Kano Jigoro (嘉納 治五郎 Kanō Jigorō)
Kano Jigoro, the founder of judo.
Born	October 28, 1860(1860-10-28) Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan
Died	May 4, 1938 (aged 77) aboard MV Hikawa Maru of pneumonia
Martial art practiced	Judo
Teacher(s)	Fukuda Hachinotsuke; Iso Masatomo; Iikubo Tsunetoshi
Rank	Judo: Founder Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū: Complete license

Kano Jigoro (嘉納 治五郎 Kanō Jigorō, 28 October 1860–4 May 1938) was the founder of judo. Judo was the first Japanese martial art to gain widespread international recognition, and the first to become an official Olympic sport.^[1] Pedagogical innovations attributed to Kano include the use of black and white belts to show relative ranking between members of a martial art style. Well-known mottoes attributed to Kano include "Maximum Efficiency with Minimum Effort" and "Mutual Welfare and Benefit." Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... This article is about the martial art and sport. ... is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Japan. ... Hyōgo Prefecture (兵庫県 Hyōgo-ken) is located in the Kinki region on Honshu island, Japan. ... is the 124th day of the year (125th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... A ship prefix is a combination of letters, usually abbreviations, used in front of the name of a civilian or naval ship. ... The steamship Queen of the Pacific sailed from San Francisco early on the afternoon of April 28, 1888. ... This article is about human pneumonia. ... This article is about the martial art and sport. ... Tenjin Shinyō-ryÅ« ), literally meaning Divine True Willow School, can be classified as a traditional school (koryÅ«) of jujutsu. ... Menkyo kaiden (免許皆伝:めんきょかいでん) is a Japanese term meaning license of total transmission. ... is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... is the 124th day of the year (125th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... This article is about the martial art and sport. ... Japanese martial arts refers to the enormous variety of martial arts native to Japan. ... The five Olympic rings were designed in 1913, adopted in 1914 and debuted at the Games at Antwerp, 1920. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

In his professional life, Kano was an educator. Important postings included service as director of primary education for the Ministry of Education (文部省, Monbushō) from 1898-1901, and as president of Tokyo Higher Normal School from 1901 until 1920.^[2] As such, he played a key role in getting judo and kendo made part of the Japanese public school programs of the 1910s. Office building The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology ), also known as MEXT, is one of the ministries of the Japanese government. ... Kendo ), or way of the sword, is the martial art of Japanese fencing. ... // The 1910s represent the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the second half of the 19th Century. ...

Kano was also a pioneer of international sports. Accomplishments included being the first Asian member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) (he served from 1909 until 1938), officially representing Japan at most Olympic Games held between 1912 and 1936, and serving as a leading spokesman for Japan's bid for the 1940 Olympic Games. Stamp The International Olympic Committee (French: Comité International Olympique) is an organization based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas on June 23, 1894. ... Year 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

His official honors and decorations included the First Order of Merit and Grand Order of the Rising Sun and the Third Imperial Degree. Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun The Order of the Rising Sun or Kyokujitsu sho(旭日章) is a Japanese Order (decoration), established in 1875 by Emperor Meiji of Japan. ...

Early years

Kano Jigoro was born to a sake brewing family in the town of Mikage, Japan (now within Higashinada-ku, Kobe). The family sake brands included "Shiroshika", "Hakutsuru", and "Kiku-Masamune". However, Kano's father, Kano Jirosaku Kireshiba, was an adopted son who did not go into the family business. Instead, he worked as a lay priest and as a senior clerk for a shipping line.^[3] Kano's father was a great believer in the power of education, and he provided Jigoro, his third son, with an excellent education. The boy's early teachers included the neo-Confucian scholars Yamamoto Chikuun and Akita Shusetsu.^[4] Kano's mother died when the boy was 9 years old, and his father moved the family to Tokyo. The young Kano was enrolled in private schools, and had his own English language tutor. In 1874, he was sent to a private school run by Europeans, to improve his English and German skills.^[3] Sake barrels at Itsukushima Shrine. ... Higashinada-ku (東灘区; Higashi-Nada-ku) is one of 9 wards of Kobe City in Japan. ... Neo-Confucianism (理學 Pinyin: Lǐxué) is a term for a form of Confucianism that was primarily developed during the Song dynasty, but which can be traced back to Han Yu and Li Ao in the Tang dynasty. ... For other uses, see Tokyo (disambiguation). ... Private schools, in the United States, Australia, Scotland, and other English-speaking countries, are schools not administered by local or national government, which retain the right to select their student body and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students tuition rather than with public funds. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

At the time, Kano stood 5 feet 2 inches but weighed only 90 pounds. He wished he were stronger.^[5] One day, a friend of the family, Nakai Baisei, who was a member of the shogun's guard, mentioned in passing that jujutsu was an excellent form of physical training. He then showed Kano a few techniques by which a smaller man might overcome a larger, stronger opponent. Kano decided he wanted to learn the art, despite Nakai's insistence that such training was an out of date and somewhat dangerous pastime. Kano's father also discouraged him from jujutsu, telling him to pursue a modern sport instead.^[6] Minamoto no Yoritomo, the first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate Shōgun )   is supreme general of the samurai,a military rank and historical title in Japan. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Jujutsu

Kano demonstrated jujutsu for Ulysses S. Grant when the former U.S. president visited Japan in 1879.

Undeterred, when Kano started attending Tokyo Imperial University in 1881, he started looking for jujutsu teachers. He did this by first looking for bonesetters, called seifukushi, on the assumption that doctors knew who the better martial art teachers were. This brought him to Yagi Teinosuke, who had been a student of Emon Isomata in the Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū school of jujutsu. Yagi in turn referred Kano to Fukuda Hachinosuke, a bonesetter who taught Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū in a 10-mat room adjacent to his practice. Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū was itself a combination of two older schools, the Yōshin-ryū and Shin no Shindō-ryū.^[7][8] Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 657 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Ulysses S. Grant Grant Categories: U.S. history images ... Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 657 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Ulysses S. Grant Grant Categories: U.S. history images ... “Todai” redirects here. ... Bonesetters are lay practitioners of joint manipulation. ... Tenjin Shinyō-ryÅ« ), literally meaning Divine True Willow School, can be classified as a traditional school (koryÅ«) of jujutsu. ...

Fukuda's training method consisted mostly of the student taking fall after fall for the teacher or senior student until he began to understand the mechanics of the technique. Fukuda stressed applied technique over ritual form. He gave beginners a short description of the technique and then had them engage in free practice (randori) in order to teach through experience. It was only after the student had attained some proficiency that he taught them traditional forms (kata). This method was difficult, as there were no special mats for falling, only the standard straw mats (tatami) laid over wooden floors.^[6] Randori (乱取り) is a term used in Japanese martial arts to describe free-style practice or sparring, sometimes with multiple attackers. ... Kata (型 or 形) (literally: form) is a Japanese word describing detailed choreographed patterns of movements practiced either solo or in pairs. ... Six-mat room with tatami flooring and shoji Tatami ) (originally meaning folded and piled) mats are a traditional Japanese flooring. ...

Kano had trouble defeating Fukushima Kanekichi, who was one of his seniors at the school. Therefore, Kano started trying unfamiliar techniques on his rival. He first tried techniques from sumo. When these did not help, he studied more, and tried a technique ("fireman's carry") that he learned from a book on western wrestling. This worked, and kataguruma, or "shoulder wheel", remains part of the judo repertoire.^[9] For other uses, see Sumo (disambiguation). ... Ancient Greek wrestlers (Pankratiasts) Wrestling is the act of physical engagement between two unarmed persons, in which each wrestler strives to get an advantage over or control of their opponent. ... Kata Guruma is one of the traditional forty throws of Judo as developed by Jigoro Kano, and is said to have been invented by Kano. ...

On 5 August 1879, Kano participated in a jujutsu demonstration given for former United States president Ulysses S. Grant. This demonstration took place at the home of the prominent businessman Shibusawa Eiichi. Other people involved in this demonstration included the jujutsu teachers Fukuda Hachinosuke and Iso Masatomo, and Kano's training partner Godai Ryusaku.^[10][11] Unfortunately, Fukuda died soon after this demonstration, at the age of 52. Kano then began studying with Iso, who had been a friend of Fukuda. Despite being 62 years old and only standing 5 feet tall, Iso's jujutsu training had given him a powerful build. He was known for excellence in kata, and was also a specialist in atemi, or the striking of vital areas. In Iso's method, one began with kata and then progressed to free fighting (randori). Due to Kano's intense practice and his solid grounding in the jujutsu taught by Fukuda, he was soon an assistant at Iso's school, and in 1881, at the age of 21, he gained a license (kyoshi menkyo) to teach Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū.^[9] is the 217th day of the year (218th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Ulysses S. Grant,[2] born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885), was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869–1877). ... Statue of Shibusawa Eiichi Shibusawa Eiichi (渋沢 栄一 Shibuzawa Eiichi, March 16, 1840 - November 11, 1931) was a Japanese industrialist. ... In Japanese martial arts, atemi ) designate blows to the body, as opposed to twisting of joints , strangleholds, holding technique and throws. ...

While under Iso's tutelage, Kano witnessed a demonstration by the Yōshin-ryū jujutsu teacher Totsuka Hikosuke and later took part in randori with members of Totsuka's school.^[12] Kano was impressed by the Yōshin-ryū practitioners and realized that he might never be able to beat someone as talented as Totsuka simply by training harder: he also needed to train smarter. It was this experience that first led Kano to believe that to be truly superior, one needed to combine the best elements of several ryū, or schools, of jujutsu. Toward this end, he began to seek teachers who could provide him with superior elements of jujutsu that he could adopt. RyÅ«(ç«œ or りゅう) means Dragon in Japanese. ...

After Iso died in 1881, Kano began training in Kitō-ryū with Iikubo Tsunetoshi. Ikubo was expert in kata and throwing, and fond of randori. Kano applied himself thoroughly to learning Kito-ryū, believing Iikubo's throwing techniques in particular to be better than in the schools he had previously studied.^[7][8] Kitō-ryÅ« ) is a traditional school (koryÅ«) of the Japanese martial art of jujutsu. ...

Kodokan judo

Establishment

"Judo" (柔道, jūdō^?), written in Japanese.

During the early 1880s, there was no clear separation between the jujutsu that Kano was teaching and the jujutsu that his teachers had taught in the past. Indeed, Kano's Kitō-ryū teacher, Iikubo Tsunetoshi, came to Kano's classes two or three times a week to support Kano's teaching.^[7][8] However, there eventually came the day when student and master began to exchange places, and Kano began to defeat Iikubo during randori:^[13] Image File history File links Judo. ... Image File history File links Judo. ... // Development and commercial production of electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered automobile by Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and Maybach First commercial production and sales of phonographs and phonograph recordings. ...

To name his system, Kano revived a term that Terada Kan'emon, the fifth headmaster of the Kitō-ryū, had adopted when he founded his own style, the Jikishin-ryū: "jūdō". The name combined the characters jū (柔), meaning "pliancy", and dō, which is literally "The Way", but figuratively meaning method.^[14][15] This article is about the Chinese character and the philosophy it represents. ...

From a technical standpoint, Kano combined the throwing techniques of the Kitō-ryū and the choking and pinning techniques of the Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū. As such, judo's Koshiki no Kata preserves the traditional forms of the Kitō-ryū with only minor differences from the mainline tradition. Similarly, many of the techniques (but not the forms) of the Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū are preserved in the Kime no Kata. Koshiki no Kata is a set of prearranged techniques in Judo. ... Kime no kata is a self-defense oriented series of katas in judo. ...

Initially, Kano borrowed ideas from everywhere. As he wrote in 1898, "By taking together all the good points I had learned of the various schools and adding thereto my own inventions and discoveries, I devised a new system for physical culture and moral training as well as for winning contests."^[5] However, after judo was introduced into the Japanese public schools, a process that took place between 1906 and 1917, there was increasing standardization of kata and tournament technique.

Development

Statue of Kano Jigoro outside the Kodokan Institute in Tokyo.

Kano also oversaw the development and growth of his judo organization, the Kodokan. This was a remarkable effort in itself, as the Kodokan's enrollment grew from fewer than a dozen students in 1882 to more than a thousand dan-graded members by 1911.^[16] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 400 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 3072 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 400 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 3072 pixel, file size: 1. ... The Kodokan Institute is the headquarters of the Judo World. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

In May or June 1882, Kano started the Kodokan dojo in space belonging to the Eishoji Temple.^[17] Kano had only a handful of students at this time, but they improved their technique through regular contests with local police jujutsu teams.^[18][19][20]

The Kodokan moved to a 60-mat space in April 1890.^[21] In December 1893, the Kodokan started moving to a larger space located in Tomizaka-cho, Koishikawa-cho, and this move was complete by February 1894.^[22]

The Kodokan's first gankeiko, or winter training, took place at the Tomizaka-cho dojo during the winter of 1894-1895. Midsummer training, or shochugeiko, started in 1896. "In order to inure the pupil to the two extremes of heat and cold and to cultivate the virtue of perseverance", Britain's E.J. Harrison wrote:^[23] Ernest John (E.J.) Harrison (1873-1961) was an English journalist and judo practitioner. ...

During the late 1890s, the Kodokan moved two more times, first to a 207-mat space in November 1897, and then to a 314-mat space in January 1898.^[21] In 1909, Kano incorporated the Kodokan, and endowed it with ¥10,000 (then about U.S. $4,700). The reason, said Japan Times on 30 March 1913, was "so that this wonderful institution might be able to reconstruct, for that is what it really does, the moral and physical nature of the Japanese youth, without its founder's personal attention." The 1890s were sometimes referred to as the Mauve Decade, because William Henry Perkins aniline dye allowed the widespread use of that colour in fashion, and also as the Gay Nineties, under the then-current usage of the word gay which referred simply to merriment and frivolity, with no... is the 89th day of the year (90th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

The Kodokan moved one more time during Kano's lifetime, and on 21 March 1934, the Kodokan dedicated this 510-mat facility. Guests at the opening included the Belgian, Italian, and Afghan ambassadors to Japan.^[24] In 1958, when the Kodokan moved to its current 8-story, 986-mat, facility, this building was sold to the Japan Karate Association. is the 80th day of the year (81st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Japan Karate Association (or JKA; known in Japanese as Nihon Karate Kyokai, or sometimes just kyokai among karateka in Japan) is the primary shotokan karate organization. ...

Ideals

On 18 April 1888, Kano and Reverend Thomas Lindsay presented a lecture called "Jiujitsu: The Old Samurai Art of Fighting without Weapons" to the Asiatic Society of Japan. This lecture took place at the British Embassy in Tokyo. Its theme was that the main principle of judo involved gaining victory by yielding to strength.^[25] is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the toll-free telephone number see Toll-free telephone number Year 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Being an idealist, Kano had broad aims for judo, which he saw as something that simultaneously encompassed self-defense, physical culture, and moral behavior.^[26]

In 1915, Kano gave this definition to judo:^[27]

In 1918, Kano added:^[28]

The Kodokan dojo main entrance, Tokyo, Japan.

During March 1922, Kano brought all this to fruition through the introduction of the Kodokan Bunkakai, or Kodokan Cultural Association. This organization held its first meeting at Tokyo's Seiyoken Hotel on 5 April 1922, and held its first public lecture three days later at the YMCA hall in Kanda. The mottoes of the Kodokan Cultural Association were "Good Use of Spiritual and Physical Strength" and "Prospering in Common for Oneself and Others." Although those are literal translations, the phrases were usually translated into English as "Maximum Efficiency with Minimum Effort" and "Mutual Welfare and Benefit." The theories of this organization were described in some detail in an article published in Living Age in September 1922.^[29] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 400 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 3072 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 400 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 3072 pixel, file size: 1. ... The Kodokan Institute is the headquarters of the Judo World. ... Tokyo (東京; Tōkyō, lit. ... is the 95th day of the year (96th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Professional life

Educator

Although Kano promoted judo whenever he could, he earned his living as an educator.

Kano entered Tokyo Imperial University during June 1881. He majored in political science and economics, which at that time were taught by the Department of Aesthetics and Morals. He graduated in July 1882, and the following month he began work as a professor, fourth class, at the Gakushuin, or Peers School, in Tokyo.^[30] In 1883, Kano was appointed professor of economics at Komaba Agricultural College (now the Faculty of Agriculture at University of Tokyo), but during April 1885, he returned to Gakushuin, with the position of principal.^[30] “Todai” redirects here. ... An academic major, major concentration, concentration, or simply major is a mainly U.S. and Canadian term for a college or university students main field of specialization during his or her undergraduate studies. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Political Science is the field concerning the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behaviour. ... Face-to-face trading interactions on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor. ... The Gakushuin University (学習院大学 Gakushūin Daigaku) or formerly Peers School (now incorporated as the Gakushuin School Corporation) is an educational institution in Tokyo established in 1877, during the Meiji era, for the education of the children of the Japanese aristocracy, though it eventually also... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

In January 1891, Kano was appointed to a position at the Ministry of Education. In August 1891, he gave up this position to become a dean at the Fifth Higher Normal School (present-day Kumamoto University). One of the teachers at Fifth Higher between 1891 and 1893 was Lafcadio Hearn. Around this same time, Kano married. His wife, Sumako Takezoe, was the daughter of a former Japanese ambassador to Korea. Eventually, the couple had six daughters and three sons.^[31][32] In an educational setting, a dean is a person with significant authority . ... The Kumamoto University is in Kumamoto, Japan. ... Lafcadio Hearn, aka Koizumi Yakumo. ... This article is about the Korean peninsula and civilization. ...

During the summer of 1892, Kano went to Shanghai to help establish a program that would allow Chinese students to study in Japan. Kano revisited Shanghai during 1905, 1915, and 1921.^[33] For other uses, see Shanghai (disambiguation). ...

In January 1898, Kano was appointed director of primary education at the Ministry of Education, and in August 1899, he received a grant that allowed him to study in Europe. His ship left Yokohama on 13 September 1899, and he arrived in Marseilles on 15 October. He spent about a year in Europe, and during this trip, he visited Paris, Berlin, Brussels, Amsterdam, and London. He returned to Japan in 1901.^[34] Soon after returning to Japan, he resumed his post as president of Tokyo Higher Normal School,^[31] and he remained in this position until his retirement on 16 January 1920.^[35] For the town of Yokohama in Aomori Prefecture, see Yokohama, Aomori. ... is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Marseilles redirects here. ... is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... For other places with the same name, see Brussels (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Amsterdam (disambiguation). ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ...

John Dewey, a United States educator whose methods had influence upon Kano's teaching methodology.

Considering that he majored in political science and economics, Kano's family thought that after graduating from university, he would pursue a career in some government ministry. Indeed, through influential friends of his father's, he was initially offered a position with the Ministry of Finance. However, his love for teaching led him instead to accept a position teaching at Gakushuin. The students of Japan's elite attended Gakushuin and were of higher social positions than their teachers. The students were allowed to ride in rickshaws (jinrikisha) right to the doors of the classes, whereas teachers were forbidden. The teachers often felt compelled to visit the homes of these students whenever summoned to give instruction or advice. In effect, the teachers were treated as servants.^[6] American philospher and educator John Dewey Source: http://www. ... American philospher and educator John Dewey Source: http://www. ... John Dewey (October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, whose thoughts and ideas have been greatly influential in the United States and around the world. ... Japanese rickshaws c. ...

Kano believed this to be unacceptable. He refused to play such a subservient role when teaching his students. To Kano, a teacher must command respect. At the same time, he employed the latest European and American pedagogical methods. The theories of the American educator John Dewey especially influenced him.^[36] Kano's manner had the desired effect upon the students, but the administration was slower to warm to his methods and it was not until the arrival of a new principal that Kano's ideas found acceptance.^[6] Pedagogy (IPA: ) , the art or science of being a teacher, generally refers to strategies of instruction, or a style of instruction[1]. The word comes from the Ancient Greek (paidagōgeō; from (child) and (lead)): literally, to lead the child”. In Ancient Greece, was (usually) a slave who supervised the... John Dewey (October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, whose thoughts and ideas have been greatly influential in the United States and around the world. ...

All this is to say that Kano's educational philosophy was a combination of both traditional Japanese neo-Confucianism and contemporary European and American philosophies, to include Instrumentalism, Utilitarianism, and "evolutionary progressivism", as Social Darwinism was then known. In the philosophy of science, instrumentalism is the view that concepts and theories are merely useful instruments whose worth is measured not by whether the concepts and theories are true or false (or correctly depict reality), but by how effective they are in explaining and predicting phenomena. ... This article discusses utilitarian ethical theory. ... Social Darwinism is the idea that Charles Darwins theory can be extended and applied to the social realm, i. ...

The goals of Kano's educational philosophies and methods (indeed, the goals of most Japanese educational programs of the early 20th century) were to 1) develop minds, bodies, and spirits in equal proportion, 2) increase patriotism and loyalty, especially to the Emperor, 3) teach public morality, and 4) increase physical strength and stamina, especially for the purpose of making young men more fit for military service.^[37] His Imperial Majesty, Emperor Akihito of Japan The Emperor of Japan (天皇, tennō) is Japans titular head of state and the head of the Japanese imperial family. ...

Calisthenics, especially as done in the huge formations favored at the time, could be boring, and at the high school and college levels, games such as baseball and rugby were more often spectator sports than a practical source of physical exercise for the masses. Moreover, at elite levels, baseball, football, and even judo did not put much emphasis on moral or intellectual development. Instead, elite coaches and athletes tended to emphasize winning, at almost any cost.^[38] Female internees practicing calisthenics in Manzanar. ... This article is about the sport. ... For other uses, see Rugby (disambiguation). ... A spectator sport is a sport that is characterized by the presence of spectators, or watchers, at its matches. ...

For Kano, the answer to this connundrum was one word: judo. Not judo in the sense of simply throwing other people around, and definitely not judo in the sense of winning at any cost. Instead, it was judo in the sense of "Maximum Efficiency with Minimum Effort" and "Mutual Welfare and Benefit." Or, as Kano himself put it to a reporter in 1938: "When yielding is the highest efficient use of energy, then yielding is judo."^[39]

International Olympics Committee

Kano became active in the activities of the International Olympics Committee (IOC) in 1909. This came about after Kristian Hellstrøm of the Swedish Olympic Committee wrote to the governments of Japan and China to ask if they were going to send teams to the 1912 Olympics.^[40] The Japanese government did not want to embarrass itself on an international stage by saying no, so the Ministry of Education was told to look into this. The Ministry logically turned to Kano, who was a physical educator with recent experience in Europe. Kano agreed to represent Japan at the International Olympics Committee, and, after talking to the French ambassador to Japan and reading pamphlets sent by the Swedes, he got, in his words, "a fairly good idea of what the Olympic Games were."^[41]

Toward fulfilling his duties as a member, in 1912, Kano helped establish the Japan Amateur Athletic Association (Dai Nippon Tai-iku Kyokai), which had the mission of overseeing amateur sport in Japan. Kano was the official representative of Japan to the Olympics in Stockholm in 1912, and he was involved in organizing the Far Eastern Championship Games held in Osaka during May 1917. In 1920, Kano represented Japan at the Antwerp Olympics, and during the early 1920s, he served on the Japanese Council of Physical Education. He did not play much part in organizing the Far Eastern Championship Games held in Osaka in May 1923, nor did he attend the 1924 Olympics in Paris, but he did represent Japan at the Olympics in Amsterdam (1928), Los Angeles (1932), and Berlin (1936). From 1931 to 1938, he was also one of the leading international spokesmen in Japan's bid for the 1940 Olympics.^[33][42] Far Eastern Championship Games Logo The Far Eastern Championship Games (also known as Far East Games) was a small Asian multi-sport competition considered to be a precursor to the Asian Games. ... Osaka )   is a city in Japan, located at the mouth of the Yodo River on Osaka Bay, in the Kansai region of the main island of HonshÅ«. The city is the capital of Osaka Prefecture. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... For other uses, see Amsterdam (disambiguation). ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 1,290. ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ...

Kano's chief goal in all this was, in his words, to gather people together for a common cause, with friendly feeling.^[43] His goals did not, however, particularly involve getting judo into the Olympics. As he put it in a letter to Britain's Gunji Koizumi in 1936:^[44] Gunji Koizumi, (1885-1965) introduced Judo to England. ...

Legacy

In 1934, Kano quit giving public exhibitions. The reason was failing health, probably compounded by kidney stones. "People don’t seem to think he will live much longer", the British judoka Sarah Mayer wrote friends in London.^[45] Nevertheless, Kano continued attending important Kodokan events such as kagami-biraki (New Years' ceremonies) whenever he could, and he continued participating in Olympics business. Kidney stones are solid accretions (crystals) of dissolved minerals in urine found inside the kidneys or ureters. ... Judo (Japanese: 柔道 Jūdō) is a martial art, a sport and a philosophy which originated in Japan. ... Kagami biraki during a wedding Kagami Biraki is a Japanese phrase which literally translates to Opening the Mirror (from an abstinence) or, also, Breaking of the Mochi. ...

In May 1938, Kano died at sea, while on board the NYK Line motor vessel MV Hikawa Maru.^[46] Because the Japanese merchant fleet of the 1930s used Tokyo time wherever it was in the world, the Japanese date of death was 4 May 1938 at about 5:33 a.m. JST, whereas the international date of death was 3 May 1938 at 8:33 p.m. UTC.^[47] The cause of death was officially listed as pneumonia.^[48] During the 1990s, there appeared allegations that Kano was murdered by poisoning rather than dying of pneumonia.^[49] Although this conspiracy theory proved popular on the Internet, there is no known contemporary documentation to support it. The Japan-based Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha, Nippon Yusen Kaisha (日本郵船), or NYK Line, is one of the largest shipping companies in the world. ... A ship prefix is a combination of letters, usually abbreviations, used in front of the name of a civilian or naval ship. ... The steamship Queen of the Pacific sailed from San Francisco early on the afternoon of April 28, 1888. ... is the 124th day of the year (125th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... An Imperial Ordinance issued on December 27, Meiji 28 (1895) Japan Standard Time (日本標準時 or 中央標準時) is the standard timezone in Japan that is 9 hours ahead of UTC; i. ... is the 123rd day of the year (124th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... ... This article is about human pneumonia. ... For biological toxicity, see toxin and poison. ... For other uses, see Conspiracy theory (disambiguation). ...

Judo did not die with Kano. Instead, during the 1950s, judo clubs sprang up throughout the world, and in 1972, judo became an official Olympic sport. Kano's posthumous reputation was therefore assured. Nonetheless, his true legacy was his idealism. As Kano said in a speech given in 1934,^[7][8] "Nothing under the sun is greater than education. By educating one person and sending him into the society of his generation, we make a contribution extending a hundred generations to come."

Published works

• Kano, Jigoro. (October 1898 - December 1903). Kokushi.
• Lindsay, Thomas and Kano, Jigoro. (1889, 1915 reprint). "The Old Samurai Art of Fighting without Weapons", Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, XVI, Pt II, pp. 202-217.[14]
• Kano, Jigoro. (Jan. 1915 - December 1918). Jūdō.
• Kano, Jigoro. (1922). "Jiudo [sic]: The Japanese Art of Self Defence", Living Age, 314, pp. 724-731.[15]
• Kano, Jigoro. (1932). "The Contribution of Jiudo [sic] to Education", Journal of Health and Physical Education, 3, pp. 37-40, 58 (originally a lecture given at the University of Southern California on the occasion of the Xth Olympiad).[16]
• Kano, Jigoro. (1934). "Principles of Judo and Their Applications to All Phases of Human Activity", unpublished lecture given at the Parnassus Society, Athens, Greece, on 5 June 1934, reprinted as "Principles of Judo" in Budokwai Quarterly Bulletin, April 1948, pp. 37-42.[17]
• Kano, Jigoro. (1936). "Olympic Games and Japan", Dai Nippon, pp. 197-199. In Thomas A. Green and Joseph R. Svinth, eds., Martial Arts in the Modern World. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 2003, pp. 167-172.
• Kano, Jigoro. (1937). Judo (jujutsu) by Prof. Jigorō Kanō. Tokyo: Board of Tourist Industry, Japanese Government Railways.
• Kano, Jigoro. (1937). "Jujutsu and Judo; What Are They?" Tokyo: Kodokwan.
• Kano, Jigoro. (Undated.) Jujutsu Becomes Judo.[18]
• Kano, Jigoro. (1972). Kanō Jigorō, watakushi no shōgai to jūdō. Tokyo: Shin Jinbutsu Oraisha.
• Kano, Jigoro. (1981). Kanō Jigorō no kyōiku to shisō. Publication data unknown.
• Kano, Jigoro. (1983). Kanō Jigorō chosakushū. Tokyo: Gogatsu Shobo.
• Kano, Jigoro. (1986). Kodokan judo/Jigoro Kano; edited under the supervision of the Kodokan Editorial Committee. Tokyo and New York: Kodansha International.
• Kano, Jigoro. (1995). Kanō Jigorō taikei/kanshū Kōdōkan. Tokyo: Hon no Tomosha.

is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Kano Jigoro

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Kano Jigoro

• Hard and soft (martial arts)
• Judo technique
• Kosen judo
• Kuzushi
• Sanshiro Sugata
• The Principle of Ju

Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is one of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation, running on MediaWiki software. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Taijitu, the traditional symbol representing the forces of Yin and Yang. ... There is a variety of techniques recognized by Kodokan(講道館) judo (柔道) and other budo (武道). Below is a partial list, organized by technique type and alphabetically within type. ... Kosen judo (高專柔道) is the name given to the Kodokan Judo practiced at competitions by theKoutou Senmon Gakko (高等専門学校), special 5-year universities in Japan at the turn of the 20th century. ... Kuzushi ) is a Japanese term for unbalancing an opponent in the martial arts. ... Sanshiro Sugata , aka Judo Saga) is a 1943 film written and directed by Akira Kurosawa, based on a novel by Tomita Tsuneo. ... The principle of Jū (柔) underlies all classical Bujutsu (武術 martial arts) methods and was adopted by the developers of the Budō (武道 martial ways) disciplines. ...

References

A block print from the Wu Pei Chih (Bubishi in Japanese), an ancient text which describes techniques found in Chinese martial arts (mostly addressing White Crane Gong-fu). ... The University of Tsukuba has a modern campus The University of Tsukuba ), located in the city of Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture in the Kantō region, is one of Japans most prestigious national universities. ... Risei Kano was one of the three sons of Jigoro Kano, the creator of Judo. ... HTML, short for Hypertext Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 89th day of the year (90th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Kodokan Institute is the headquarters of the Judo World. ... The Kodokan Institute is the headquarters of the Judo World. ... is the 89th day of the year (90th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Kodokan Institute is the headquarters of the Judo World. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 12th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 127th day of the year (128th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

External links

• Articles by and about Kano Jigoro
• Koshiki no kata Kano Jigoro with Yamashita Yoshiaki
• Kano Jigoro demonstrates throw
• Kano Jigoro archive footage