The Karamanli dynasty was a series of pashas who ruled Tripoli from 1711 to 1835. This article discusses the rank/title used in the Ottoman Empire. ... Nickname: none Motto: {{{motto}}} Official website: none Location Position of Tripoli in Libya Government Country  Municipality Libya  Tarabulus Geographical characteristics Area n/a km² Land n/a km² Water n/a km² Population 1,682,000 (Agglomeration) [1] Total (1996) 990,000 Density n/a/km² Latitude 32°54′ N...

Origins

In the early eighteenth century, the Ottoman Empire was losing its grip on its North African holdings, including Tripoli. A period of civil war ensued, with no ruler able to hold office for more than a year. Ahmed Karamanli, a Janissary and popular cavalry officer, murdered the Ottoman governor and seized the throne. After persuading the Ottomans to recognize him as governor, Ahmad established himself as pasha and made his post hereditary. Though Tripoli continued to pay nominal tribute to the Ottoman padishah, it acted otherwise as an independment kingdom. Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (the Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Bursa (1335 - 1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Ä°stanbul (Constantinople) (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40... North Africa is a region generally considered to include: Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara The Azores, Canary Islands, and Madeira are sometimes considered to be a part of North Africa. ... Ahmed Karamanli (r. ... YOUNG GREEKS AT THE MOSQUE - This oil painting done by Jean Léon Gérôme portrays Greek Christian Youths who were taken from their parents and converted to Islam and given the finest training to became the elite of the army (Turkish yeniceri, “recruit”) Janissaries - oil painting on canvas... History of Islamic monarchies Padishah, Badishah, or Badshah is a very prestigious title derived from the Persian word Padshah, which is based on the better-known title Shah, assumed by several Islamic monarchs, notably these rulers, the first three commanding major Muslim empires : the Shahanshah of Iran (Persia), also recognized...

An intelligent and able man, Ahmed greatly expanded his city's economy, particularly through the employment of corsairs on crucial Mediterranean shipping routes; nations that wished to protect their ships from the corsairs were forced to pay tribute to the pasha. On land, Ahmed expanded Tripoli's control as far as Fezzan and Cyrenaica before his 1745 death. A pirate digging…perhaps to bury treasure, perhaps a grave. ... Satellite image The Mediterranean Sea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely enclosed by land, on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia. ... Fezzan is a desert region in south-western Libya. ... Roman province of Cyrenaica, 120 AD Cyrenaica was a Roman province on the northern coast of Africa between Egypt and Numidia; it had been formerly Greek. ...

Barbary Wars

See main article: Barbary Wars The Barbary Wars were two wars between the United States of America and piratical city-states in North Africa. ...

Ahmad's successors proved to be less capable than himself, preventing the state from ever achieving the brief golden ages of its Barbary neighbors such as Algiers or Tunis.^[1] However, the region's delicate balance of power allowed the Karamanli to survive several dynastic crises without invasion.^[2] The Barbary Coast, or Barbary, was the term used by Europeans till the 19th century to refer to the coastal regions of what is now Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. ... Map of Algeria showing Algiers province Algiers (French Alger, (Arabic: ولاية الجزائر) El-Jazair, The Islands) is the capital and largest city of Algeria in North Africa. ...

In 1793, Turkish officer Ali Benghul deposed Hamet Karamanli and briefly restored Tripoli to Ottoman rule. However, Hamet's brother Yusuf (r. 1795-1832) returned to Tripoli and with the aid of the bey of Tunis, reestablished Tripoli's inpendence. Yusuf ibn Ali Karamanli (r. ...

In 1801, Yusuf demanded a tribute of $225,000 from United States President Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson, confident in the ability of the new United States Navy to protect American shipping, refused the Pasha's demands, leading the Pasha to unofficially declare war in May 1801 by chopping down the flagpole before the American consulate. Jefferson responded by ordering the US Navy into the Mediterranean, successfully blockading Tripoli's harbors in 1803. After some initial military successes, most notably the capture of the USS Philadelphia, the pasha soon found himself threatened with invasion by American ground forces following the Battle of Derna and the reinstatement of his deposed brother, Hamet Karamanli, recruited by the American army officer William Eaton. He signed a treaty ending the war on June 10, 1805. The President of the United States (unofficially abbreviated POTUS) is the head of state of the United States. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. ... The second USS Philadelphia of the United States Navy was a 28 gun sailing frigate. ... The Battle of Derna was a decisive victory of a combined army of U.S. Marines, Greeks, Turks and Arabs over the forces of the Barbary coast nation of Tripoli during the First Barbary War. ... William Eaton (23 February 1764 - 1 June 1811) was an American Army officer, involved with the First Barbary War. ... June 10 is the 161st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (162nd in leap years), with 204 days remaining. ... 1805 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Decline

By 1819, the various treaties of the Napoleonic Wars had forced the Barbary states to give up piracy almost entirely, and Tripoli's economy began to crumble. ^[3] Yusuf attempted to compensate for lost revenue by encouraging the slave trade across the Sahara, but with abolitionist sentiment on the rise in Europe and to a lesser degree the United States, this failed to salvage Tripoli's economy. As Yusuf weakened, factions sprung up around his three sons; though Yusuf abdicated in 1832 in favor of his son Ali II, civil war soon resulted. Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II sent in troops ostensibly to restore order, but instead deposed and exiled Ali II, marking the end of both the Karamanli dynasty and an independent Tripoli. ^[4] The Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars fought during Napoleon Bonapartes rule over France. ... Slave transport in Africa, from a 19th century engraving The African slavery trade dates back thousands of years and reportedly continues today in some isolated parts of Africa. ... This article is about the abolition of slavery. ... A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is the worlds second-smallest continent in terms of area, covering around 10,790,000 km² (4,170,000 sq mi) or 2. ... Sultan Mahmud II Mahmud II (in Arabic محمودالثانى ) (July 20, 1785–July 1, 1839) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death. ...

Notes

1. ^  McLachlan 290.
2. ^  Hume 311.
3. ^  US Country Studies

References

• Hume, L. J. "Preparations for Civil War in Tripoli in the 1820s: Ali Karamanli, Hassuna D'Ghies and Jeremy Bentham." The Journal of African History 21.3 (1980): 311-322.
• McLachlan, K. S. "Tripoli and Tripolitania: Conflict and Cohesion during the Period of the Barbary Corsairs (1551-1850)." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series 3.3 (1978): 285-294.

External links

• US Country Studies: Libya