating the European explorations of Vasco da Gama. In particular, the southern tip of Africa is quite clearly depicted, as well as a river which may correspond to the Orange River in Southern Africa. To the north of the African continent, beyond the unexplored "black" central mass, a pagoda is represented for the lighthouse of Alexandria, and the Arab word "Misr" for Egypt is transliterated in Chinese. Vasco da Gama (IPA: (Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, c. ... The Orange River is the major river in South Africa. ... Categories: Africa geography stubs | Southern Africa ... Alexandria Modern Alexandria. ...

Most of the Chinese transcriptions of place-names in southwest Asia, Africa, and Europe come from Persianized Arabic originals, indicating that the Kangnido may have relied for a large part on knowledge transmitted from the Middle-East. The traditional Middle East and the G8s Greater Middle East. ...

Versions of the map

Only three copies of the Kangnido map are known, and all of them have been preserved in Japan. Two Kangnido maps were brought to Japan as part of the loot from Hideyoshi's invasion of Korea (1592-1598). The map currently in the Ryūkoku University (Jap: 龍谷大学) was originally given by Hideyoshi to the Honganji temple. Another map, today in the Honmyōji temple, was given by Katō Kiyomasa, also following the Korean campaigns. The third known version of the map is considered to be an adaptation of the Honganji map and is located at Tenri University. Hideyoshi at his old age. ... Combatants Joseon Dynasty Korea, Ming Dynasty China Japan under Toyotomi Hideyoshi Commanders Korea: Yi Sun-sin, Gwon Yul, Won Gyun, Kim Myung Won, Yi Il, Sin Lip, Gwak Jae-u, Kim Shi-min China: Li Rusong , Li Rubai, Ma Gui , Qian Shi-zhen, Ren Ziqiang, Yang Yuan, Zhang Shijue, Chen... Events January 30 - The death of Pope Innocent IX during the previous year had left the Papal throne vacant. ... Events January 7 - Boris Godunov seizes the throne of Russia following the death of his brother-in-law, Tsar Feodor I. April 13 - Edict of Nantes - Henry IV of France grants French Huguenots equal rights with Catholics. ... Honden, or main hall, of Higashi Honganji, Kyoto Honganji (本願寺, ) is a term that has been used to refer to a number of Buddhist temples across Japans history. ... Statue of Kato Kiyomasa in front of Kumamoto Castle Katō Kiyomasa (加藤清正, Katō Kiyomasa, July 25, 1562-August 2, 1611) was a daimyō during the Azuchi-Momoyama and Edo periods of Japanese history. ...

Influences

Comparison between the Fra Mauro map (1457) and the Kangnido (1402).

The Kangnido displays many similarities with the Fra Mauro map, made in 1457 by the Venetian monk Fra Mauro, both in the correctness of their assertions (the connection between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean), and in their mistakes (a huge river from the center of Africa going into the Red Sea, the flattened western coast of Africa, or the shoreline of South Asia). They share the same understanding of the Old World in its general structure, although the relative proportions of the countries and continents are inverted, with Europe and Africa enlarged on the Fra Mauro map, and China and especially Korea very largely represented in the Kangnido. Download high resolution version (1908x736, 432 KB)Kangnido map comparison with Fra Mauro map. ... Download high resolution version (1908x736, 432 KB)Kangnido map comparison with Fra Mauro map. ... The Fra Mauro map (1459) in Venice (inverted, South is normally at the top). ... The Fra Mauro map (1459) in Venice (inverted, South is normally at the top). ... Venice (Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venexia) is the capital of the region of Veneto and the province of the same name in Italy. ... The 1459 Fra Mauro map (south is at the top). ... Location of the Red Sea Image:Red Seaimage. ...

Both maps were made before the European voyages of exploration and the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 by the Europeans. It has been suggested that the geographical knowledge contained in the Kangnido map was created by Muslim, Indian or Chinese sailors (expedition of the Chinese Admiral Zheng He), and then transmitted to the West in some way or another, possibly through Indian or Muslim merchants, or through 15th century travelers to the East such as the Venetian Niccolo Da Conti. The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century, during which European ships traveled around the world to search for new trading routes and partners to feed burgeoning capitalism in Europe. ... The Cape of Good Hope; looking towards the west, from the coastal cliffs above Cape Point. ... Zheng He (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Cheng Ho; Birth name: 馬三寶 / 马三宝; pinyin: MÇŽ SānbÇŽo; Arabic name: حجّي محمود Hajji Mahmud) (1371–1433), was a famous Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat and fleet admiral, who made the voyages collectively referred to as the travels of Eunuch Sanbao to the... Niccolò Da Conti (also Nicolò de Conti) (1395–1469) was a Venetian merchant and explorer, born in Chioggia, who traveled to India and Southeast Asia during the early 15th century. ...

See also

• 1421 theory
• T and O map
• List of Korea-related topics

The 1421 theory of the Chinese discovery of the Americas originates from former British Royal Navy submarine commander Gavin Menzies. ... earliest printed example of a classical T and O map (by Guntherus Ziner, Augsburg, 1472), illustrating the first page of chapter XIV of the Etymologiae. ... This is a list of Wikipedia articles on Korea-related people, places, things, and concepts. ...

References

• Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 3.
• "Circa 1492. Art in the age of exploration", Washington National Gallery of Art, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-05167-0

Joseph Terence Montgomery Needham (December 9, 1900 – March 24, 1995) was a British biochemist and pre-eminent authority on the history of Chinese science. ...

External links

• The Kangnido map
• Analysis of the Kangnido map
• Yoktae chewang honil kangnido