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 Karrick Process, from U.S. Patent #1,958,918. The Karrick process is a low temperature carbonization (LTC) of coal, shale, lignite or any carbonaceous materials. These are heated at 680 °F to 1380 °F (360 °C to 749 °C) in the absence of air to distill out oil and gas. The process was the work of oil shale technologist Lewis C. Karrick at the U.S. Bureau of Mines in the 1920s. Image File history File links Stop_hand. ...
Image File history File links Karrickprocess1. ...
Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by underground mining or open-pit mining (surface mining). ...
Oil shale is a general term applied to a group of fine black to dark brown shales rich enough in organic material (called kerogen) to yield petroleum upon distillation. ...
Coal Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by mining. ...
Strathisla whisky distillery in Keith, Scotland Distillation is a method of separation of substances based on differences in their vapor pressures. ...
For most of the 20th century, the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) was the primary United States Government agency conducting scientific research and disseminating information on the extraction, processing, use, and conservation of mineral resources. ...
Process Karrick processing of 1 short ton of coal yields up to 1 barrel of coal tars (12% by weight), richer in lighter hydrocarbons than normal coal tar and suitable for processing into fuels, 3000 cubic feet of rich fuel gas and 1500 pounds of solid smokeless char or semi-coke (for one metric ton, 0.175 m³ of coal tars, 95 m³ of gas, and 750 kg of semi-coke). Smokeless char can be used for utility boilers and coking coal in steel smelters, yields more heat than raw coal and can be converted to water gas. Water gas can be converted to oil by the Fischer-Tropsch process. Coal gas from Karrick LTC boasts greater energy content than natural gas. Phenolic wastes are used by the chemical industry as feedstock for plastics, etc. Electrical power can be cogenerated at nominal cost. Karrick LTC process generates carbon dioxide. (See "Carbon/CO2 sequestration" below). The short ton is a unit of mass equal to 907. ...
Barrel can refer to: Barrels for storage; especialy Barrels for aging alcoholic beverages. ...
Coal tar is the liquid by-product of the distillation of coal to make coke. ...
It has been suggested that Syngas be merged into this article or section. ...
A tonne (also called metric ton) is a non-SI unit of mass, accepted for use with SI, defined as: 1 tonne = 103 kg (= 106 g). ...
Syngas (from synthesis gas) is the name given to gasses of varying composition that are generated in coal gasification and some types of waste-to-energy facilities. ...
The Fischer-Tropsch process is a catalyzed chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide and hydrogen are converted into liquid hydrocarbons of various forms. ...
Syngas (from synthesis gas) is the name given to gasses of varying composition that are generated in coal gasification and some types of waste-to-energy facilities. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with energies per unit mass. ...
Natural gas, commonly referred to as gas, is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane. ...
Phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. ...
Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ...
History Karrick did not invent coal LTC but perfected it in his now expired patents, issued from 1931 to 1942. Dozens of American facilities had previously produced oil, gas, grease and paraffin from coal, but by 1873, cheap petroleum caused the last coal oil plant to close. America is today experiencing a revival of the art in response to crude oil prices of up to or exceeding $70 per barrel, geopolitical and economic considerations. (See "Fischer-Tropsch process" below) 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ...
This article is about the year. ...
Paraffin is a common name for a group of high molecular weight alkane hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2, where n is greater than about 20, discovered by Carl Reichenbach. ...
1873 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calaber). ...
It has been suggested that black gold (oil) be merged into this article or section. ...
Coal oil is an oil used for illuminating purposes, also called lamp oil. ...
Karrick LTC comparative A Karrick LTC pilot plant was constructed at the University of Utah in the 1930s, and below are some findings: The University of Utah (also The U or the U of U) is a public university in Salt Lake City, Utah. ...
- Bergius (HTC) liquefaction is too costly and approximately one-half of the thermal value of coal is destroyed.
- Bergius process requires substantial volumes of water.
- Karrick process, including conversion of the oil to motor fuel, destroys only 25% of the thermal value, or one-half that of the Bergius process.
Karrick LTC gasoline - Gasoline obtained from coal LTC liquefaction is equal in quality to tetraethyl lead gasolines.
- More power is developed in internal combustion engines and an increase in fuel economy of approximately 20% is obtainable under identical operating conditions.
Tetra-ethyl lead (also known as TEL, lead tetraethyl and tetraethyllead) is a toxic organometallic chemical compound, with formula (CH2CH3)4Pb, which was once used as a gasoline (petrol) additive. ...
Karrick LTC byproducts - Yields by volume of approximately 25% gasoline, 10% kerosene and 20% good quality fuel oil are obtainable from coal.
- The smokeless fuel, when burned in an open grate or in boilers, delivers 20% to 25% more heat than raw coal.
- The oil can be converted to liquid fuels while the smokeless fuel is excellent for steam boilers.
- The coal gas should deliver more heat than natural gas per heat unit contained due to the greater quantity of combined carbon and lower dilution of the combustion gases with water vapor.
- The cheapest liquid fuel from coal will come when processed by LTC for both liquid fuels and electric power, which should yield the least expensive electricity.
- The gasoline, fuel oil, and other oil products would be a small percentage of imported petroleum products and should therefore find a ready and enthusiastic market.
Gasoline (or petrol) is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture consisting primarily of hydrocarbons, used as fuel in internal combustion engines. ...
Russian kerosene lamp Kerosene or paraffin oil (British English, not to be confused with the waxy solid also called paraffin) is a colorless flammable hydrocarbon liquid. ...
Fuel oil is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or a residue. ...
Liquid fuels are those combustible or energy-generating molecules which can be harnessed to create mechanical energy, which in turn usually produces kinetic energy, and which also must take the shape of their container. ...
Karrick LTC thermals - As a tertiary product of the coal distilling process, electrical energy can be generated at a minimum cost.
- A Karrick LTC plant with 1 kiloton of daily coal capacity produces sufficient steam to generate 100 megawatt hours of electrical power at no extra cost excepting capital investment for electrical equipment and loss of steam temperature passing through turbines.
- The process steam cost could be low since this steam could be derived from off-peak boiler capacity or from turbines in central electric stations. Fuel for steam and superheating would subsequently be reduced in cost.
The megawatt-hour (symbol: MWh) is a unit for measuring energy. ...
Karrick LTC viability - No difficulties whatsoever were encountered during the successful operation of the plant.
- A 30 ton plant and oil refinery will show a profit over and above all operating and capital costs and the products will sell at attractive prices for equivalent products.
- The private sector should require no subsidies, but not in competition with those who skim off the oil from coal and sell the residual smokeless fuel to power plants.
Karrick LTC criticisms - Commercial Karrick LTC process plants would fail due to mechanical problems, a postulation based on previous failures of other plants using different processes under different conditions.
- Markets for the described coal products are limited, making such a venture economically unsound.
Coal reserves The United States has 26% of Earth's known coal reserves. This is sufficient to last hundreds of years by the most conservative estimates and accounts for 90% of U.S. energy reserves. Coal is a logical resource towards achieving energy independence but the environmental hazards associated with burning coal preclude its combustion in raw form. To paraphrase, "Pollution is a misallocated resource." (See "Learn about Coal" and "USDOE estimates of worldwide coal reserves" below)
Production of synthetic fuels from U.S. coal assets represents an effective means towards decreasing U.S. reliance on imported oil, reducing trade deficits and providing more economical energy than current markets offer. (See "Princeton University: Increased Automobile Fuel Efficiency and Synthetic Fuels; Alternatives for Reducing Oil Imports" below) Synthetic fuel or synfuel is any liquid fuel obtained from coal or from natural gas. ...
Economic viability Oils, including petroleum, have long been extracted from coal. Production plants were merely shut down in the 1980s because crude oil became cheaper than coal liquefaction. The capability itself, however, has never disappeared. Eight years of pilot plant tests by Karrick attest that states, cities or even smaller towns, could make their own gas and generate their own electricity.
John Winslow, Laboratories Technology Manager for Coal Fuels at the U.S. DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), estimates that a plant producing 30,000 barrels of liquid coal per day (4,800 m³/d) can keep costs to $35-$40 per barrel. This finding was presented at the Coal Utilization Technologies Workshop, September 22 2004, at the National Research Center for Coal & Energy, Morgantown, WV. This meeting was part of the Energy Roadmap Workshop Series commissioned by West Virginia Governor Bob Wise. Doe is the term used for the females of various species of animal, including: some species of deer rabbits In job and classified ads, DOE is an acronym for Depending On Experience and usually indicated in pay rates. ...
The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) is a science, technology, and energy laboratory owned and operated by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). ...
Potential market size is substantial, U.S. importation of petroleum products for 2005 alone being $251.6 Billion. (See "U.S. Census Bureau 2005 Foreign Trade Statistics" below).
Congressional funding In 1980, the U.S. Congress approved a $20 billion synfuel program authorizing an Energy Mobilization Board to expedite high priority projects such as facilities to produce oil from coal and shale. 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ...
The Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program was a program run by the United States Bureau of Mines to create the technology to produce synthetic fuel from coal. ...
However, the DOE placed great emphasis on the Bergius process of direct liquefaction of coal by hydrogenation to produce synfuel. The Bergius process combines coal with heated hydrogen at 3000-5000 psi (20 to 35 MPa) to produce oil. Synthesis requires 7000 cubic feet of hydrogen per barrel of oil produced plus 1500 cubic feet of hydrogen per 1000 cubic feet of synfuel produced. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by underground mining or open-pit mining (strip mining). ...
Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction in which unsaturated bonds between carbon atoms are reduced by attachment of a hydrogen atom to each carbon. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
‹ The template below has been proposed for deletion. ...
Pounds-force per square inch (lbf/in²) is a non-SI unit of pressure. ...
The megapascal, symbol MPa is an SI unit of pressure. ...
The Bergius process has been criticized both economically and ecologically as untenable, and given the shortcomings of the Bergius process, the prudence of that Congressional funding allocation has been questioned. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
U.S. patents Reference U.S. Patents issued to L.C. Karrick: - U.S. Patent 1835878 U.S. Patent 1894691 U.S. Patent 1899154
- U.S. Patent 1901169 U.S. Patent 1901170 U.S. Patent 1906755
- U.S. Patent 1913395 U.S. Patent 1919636 U.S. Patent 1923213
- U.S. Patent 1938596 U.S. Patent 1942650 U.S. Patent 1945530
- U.S. Patent 1950558 U.S. Patent 1958918 U.S. Patent 2011054
- U.S. Patent 2268989 U.S. Patent 2283556
See also To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
The Fischer-Tropsch process is a catalyzed chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide and hydrogen are converted into liquid hydrocarbons of various forms. ...
Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by underground mining or open-pit mining (surface mining). ...
Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by underground mining or open-pit mining (strip mining). ...
Carbon sequestration from a fossil-fuel power station A carbon dioxide sink or CO2 sink is a carbon reservoir that is increasing in size, and is the opposite of a carbon source. The main sinks are the oceans and growing vegetation. ...
C02 sequestration is the capture, extraction, seperation, collection, etc, of carbon dioxide and a means for its storage or use. ...
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a plan to mitigate climate change by capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources such as power plants and subsequently storing it away safely instead of releasing it into the atmosphere. ...
US coal regions. ...
Non-conventional oil is oil extracted using techniques other than the traditional oil well method. ...
Simple sketch of pyrolysis chemistry Pyrolysis usually means the chemical decomposition of organic materials by heating in the absence of oxygen or any other reagents, except possibly steam. ...
The Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program was a program run by the United States Bureau of Mines to create the technology to produce synthetic fuel from coal. ...
Synthetic fuel or synfuel is any liquid fuel obtained from coal or from natural gas. ...
A synthetic oil is an oil manufactured for enhanced lubrication performance using the Fischer-Tropsch process which converts carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane into liquid hydrocarbons of various forms. ...
It has been suggested that Town gas be merged into this article or section. ...
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