Sakhalin (Russian: Сахалин), also Saghalien, is a large elongated island in the North Pacific, lying between 45° 50' and 54° 24' N. It is part of the Russian Federation and is its largest island. The capital of Sakhalin is Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. It is currently administered as Sakhalin Oblast which includes the nearby Kuril Islands. This oblast is located in the Russian Far East, but it is also partially claimed by Japan which historically knew these islands as the Japanese Far North.Now, the opinion which should return Karafuto (Sakhalin) and the Chishima Islands to Japan and to carry out is also the world. Download high resolution version (424x712, 15 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Sakhalin ... For other meanings of Pacific, see Pacific (disambiguation). ... Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (Ю́жно-Сахали́нск) is a city in Sakhalin, Russia, administrative center of the Sakhalin Oblast. ... The Sakhalin Oblast (Russian: Сахали́нская о́бласть) is a regional subdivision of Russia. ... For the political history of the sovereignty conflict, see Kuril Islands dispute. ... Far Eastern Federal District Russian Far East (Russian: Д́альний Вост́ок Росс́ии; English transliteration: Dalny Vostok Rossii) is an informal term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i. ... Far North is a colloquial term used to describe the northern regions of several countries and states. ...

The European names derived from misinterpretation of a Manchu name sahaliyan ula angga hada (peak of the mouth of Amur River). Sahaliyan means black in Manchu and refers to Amur River (sahaliyan ula). Its Ainu name, Karafuto (樺太) or Krafto, was restored to the island by the Japanese during their possession of its southern part (1905-1945). The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic languages; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Chinese and there are fewer than 100 native speakers of Manchu out of a total of nearly 10 million ethnic Manchus. ... The Amur (Russian: Амур) (Simplified Chinese: 黑龙江; Traditional Chinese: 黑龍江; Hēilóng Jiāng, literally meaning Black Dragon River) (Mongolian: Хара-Мурэн, Khara-Muren or Black River) (Manchu: Sahaliyan Ula, literal meaning Black River) is one of the worlds ten longest rivers, located between the Russian Far East and Manchuria of... The Ainu language (Ainu: アイヌ イタㇰ, aynu itak; Japanese: アイヌ語, ainu-go) is spoken by the Ainu ethnic group on the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido. ... Karafuto (樺太, literal meaning: Fat Birch, Ainu: Karaputo, Karaftu, or Kraftu), (German: Sachalin or Karafuto) (French: Tarrakai(ancient French), Karafouto, or Sakhaline), (Spanish: Karafuto, Sakalin, or Sajalin) (English: Karafuto, Sakhalin, or Sajalin) (Russian: Sakhalin or Saghalien), (Manchu: Saghalien), (ancient Korean: Fu-Sang(?)), (Chinese: Ku-Ye-Dao), formerly known as Kita Ezo... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

History

Sakhalin was inhabited in the Neolithic Stone Age. Flint implements, like those found in Siberia, have been found at Dui and Kusunai in great numbers, as well as polished stone hatchets, like European examples, primitive pottery with decorations like those of the Olonets, and stone weights for nets. Afterwards a population to whom bronze was known left traces in earthen walls and kitchen-middens on the Aniva Bay. The Neolithic (or New Stone Age) was a period in the development of human technology that is traditionally the last part of the Stone Age. ... Stone Age fishing hook. ... Pebble beach made up of flint nodules eroded out of the nearby chalk cliffs, Cape Arkona, Rügen Flint (or flintstone) is a hard, sedimentary cryptocrystalline silica rock with a glassy appearance. ... Siberia Siberia (Russian: , common English transliterations: Sibir’, Sibir; from the Tatar for “sleeping land”) is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting almost all of northern Asia. ... Kusunai (or Kushunnai) is a Japanese settlement in Sakhalin which was attacked by the Soviet Union and since then has been occupied by Russia. ... Olonets is a city in Republic of Karelia, Russia, capital of the Olonets Raion. ... Assorted ancient bronze castings found as part of a cache, probably intended for recycling. ... Aniva Bay (Zaliv Aniva, Aniwa Bay, or Aniva Gulf) is located at the sourthern end of Sakhalin Island, Russia, north of the island of Hokkaido, Japan. ...

The indigenous people of Sakhalin are the Xianbei and Xiazhe tribes, who had a way of life based on fishing. The Chinese in the Ming dynasty knew the island as Kuyi (Chinese: 苦夷; Hanyu Pinyin: Kǔyí), and later as Kuye (Chinese: 庫頁; Hanyu Pinyin: Kùyè). According to the Book of Shengmu (Chinese: 聖武記; Hanyu Pinyin: Shèngwǔjì), the Ming sent 400 troops to Sakhalin in 1616, but later withdrew as it was considered there was no threat to Chinese control of the island. A Ming boundary stone still exists on the island. Indigenous peoples are: Peoples living in an area prior to colonization by a state Peoples living in an area within a nation-state, prior to the formation of a nation-state, but who do not identify with the dominant nation. ... The Xianbei (鮮卑, written XiānbÄ“i in pinyin or Hsien-pei in Wade-Giles) were a significant nomadic people residing in modern Manchuria and eastern Mongolia before migrating into areas of the modern Chinese provinces of Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, and Liaoning. ... Ming Dynasty A boring thing they teach to you at school. ... Pinyin (拼音, Pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration to roman script) for Standard Mandarin used in the... Pinyin (拼音, Pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration to roman script) for Standard Mandarin used in the... Pinyin (拼音, Pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration to roman script) for Standard Mandarin used in the... Events October 25 — Dirk Hartog makes the second recorded landfall by a European on Australian soil, at an island off the Western Australian coast Pocahontas arrives in England War between Venice and Austria Collegium Musicum founded in Prague Nicolaus Copernicus De revolutionibus is placed on the Index of Forbidden Books...

The Qing Empire also claimed sovereignty over the island and Sakhalin was under formal Chinese rule from the Jin Dynasty onwards. However, as the Chinese governments did not have a military presence on the island, people from both Japan and Russia attempted to colonise the island. The Japanese settlement of Ootomari was established in 1679. Cartographers of the Matsumae clan created a map of the island and called it "Kita-Ezo" (Northern Ezo, Ezo being the old name of Hokkaido). Nevertheless Russia started occupying the island, with an army made up of convicts, from the 18th century onwards. The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: qīng cháo; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories of Inner Asia, establishing the... Jin may refer to: Jin Dynasty (265-420) Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) (Jinn) Jin, a state in China during the Spring and Autumn Period Later Jin Dynasty, founded in 1616 by Nurhaci Jin, a ruler of the Xia dynasty The Jin state of late Bronze Age Korea Jin, Chinese American... In politics and in history, a colony is a territory under the immediate political control of a geographically-distant state (or city, in ancient times). ... Events January 24 - King Charles II of England disbands Parliament August 7 - The brigantine Le Griffon, which was commissioned by René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, is towed to the southern end of the Niagara River, to become the first ship to sail the upper Great Lakes. ... Hokkaido â–¶ (help· info) (北海道 Hokkaidō, literal meaning: North Sea Route, Ainu: Mosir), formerly known as Ezo, is the second largest island and largest prefecture of Japan. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...

Sakhalin became known to Europeans from the travels of Ivan Moskvitin and Martin Gerritz de Vries in the 17th century, and still better from those of Jean-François de La Pérouse (1787) and Ivan Krusenstern (1805). Both, however, regarded it as a peninsula, and were unaware of the existence of the Mamiya Strait or Strait of Tartary, which was discovered in 1809 by Mamiya Rinzo. Lapérouse by François Rude (1784-1855), in 1828 Lapérouse Jean François Galaup, count (comte) de La Pérouse (August 23, 1741 - 1788) was a French naval officer and explorer whose expedition vanished in Oceania. ... 1787 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Adam Johann Ritter von Krusenstern was an Estonian Baltic German who became a Russian admiral and explorer. ... 1805 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Strait of Tartary (Gulf of Tartary, Gulf of Tatary, Tatar Strait, Tartar Strait, Strait of Tartar, also Mamiya Strait and Strait of Nevelskoi) strait in the Pacific Ocean dividing the Russian island of Sakhalin from mainland Asia (South-East Russia), connecting the Sea of Okhotsk on the north with the... Strait of Tartary(Gulf of Tartary, Gulf of Tatary, Tatar Strait, Tartar Strait, Strait of Tartar, also Chinese: 韃靼海峽 , Mamiya Strait and Strait of Nevelskoi) strait in the Pacific Ocean dividing the Russian island of Sakhalin from mainland Asia (South-East Russia), connecting the Sea of Okhotsk on the north with... 1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

Japan unilaterally proclaimed sovereignty over the whole island in 1845. However, the Russian navigator Gennady Nevelskoy in 1849 definitively recorded the existence and navigability of this strait and — in defiance of the Qing claim — Russian settlers established coal mines, administration facilities, schools, prisons, churches on the island. The Xiazhes were killed or forced to move to the Asian mainland. 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Gennadi Nevelskoi (November 23 (O.S.) = December 5 (N.S.), 1813, Drakino, Soligalichsky District, Kostroma Oblast – April 17 (O.S.) = April 29 (N.S.), 1876, St. ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... A family of Russian settlers in the Caucasus region, ca. ...

In 1855, Russia and Japan signed the Treaty of Shimoda, which declared that both nationals could inhabit the island: Russians in the north, and Japanese in the south, without a clear boundary between. Russia also agreed to dismantle its military base at Ootomari. Following the Opium War, Russia forced the Qing to sign the unequal Treaty of Aigun and Convention of Peking, under which China lost all territories north of Heilongjiang (Amur) and east of Ussuri, including Sakhalin, to Russia. A Czarist penal colony was established in 1857, but the southern part of the island was held by the Japanese until the 1875 Treaty of Saint Petersburg, when they ceded it to Russia in exchange for the Kuril islands. After the Russo-Japanese War, Russia and Japan signed the Treaty of Portsmouth of 1905, which resulted in the southern part of the island below 50° N reverting to Japan; the Russians retained the other three-fifths of the area. South Sakhalin was administrated by Japan as Karafuto-chō (樺太庁), with the capital Toyohara, today's Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The Treaty of Shimoda was signed between the Russian Admiral Efimii Vasilevich Putiatin and Toshiakira Kawaji of Japan in the city of Shimoda, Japan, on February 7th, 1855. ... There were two Opium Wars between Britain and China. ... The Treaty of Aigun was the Russian-Chinese treaty that established the modern borders of the Russian Far East. ... The Convention of Peking (October 18, 1860), also known as the First Convention of Peking, was a treaty between the Qing Government of China and the British Empire, and between China and France, and China and Russia. ... It has been suggested that Holungkiang be merged into this article or section. ... The Amur River (Russian: Амур; Simplified Chinese: 黑龙江; Traditional Chinese: 黑龍江; Hanyu Pinyin: , or Black Dragon River; Mongolian: Хара-Мурэн, Khara-Muren or Black River; Manchu: Sahaliyan Ula, literal meaning Black River) is one of the world’s ten longest rivers, forming the border between the Russian Far East and Manchuria in China. ... The Ussuri River (Chinese: Wūsūlǐ Jīang 乌苏里江, Russian: река Уссури) is a river in south east Russia, flowing north, forming part of the Chinese border, to the Amur River. ... Tsar, (Bulgarian цар�, Russian царь; often spelled Czar or Tzar in English), was the title used for the autocratic rulers of the First and Second Bulgarian Empires since 913, in Serbia in the middle of the 14th century, and in Russia from 1547 to 1917. ... A Penal Colony is a colony used to detain prisoners and generally use them for penal labor in an economically underdeveloped part of the states (usually colonial) territories, and on a far larger scale than the prison farm. ... 1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1875 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Treaty of Saint Petersburg was signed in 1875 between Japan and Russia. ... The Kuril Islands The Kuril Islands (Russian: Кури́льские острова́), also known as Kurile Islands, stretch northeast from Hokkaido, Japan, to Kamchatka, separating the Sea of Okhotsk from the North Pacific Ocean. ... Combatants Imperial Russia Empire of Japan Commanders Strength 500,000 Soldiers 400,000 Soldiers Casualties 125,000 Killed or Wounded 85,000 Killed or Wounded {{{notes}}} Greater Manchuria, Russian (outer) Manchuria is region to upper right in lighter Red; Liaodong Peninsula is the wedge extending into the Yellow Sea The... Treaty signing ceremony The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05. ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Karafuto (樺太, literal meaning: Fat Birch, Ainu: Karaputo, Karaftu, or Kraftu), (German: Sachalin or Karafuto) (French: Tarrakai(ancient French), Karafouto, or Sakhaline), (Spanish: Karafuto, Sakalin, or Sajalin) (English: Karafuto, Sakhalin, or Sajalin) (Russian: Sakhalin or Saghalien), (Manchu: Saghalien), (ancient Korean: Fu-Sang(?)), (Chinese: Ku-Ye-Dao), formerly known as Kita Ezo... Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (Ю́жно-Сахали́нск) is a city in Sakhalin, Russia, administrative center of the Sakhalin Oblast. ...

In August 1945, the Soviet Union took over the control of Sakhalin. The Soviet attack on South Sakhalin started on August 11, 1945, four days before the Surrender of Japan. The 56th Rifle Corps consisting of the 79th Rifle Division, the 2nd Rifle Brigade, the 5th Rifle Brigade and the 214 Armored Brigade attacked the Japanese 88th Division. Although the Red Army outnumbered the Japanese by a factor of three, they were unable to advance due to strong Japanese resistance. It was not until the 113th Rifle Brigade and the 365th Independent Naval Infantry Rifle Battalion from Sovietskaya Gavan (Советская Гавань) landed on Tōrō (塔路), a seashore village of western Sakhalin on August 16, that the Soviets broke the Japanese defense line. Japanese resistance grew weaker after this landing. Actual fighting, mostly petty skirmishes, continued until August 21. From August 22 to August 23, most of the remaining Japanese units announced a truce. The Soviets completed the conquest of Sakhalin on August 25, 1945 by occupying the capital, Toyohara. Japanese sources claim that 20,000 civilians were killed during the invasion. 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... August 11 is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Surrender of Japan in August 1945 brought World War II to a close. ... August 22 is the 234th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (235th in leap years), with 131 days remaining. ... August 23 is the 235th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (236th in leap years), with 130 days remaining. ... August 25 is the 237th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (238th in leap years), with 128 days remaining. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Since January 2, 1947, the Sakhalin Region, in its present form, has been officially defined and integrated as a part of the Russian Federation. January 2 is the second day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

No final peace treaty has been signed, and the status of the neighbouring Kuril Islands remains disputed. Japan renounced its claims of sovereignty over southern Sakhalin in the Treaty of San Francisco (1952), but did not recognize Russian sovereignty. According to Japan's official position, Sakhalin's attribution is not determined yet, and it is marked as no man's land on Japanese maps. As of 2005, the issue remains a major strain on Japanese-Russian relations. For the political history of the sovereignty conflict, see Kuril Islands dispute. ... Prime Minister Yoshida Shigeru of Japan, gave a speech on Reconciliation and rapport (和解と信頼) in 1951 at San Francisco Peace conference. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a [[leap year starting on Tueday] (link will take you to calendar). ... No Mans Land may refer to the following: No mans land, a term for a land that is not occupied or more specifically land that is under dispute between parties that wont occupy it because of fear or uncertainty. ... The relations between the modern Russia and Japan are a natural continuation of the Japanese-Soviet relations from the period when Russia was part of the Soviet Union. ...

Korean Air flight 007, a South Korean civilian airliner, flew over Sakhalin and was shot down just west of the island by the Soviet Union on 1 September 1983, killing all 269 passengers and crew. Korean Air (KSE: 003490) is the largest airline based in Korea. ... Korean Air Flight 007, also known as KAL 007 or KE007, was a Korean Air civilian airliner shot down with all on board by Soviet jet interceptors on September 1, 1983 just west of Sakhalin island. ... National motto: 널리 인간 세계를 이롭게 하라 Translation: Broadly bring benefit to humanity Official language Korean Capital Seoul Largest city Seoul President Roh Moo-hyun Prime Minister Lee Hae-chan Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 108th 99,274 km² 0. ... A civilian is a person who is not a member of a military. ... An airliner is a large fixed-wing aircraft (an aeroplane/airplane) initially designed for the transport of paying passengers, and usually operated by an airline company (which owns or leases the aircraft). ... September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years). ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On May 28, 1995, an earthquake measuring 7.5 on the Richter scale occurred, killing 2,000 people in the town of Neftegorsk. May 28 is the 148th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (149th in leap years). ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Global earthquake epicenters, 1963–1998 An earthquake is a sudden and sometimes catastrophic movement of a part of the Earths surface. ... The Richter magnitude test scale (or more correctly local magnitude ML scale) assigns a single number to quantify the size of an earthquake. ... Main street in Bastrop, Texas, a small town In American English, a town is usually a municipal corporation that is smaller than a city but larger than a village. ... Neftegorsk (Нефтего́рск) was an oil-producing town in eastern Russia devastated on May 28, 1995, by an earthquake measuring 7. ...

Geography

Sakhalin is separated from the mainland by the narrow and shallow Mamiya Strait or Strait of Tartary, which often freezes in winter in its narrower part, and from Hokkaido (Japan) by the Soya Strait or Strait of La Pérouse. Sakhalin is the largest island of the Russian Federation, being 948 km (589 miles) long, and 25 to 170 km (16 to 105 miles) wide, with an area of 78,000 km² (30,100 mi²). Strait of Tartary (Gulf of Tartary, Gulf of Tatary, Tatar Strait, Tartar Strait, Strait of Tartar, also Mamiya Strait and Strait of Nevelskoi) strait in the Pacific Ocean dividing the Russian island of Sakhalin from mainland Asia (South-East Russia), connecting the Sea of Okhotsk on the north with the... Strait of Tartary(Gulf of Tartary, Gulf of Tatary, Tatar Strait, Tartar Strait, Strait of Tartar, also Chinese: 韃靼海峽 , Mamiya Strait and Strait of Nevelskoi) strait in the Pacific Ocean dividing the Russian island of Sakhalin from mainland Asia (South-East Russia), connecting the Sea of Okhotsk on the north with... Hokkaido â–¶ (help· info) (北海道 Hokkaidō, literal meaning: North Sea Route, Ainu: Mosir), formerly known as Ezo, is the second largest island and largest prefecture of Japan. ... La Pérouse Strait (Japanese: Soya Strait) is a strait dividing the southern part of the Russian island of Sakhalin from the northern part of the Japanese island of Hokkaido, and connecting the Sea of Japan on the west with the Sea of Okhotsk on the east. ... La Pérouse Strait (Japanese: Soya Strait 宗谷海峡) is a strait dividing the southern part of the Russian island of Sakhalin from the northern part of the Japanese island of Hokkaido, and connecting the Sea of Japan on the west with the Sea of Okhotsk on the east. ... A kilometre (American spelling: kilometer), symbol: km is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1000 metres (from the Greek words χίλια (khilia) = thousand and μέτρο (metro) = count/measure). ... A mile is a unit of distance (or, in physics terminology, length) currently defined as 5,280 feet, 1,760 yards, or 63,360 inches. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here areas between 10,000 km² and 100,000 km². ...

Its orography and geological structure are imperfectly known. Nearly two-thirds of Sakhalin is mountainous. Two parallel ranges of mountains traverse it from north to south, reaching 600–1500 m (2000–5000 ft). The Western Sakhalin Mountains peak in Mt. Ichara, 1481 m (4860 ft), while the Eastern Sakhalin Mountains's highest peak is Mt. Lopatin 1609 m (5279 ft) is also the island's highest mountain. Tym-Poronaiskaya Valley separates the two ranges. Susuanaisky and Tonino-Anivsky ranges traverse the island in the south, while the swampy Northern-Sakhalin plain occupies most of its north. Orography is the average height of land, measured in geopotential meters, over a certain domain. ... Geology (from Greek γη- (ge-, the earth) and λογος (logos, word, reason)) is the science and study of the Earth, its composition, structure, physical properties, history and the processes that shape it. ... The metre (Commonwealth English) or meter (American English) (symbol: m) is the SI base unit of length. ... Ft is an abbreviation that may refer to the following: The foot, a unit of length, see foot (unit of length) The Hungarian Forint A fort, especially when used as a placename, for example Ft. ...

Crystalline rocks crop out at several capes; Cretaceous limestones, containing an abundant and specific fauna of gigantic ammonites, occur at Dui on the west coast, and Tertiary conglomerates, sandstones, marls and clays, folded by subsequent upheavals, in many parts of the island. The clays, which contain layers of good coal and an abundant fossil vegetation, show that during the Miocene period Sakhalin formed part of a continent which comprised north Asia, Alaska and Japan, and enjoyed a comparatively warm climate. The Pliocene deposits contain a mollusc fauna more arctic than that which exists at the present time, indicating probably that the connection between the Pacific and Arctic Oceans was broader than it is now. The Cretaceous period is one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, reaching from the end of the Jurassic period, about 146 million years ago (Ma), to the beginning of the Paleocene epoch of the Tertiary period (65. ... Limey shale overlaid by limestone. ... Orders and Suborders Order Ammonitida Ammonitina Acanthoceratina Ancyloceratina Phylloceratina Lytoceratina Order Goniatitida Goniatitina Anarcestina Clymeniina Order Ceratitida Ceratitina Prolecanitina Ammonites are an extinct group of marine animals (subclass Ammonoidea) in the phylum Mollusca and class Cephalopoda. ... The Tertiary period was previously one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, from the end of the Cretaceous period about 65 million years ago to the start of the Quaternary period about 1. ... A conglomerate with iron oxide cementing material A conglomerate is a rock consisting of other stones that have been cemented together. ... Sandstone near Stadtroda, Germany Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock grains. ... Marl - a carbonate rich lacustrine sediment. ... Quaternary clay in Estonia. ... World map showing Asia. ... Official language(s) English Capital Juneau Largest city Anchorage Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 1st 663,267 mi² / 1,717,854 km² 808 mi / 1,300 km 1,479 mi / 2,380 km 13. ... The Pliocene epoch (formerly Pleiocene) is the period in the geologic timescale that extends from 5. ... Classes Caudofoveata Aplacophora Polyplacophora - Chitons Monoplacophora Bivalvia - Bivalves Scaphopoda - Tusk shells Gastropoda - Snails and Slugs Cephalopoda - Squids, Octopuses, etc. ... Fauna is a collective term for animal life. ... For other meanings of Pacific, see Pacific (disambiguation). ...

Main rivers: the Tym, 400 km (250 miles) long and navigable by rafts and light boats for 80 km (50 miles), flows north and north-east with numerous rapids and shallows, and enters the Sea of Okhotsk. The Poronai flows south-south-east to the Gulf of Patience or Shichiro Bay, on the south-east coast. Three other small streams enter the wide semicircular Gulf of Aniva or Higashifushimi Bay at the southern extremity of the island. The Murray River in Australia. ... Sea of Okhotsk The Sea of Okhotsk (named after Okhotsk, the first Russian settlement in the Far East) is a part of the western Pacific Ocean, lying between the Kamchatka Peninsula on the east, the Kuril Islands on the southeast, the island of Hokkaido to the far south, the island...

Demographics

At the beginning of the 20th century, some 32,000 Russians (of whom over 22,150 were convicts) inhabited Sakhalin along with several thousand native inhabitants. The island's population has grown to 673,100 today, 83 percent of whom are ethnic Russians and followed by Koreans at about 30,000 (5.5%). The native inhabitants consist of some 2,000 Nivkhs, 1,300 Ainus, 750 Orochons, 200 Evenks and some Yakuts. The Nivkhs in the north support themselves by fishing and hunting. The Ainus inhabit the south part of the island. The Nivkhs (also Nivkh or Gilyak; ethnonym: Nivxi; language, нивхгу - Nivxgu) are an indigenous people inhabiting the region of the region of the Amur River estuary and on nearby Sakhalin Island. ... The Ainu (pronounced , eye-noo, アイヌ / aynu) are an ethnic group indigenous to Hokkaido, the northern part of Honshu in Northern Japan, the Kuril Islands, much of Sakhalin, and the southernmost third of the Kamchatka peninsula. ... Orochs or orochons is a small people of Russia that speak the Oroch (Orochon) dialect of the Southern group of Tungusic languages. ... The Evenks (obsolete: Tungus) are a nomadic indigenous people, one of the Northern Indigenous Peoples (pop. ... Yakuts, self-designation: Sakha, are a Turkic people associated with Yakutia/Sakha Republic. ...

The capital, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, a city of about 200,000, has a large Korean minority many who were forcibly brought by the Japanese during World War II to work in the coal mines. Most of the population lives in the southern half of the island, centered mainly around Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk and two ports, Kholmsk and Korsakov (population 50,000 each). Combatants Allied Powers Axis Powers Commanders {{{commander1}}} {{{commander2}}} Strength {{{strength1}}} {{{strength2}}} Casualties 17 million military deaths 7 million military deaths {{{notes}}} World War II, also known as the Second World War (sometimes WW2 or WWII or World War Two), was a mid-20th century conflict that engulfed much of the... Kholmsk is a city in Sakhalin, Russia, administrative center of the Sakhalin Oblast. ... Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Rimsky-Korsakov (1753-1840) — infantry general Petr Aleksandrovich Korsakov (1790-1844) — writer Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Dondukov-Korsakov (1820-1893) — knyaz, cavalry general, Russian administrator (Imperial Commissioner) in Bulgaria Dmitry Aleksandrovich Korsakov (1843-1920) — professor of history Nikolay Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908) — composer Sergei Sergeyevich Korsakov (1854—1900) — psychiatrist...

The 400,000 Japanese inhabitants of Sakhalin were deported following the conquest of the southern portion of the island by the Soviet Union in 1945 at the end of World War II.

Climate

Owing to the influence of the raw, foggy Sea of Okhotsk, the climate is very cold. At Dui the average yearly temperature is only 0.5 °C (January -15.9 °C; July 16.1 °C), 1.7 °C at Kusunai and 3.1 °C at Aniva (January, −12.5 °C; July, 15.7 °C). At Alexandrovsk near Dui the annual range is from 27 °C in July to −39 °C in January, while at Rykovsk in the interior the minimum is −45 °C. The rainfall averages 570 mm. Thick clouds for the most part shut out the sun; while the cold current from the Sea of Okhotsk, aided by north-east winds, brings immense ice-floes to the east coast in summer. Sea of Okhotsk The Sea of Okhotsk (named after Okhotsk, the first Russian settlement in the Far East) is a part of the western Pacific Ocean, lying between the Kamchatka Peninsula on the east, the Kuril Islands on the southeast, the island of Hokkaido to the far south, the island...

Flora and fauna

The whole of the island is covered with dense forests, mostly coniferous. The Yezo (or Yeddo) spruce (Picea jezoensis), the Sakhalin fir (Abies sachalinsis) and the Daurian larch (Larix gmelinii) are the chief trees; on the upper parts of the mountains are the Siberian dwarf pine (Pinus pumila) and the Kurile bamboo (Arundinaria kurilei). Birches, both Siberian silver birch (Betula platyphylla) and Erman's birch (B. ermanii), poplar, elm, Bird cherry (Prunus padus), Japanese yew (Taxus cuspidata) and several willows are mixed with the conifers; while farther south the maple, rowan and oak, as also the Japanese Panax ricinifolium, the Amur cork tree (Phellodendron amurense), the Spindle (Euonymus macropterus) and the vine (Vitis thunbergii) make their appearance. The underwoods abound in berry-bearing plants (e.g. cloudberry, cranberry, crowberry, red whortleberry), Red-berried elder (Sambucus racemosa), wild raspberry and Spiraea. A dense growth of softwoods (a forest) in the Sierra Nevada Range of Northern California A forest is an area with a high density of trees (or, historically, a wooded area set aside for hunting). ... Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales   Pinaceae - Pine family   Araucariaceae - Araucaria family   Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family   Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family   Cupressaceae - Cypress family   Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family   Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † The conifers, division Pinophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. ... Binomial name Pinus pumila (Pall. ... Species Many species; see text and classification Birch is the name of any tree of the genus Betula, in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the beech/oak family, Fagaceae. ... This article is about woody plants of the genus Populus. ... Species See text Elms are deciduous trees of the genus Ulmus, family Ulmaceae. ... Binomial name Prunus padus The Bird Cherry Prunus padus is a species of cherry, native to northern Europe and northern Asia. ... Species with pages written Acer campestre - Field Maple Acer grandidentatum - Bigtooth Maple Acer griseum - Paperbark Maple Acer macrophyllum - Bigleaf Maple Acer micranthum - Komine Maple Acer negundo - Manitoba Maple Acer nigrum - Black Maple Acer palmatum - Japanese Maple Acer pensylvanicum - Striped Maple Acer platanoides - Norway Maple Acer pseudoplatanus - Sycamore Maple Acer rubrum... This article is about the rowan tree; for other uses of the term, see Rowan (disambiguation). ... Species See List of Quercus species The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of several hundred species of trees and shrubs in the genus Quercus, and some related genera, notably Cyclobalanopsis and Lithocarpus. ... Species Euonymus alatus - Winged Spindle Euonymus americanus - Strawberry-bush Spindle Euonymus atropurpureus - Eastern Burning-bush Euonymus europaeus - European Spindle Euonymus fortunei - Fortunes Spindle Euonymus japonicus - Japanese Spindle Euonymus obovatus - Euonymus occidentalis - Western Burning-bush The spindles, genus Euonymus, comprise about 170-180 species of deciduous and evergreen shrubs and... The term vine was originally a term for the plant on which grapes grew, from the word for wine (Greek oinos), for which grapes were grown. ... Binomial name Rubus chamaemorus L. The Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) is a slow-growing species of Rubus, producing edible fruit. ... Species Vaccinium macrocarpon Vaccinium microcarpum Vaccinium oxycoccus The cranberries are a group of evergreen dwarf shrubs in the genus Vaccinium subgenus Oxycoccus, or in some treatments, in the distinct genus Oxycoccus. ... Species Empetrum nigrum Empetrum eamesii The crowberries (Empetrum L.) are a small genus of dwarf evergreen shrubs that bear edible fruits. ... Species See text Elder or Elderberry (Sambucus) is a genus of between 5-30 species of fast-growing shrubs or small trees (two species herbaceous), formerly treated in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae, but now shown by genetic evidence to be correctly classified in the moschatel family Adoxaceae. ... Binomial name Rubus idaeus L. The Raspberry or Red Raspberry, (Rubus idaeus) is a plant that produces a tart, sweet, red composite fruit in late summer or early autumn. ...

Bears, foxes, otters and sables are numerous, as also the reindeer in the north, and the musk deer, hares, squirrels, rats and mice everywhere. The bird fauna is mostly the common east Siberian, but there are some endemic or near-endemic breeding species, notably the endangered Spotted Greenshank (Tringa guttifer) and the Sakhalin Leaf Warbler (Phylloscopus borealoides). The rivers swarm with fish, especially species of salmon (Oncorhynchus). Numerous whales visit the sea-coast. Genera Ailuropoda Ursus Tremarctos Arctodus (extinct) A bear is a large mammal of the order Carnivora, family Ursidae. ... A fox is a member of any of 27 species of small omnivorous canids. ... Genera Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura Otters are aquatic or marine carnivorous mammals, members of the large and diverse family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, and others. ... Binomial name Martes zibellina Linnaeus, 1758 The sable, a small quadruped, closely akin to the martens, and known by the zoological names of Martes zibellina or Mustela zibellina, originated in Siberia and has achieved fame for its fur, which is integrated into various clothes fashions (for example a Shtreimel). ... Binomial name Rangifer tarandus (Linnaeus, 1758) For the musician, please see Caribou (musician). ... Orders Many - see section below. ... In biology and ecology endemic means exclusively native to a place or biota, in contrast to cosmopolitan or one of various ways of being not native (e. ... The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species continuing to survive. ... The Chinook or King Salmon is the largest salmon in North America and can grow up to 58 long and 126 pounds. ...

Transportation

Transportation, especially by sea, is an important segment of the economy. Nearly all the cargo arriving for Sakhalin (and the Kurile Islands) is delivered by cargo boats, or by ferries, in railway wagons, through a sea ferry passage at Vanino-Kholmsk. The ports of Korsakov and Kholmsk are the largest and handle all kinds of goods, while coal and timber shipments often go through other ports. In 1999, a ferry service was opened between the ports of Korsakov and Wakkanai, Japan. The Kuril Islands The Kuril Islands (Russian: Кури́льские острова́), also known as Kurile Islands, stretch northeast from Hokkaido, Japan, to Kamchatka, separating the Sea of Okhotsk from the North Pacific Ocean. ... Kholmsk is a city in Sakhalin, Russia, administrative center of the Sakhalin Oblast. ... Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Rimsky-Korsakov (1753-1840) — infantry general Petr Aleksandrovich Korsakov (1790-1844) — writer Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Dondukov-Korsakov (1820-1893) — knyaz, cavalry general, Russian administrator (Imperial Commissioner) in Bulgaria Dmitry Aleksandrovich Korsakov (1843-1920) — professor of history Nikolay Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908) — composer Sergei Sergeyevich Korsakov (1854—1900) — psychiatrist... Kholmsk is a city in Sakhalin, Russia, administrative center of the Sakhalin Oblast. ... Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by underground mining or open-pit mining (strip mining). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Lumber. ... Wakkanai (Japanese: 稚内市; -shi, Ainu: Yam Wakka Nay) is a city located in Soya, Hokkaido. ...

About 30% of all inland transportation volume is realized through railways. Sakhalin has railway lines stretching from Nogliki in the north to Korsakov in the south. There is also a departmental narrow-gauge line at Nogliki-Okha, extending 228 km. With the existence of a ferry serving Vanino-Kholmsk, Sakhalin has railway connection with the railway network of the rest of Russia. The Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka (桜花 cherry blossom) was a purpose-built kamikaze aircraft employed by Japan towards the end of World War II. The US gave the aircraft the Japanese name Baka (fool). It was a small flying bomb that was carried underneath a Mitsubishi G4M Betty bomber to...

Sakhalin is connected by regular flights to Moscow, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, and other cities of the Russian Federation. The airport of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk has regularly scheduled international flights to Hakodate, Japan and Seoul and Busan, Korea. There are also charter flights to the Japanese cities of Tokyo, Niigata, and Sapporo and the Chinese cities of Shanghai, Dalian, and Harbin. Moscow (Russian: Москва́, Moskva, IPA: â–¶ (help· info)) is the capital of Russia, located on the river Moskva. ... Khabarovsk Bridge (1916) used to be the longest in Imperial Russia and Eurasia. ... Vladivostok Train Station. ... View of Hakodate from Mountain Hakodate (函館市; -shi) is a city and port located in Oshima, Hokkaido, Japan. ... Seoul (서울, â–¶ (help· info)) is the capital of South Korea (the Republic of Korea) and is one of the most populous cities in the world, located in the northwestern part of the country on the Han River. ... Busan tower by night Haeundae beach at dawn, February 2005 Busan Metropolitan City, also commonly referred to as Pusan, is the largest harbor city in Korea, with a population of about 4 million, Busan is South Koreas second largest metropolis next to Seoul. ... View of Tokyos Shibuya district Long a symbol of Tokyo, the Nijubashi Bridge at the Imperial Palace. ... Niigata is the name of several places, times and things: Niigata City Niigata Prefecture This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Sapporo scene Sapporo White Illumination Sapporo (札幌市; -shi) is the fifth-largest city in Japan and it is the capital of Hokkaido Prefecture. ... Shanghai (Chinese: 上海 pinyin: â–¶ (help· info); Shanghainese IPA: ; Lumazi: Zanhe) , situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta, is Chinas largest city. ... Dalian (Simplified Chinese: 大连; Traditional Chinese: 大連; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ta-lien), or Dalny (during Russian controlled periods, aka Dairen during Japanese periods, or from Mid-century (Jointly administered by both USSR/PRC) formerly also Lüda or Luta), is the second of two strategic ice-free seaports on the Liaodong... Harbin (Simplified: 哈尔滨; Traditional: 哈爾濱; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ha-erh-pin; Russian Харби́н Kharbin) is a sub-provincial city and the capital of the Heilongjiang Province in north-east China. ...

The idea of building a fixed link between Sakhalin and the Russian mainland was first mooted in the 1930s. In the 1940s, an abortive attempt was made to link the island via a 10 km long undersea tunnel. The workers supposedly made it almost to the half-way point before the project was abandoned under Nikita Khrushchev. In 2000, the Russian government revived the idea, adding a suggestion that a 40 km long bridge could be constructed between Sakhalin and the Japanese island of Hokkaido, providing Japan with a direct connection to the Euro-Asian railway network. It was claimed that construction work could begin as early as 2001. The idea was received skeptically by the Japanese government and appears to have been shelved, probably permanently, after the cost was estimated at as much as US$50 billion. // Events and trends A public speech by Benito Mussolini, founder of the Fascist movement The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the global depression. ... // Events and trends World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrination, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atomic bomb. ... A disused railway tunnel now converted to pedestrian and bicycle use, near Houyet, Belgium A tunnel is an underground passage. ... Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchof (Khrushchev) (Russian: Ники́та Серге́евич Хрущёв â–¶ (help· info), April 17, 1894 â€“ September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ...

Economy

Sakhalin is a classic "resource economy" relying on oil and gas exports, coal mining, forestry, and fishing. There are also some coal deposits and limited quantities of rye, wheat, oats, barley and vegetables are grown, although the growing season averages less than 100 days. Oil is a generic term for organic liquids that are not miscible with water. ... A gas is one of the four main phases of matter (after solid and liquid, and followed by plasma), that subsequently appear as a solid material is subjected to increasingly higher temperatures. ... Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by underground mining or open-pit mining (strip mining). ... A decidous beech forest in Slovenia. ... Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish. ... Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by underground mining or open-pit mining (strip mining). ... Binomial name Secale cereale M.Bieb. ... Species T. boeoticum T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta References:   ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat (Triticum spp. ... Binomial name Avena sativa Carolus Linnaeus (1753) The Oat (Avena sativa) is a species of cereal grain, and the seeds of this plant. ... Binomial name Hordeum vulgare L. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is a major food and animal feed crop, a member of the grass family Poaceae. ... Vegetables in a market Vegetable is a culinary term denoting any part of a plant that is commonly consumed by humans as food, but is not regarded as a culinary grain, fruit, nut, herb, or spice. ... In agriculture, the growing season is the period of each year when crops can be grown. ...

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and economic liberalization, Sakhalin has experienced an oil boom with extensive petroleum exploration and mining by most large oil multinationals. The oil and natural gas reserves contain an estimated 14 billion barrels (2.2 km³) of oil and 96 trillion cubic feet (2,700 km³) of gas. The word multinational can refer to: A Multinational corporation A Multinational State This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... The billion its equivalents in other languages refer to one of two different numbers, depending on whether the writer is using the long or short scale. ... The barrel is the name of several units of measurement. ... The numeral trillion refers to one of two number values, depending on the context of where and how it is being used. ...

In 1996, two large consortiums signed contracts to explore for oil and gas off the northeast coast of the island, Sakhalin-I and Sakhalin-II. The two consortium’s are estimated to spend a combined $21 billion U.S. dollars on the two projects. This will include an estimated $1 billion (US) to upgrade the islands infrastructure: roads, bridges, waste management sites, airports, railways, communications systems, and ports. In addition, Sakhalin-III-through-VI are in various early stages of development. 1996 (MCMXCVI) is a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... Sakhalin Offshore Fields The Sakhalin-I project, like its sister project Sakhalin-II, is a consortium to locate and produce oil and gas on Sakhalin Island and immediately offshore, in the Sea of Okhotsk, from three fields: Chayvo, Odoptu and Arkutun-Dagi. ... Sakhalin Offshore Fields The Sakhalin-II project, like its sister project Sakhalin-I, is a consortium to locate and produce oil and gas on Sakhalin Island and immediately offshore, in the Sea of Okhotsk, from two fields: Piltun-Astokhskoye and Lunskoye. ... The billion its equivalents in other languages refer to one of two different numbers, depending on whether the writer is using the long or short scale. ... This article is about general United States currency. ...

The Sakhalin I project, managed by Exxon Neftgas Limited (ENL), completed a production-sharing agreement (PSA) between the Sakhalin I consortium, the Russian Federation, and the Sakhalin government. Russia is in the process of building a 136 mile (219 km) pipeline across the Tatar Strait from Sakhalin Island to De-Kastri on the Russian mainland. From De-Kastri it will be loaded onto tankers for transport to East Asian markets, namely Japan, South Korea, and China.

The second consortium, Sakhalin Energy Investment Company Ltd. (Sakhalin Energy) is managing the Sakhalin II project. They completed the first ever production-sharing agreement (PSA) with the Russian Federation. Sakhalin Energy will build two 800 km pipelines running from the northeast of the island to Prigorodnoye (Prigorodnoe) in Aniva Bay at the southern end. The consortium will also build, at Prigorodnoye, the first ever liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant to be built in Russia. The oil and gas is also bound for East Asian markets. Sakhalin II has come under fire from environmental groups, namely Sakhalin Environment Watch, for dumping dredging in Aniva Bay. The groups were also worried about the offshore pipelines interfering with the migration of whales off the island. The consortium has now (Jan 2006) re-routed the pipeline to avoid the whale migration.

In 2000, the oil and gas industry accounted for 57.5% of Sakhalin's industrial output. By 2006, it is expected to account for 80% of the island's industrial output. Sakhalin's economy is growing rapidly thanks to its oil and gas industry. The island has recently become the second largest recipient of foreign investment in Russia after Moscow. Unemployment in 2002 was only 2%. However, all of the oil and gas is for export and none is available to the island's population. This article is about the year 2000. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Moscow (Russian: Москва́, Moskva, IPA: ▶ (help· info)) is the capital of Russia, located on the river Moskva. ...

See also

• Russian Far East
• Bronislaw Pilsudski
• Kuril Islands

Far Eastern Federal District Russian Far East (Russian: Д́альний Вост́ок Росс́ии; English transliteration: Dalny Vostok Rossii) is an informal term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i. ... Bronisław Piotr Piłsudski Bronisław Piotr Piłsudski ( November 2, 1866– May 17, 1918), brother of Jozef Pilsudski, was a Polish cultural anthropologist who conducted outstanding research on the Ainu ethnic group, which at the time inhabited Sakhalin Island, but now live mostly on the Japanese island of Hokkaido with only a... For the political history of the sovereignty conflict, see Kuril Islands dispute. ...

External links

• The Sakhalin Times (Weekly English Language newspaper published in Yuzhno Sakhalinsk)
• Sakhalin Official site (English)
• Photos of Sakhalin @ Flickr
• Photos of Sakhalin @ Back Of Beyond
• "The Sakhalin II Phase 2 Project The New Energy Source for the Asia Pacific: Transforming the Vision into Reality" presntation by David J. Greer Дэйвид Дж. Гриер, OBE Eur. Ing., C. Eng., FIMechE, Sakhalin II Deputy CEO/Project Director, Sakhalin Energy Investment Company Ltd. to Scottish Oil Club, October 2005.

References

• C. H. Hawes, In the Uttermost East (London, 1903). (P. A. K.; J. T. BE.)