Kars (Armenian: Կարս) is a city in northeast Turkey and the capital of the Kars Province, formerly at the head of a sanjak in the Turkish vilayet of Erzurum. It is situated in 40°37′N 43°6′E. Population: 8,672 (1878); 20,891 (1897), 54,000 (1970). Kars is a province of Turkey, and is located in the northeastern part of the country, next to the border with Armenia. ... This page is about districts of the Ottoman Empire; for a region in Serbia and Montenegro, see Sandžak. ... Vilâyet (also eyalet or pashaluk) was the Turkish name for the provinces of the Ottoman Empire. ... Erzurum (or Erzerum, Arzen in antiquity, Karin in ancient Armenian, Theodosiupolis or Theodosiopolis during Byzantine rule) is one of the Provinces of Turkey, in the Eastern Anatolia Region, to the east of the country. ... 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ...

History

In the 10th century the region surrounding Kars was an Armenian Kingdom, ruled by the Bagratid family. Later on, Kars was captured and destroyed by the Seljuk Turks, by the Mongols in the 13th century, and by Timur (Tamerlane) in 1387. The citadel was strong enough to withstand a siege by Nadir Shah of Persia, in 1731, and in 1807 it successfully resisted the Russians. After a brave defence it surrendered on June 23, 1828 to the Russian general Count Ivan Paskevich, 11,000 men becoming prisoners of war. During the Crimean War the Turkish garrison, guided by General William Fenwick Williams and other foreign officers, kept the Russians at bay during a protracted siege; but after the garrison had been devastated by cholera and food had utterly failed, nothing was left but to capitulate in November of 1855. The fortress was again stormed by the Russians in the Battle of Kars during the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78 and on its conclusion was transferred to Russia by the Treaty of San Stefano. As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... Region (Bagrevand) and family Bagratuni (or Bagratids) that ruled it, of the old Armenia c. ... The Seljuk Turks (also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq; in Turkish Selçuklu; in Arabic سلجوق SaljÅ«q, or السلاجقة al-Salājiqa; in Persian سلجوقيان SaljÅ«qiyān) were a major branch of the Oghuz Turks... The Mongols are an ethnic group that originated in what is now Mongolia, Russia, and China, particularly Inner Mongolia. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Reconstruction of Timur from exhumation of his tomb. ... Events June 2 - John Holland, a maternal half-brother of Richard II of England, is created Earl of Huntingdon. ... For the Boston area punk band see Siege (band). ... Tomb of Nadir Shah, a popular tourist attraction in Mashhad Nadir Shah (Nadir Qoli Beg, also Tahmasp-Qoli Khan) (October 22, 1688 - June, 1747) ruled as shah of Iran (1736–47) and was the founder of the short-lived Afsharid dynasty. ... The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... Events 10 Downing Street becomes the official residence of the United Kingdoms Prime Minister when Robert Walpole moves in. ... 1807 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... June 23 is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 191 days remaining. ... 1828 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Ivan Feodorovich Paskevich (Иван Фёдорович Паскевич in Russian) (August 5 (8th NS), 1782-January 20 (February 1, NS), 1856), was a Ukrainian military leader in the Russian service. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... Combatants United Kingdom, France, Ottoman Empire, Sardinia Imperial Russia Commanders Strength 250,000 British 400,000 French 10,000 Sardinian 1,200,000 Russian Casualties 17,500 British 30,000 French 2,050 Sardinian killed and wounded 256,000 killed and wounded {{{notes}}} The Crimean War lasted from 28 March... Garrison House, built 1675, Dover, NH, USA In the military, garrison is the collective term for the body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it, but now often simply using it as a home base. ... Sir William Fenwick Williams (December 4, 1800 - July 26, 1883) was a British military leader of the Victorian era. ... Cholera (also called Asiatic cholera) is an infectious disease, caused by bacteria that are typically ingested by drinking water that is contaminated by improper sanitation, or by eating improperly cooked fish, especially shellfish. ... Surrender is when soldiers give up fighting and become prisoners of war, either as individuals or when ordered to by their officers . ... 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Fortifications (Latin fortis, strong, and facere, to make) are military constructions designed for defensive warfare. ... The Battle of Kars was a decisive Russian victory over the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78. ... The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 had its origins in the Russian goal of gaining access to the Mediterranean Sea and dominating Constantinople (Istanbul) and the adjacent Turkish Straits. ... Borders of Bulgaria according to the Treaty of San Stefano of March 3rd, 1878 The Treaty of San Stefano was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire at the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78. ...

Russia lost Kars, Ardahan and Batum by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on March 3, 1918. The Turks occupied Kars on April 25, 1918 and the Republic of Southwest Caucasus was established in the zone, but when the armistice of Mudros (October 1918) was established the Ottoman army withdrew to the frontiers of 1914. The British occupied Batum but the Ottomans refused to relinquish Kars; its military governor constituted a provisional government led by Fahrettin Pirioglu that claimed Turkish sovereignty over Kars and the Turkish-speaking and Islamic neighbouring regions to Batum and Gumru (Alexandropol). The region was occupied by Armenia in January 1919 but the pro-Turkish government was supported in the city of Kars until the arrival of the British troops, who dissolved it on April 19, 1919, sending its leaders to Malta. Kars was given to Armenia together with Iğdır in May 1919. The Turkish-Armenian war of September-December/1920, and the fall of the First Republic resulted in the treaty of Alexandropol signed by the representatives of Armenia and Turkey on December 2 1920, in accordance with which Armenia was to give up all the territories granted to her by the treaty of Sevres and to cede to Turkey about 60 per cent of her prewar territory including Kars. Location of Ardahan province in Turkey Ardahan (in English also known as Erdehan) is the capital city of Ardahan province (established in 1992) in northeastern Turkey. ... A view of Batumi, circa, 1911, towards the mountains Batumi (also Batum or Batoum) is a seaside city (population: approximately 137,000) on the Black Sea coast and capital of Ajaria, an autonomous republic in southwest Georgia. ... The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, at Brest, formerly Brest-Litovsk, between Russia and the Central Powers, marking Russias exit from World War I. The treaty was practically obsolete before the end of the year but is significant as a chief... March 3 is the 62nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (63rd in leap years). ... April 25 is the 115th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (116th in leap years). ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... The Armistice of Mudros was signed between the Ottoman Empire (represented by the Ottoman Minister of Marine Affairs Rauf Beg) and the Allies (represented by the British Admiral Arthur Calthorpe), in the Mudros port in the island of Lemnos on 30 October 1918. ... Gyumri, formerly known by the following names in chronological order: Alexandropol, Kumayri, Gyumri, Leninakan, and Gyumri (again), is the capital of the Shirak province of Armenia and a fortress of great strength. ... Gyumri, formerly known by the following names in chronological order: Alexandropol, Kumayri, Gyumri, Leninakan, and Gyumri (again), is the capital of the Shirak province of Armenia, and a fortress of great strength. ... April 19 is the 109th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (110th in leap years). ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Following the Turkish War of Independence, Turkey signed the Treaty of Kars (October 23, 1921) with the Soviet Union in which Turkey relinquished claims to Batum in return for sovereignty over Kars and Ardahan. The government of Armenia to the present day, do not officially recognize the current border. The borders as defined by the treaty of Kars, are far from been fair from the point of view of Armenian nationalists many of whom still consider the treaty of Sevres as the basis for the resolution of Turkish-Armenian conflict. Combatants Turkish Revolutionaries Triple Entente, Greece, Armenia Commanders Mustafa Kemal Ismet Inonu Kazim Karabekir Ali Fuat Cebesoy Strength {{{strength1}}} {{{strength2}}} Casualties {{{casualties1}}} {{{casualties2}}} The Turkish War of Independence (Turkish: Kurtuluş Savaşı) is part of the History of Turkey that spans from the occupation by the Allies following the Ottoman Empires... The Treaty of Kars was a friendship treaty between Turkey and the Soviet Union. ...

Kars Citadel

As a city at the juncture of Caucasian, Russian, and Turkish cultures, the buildings of Kars come in a variety of architectures. Kars Kalesi, the citadel atop a plateau overlooking Kars, appears to have been built by Ottoman Sultan Murad III during the war with Persia, at the close of the 16th century. At the foot of the plateau is St. Arak'elos Cathedral, or the Church of the Apostles, now a museum. Built in the 10th century, it constitutes a domed tetraconch atop a square base with four apses. The drum of the dome features bas relief depictions of The Twelve Apostles and the dome itself is covered by a conical roof. The Entholinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map The Caucasus, a region bordering Asia Minor, is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. ... This article is about a type of fortification. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (the Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Bursa (1335-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Ä°stanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40... A sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. ... Murad III Murad III (July 4, 1546 – January 15, 1595) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 until his death. ... The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... For the twelve apostles chosen by Jesus, see Apostles See also London Arch (formerly London Bridge) Loch Ard Gorge The Gibson Steps The Grotto Categories: Australia geography stubs | Cliffs | Geography of Australia ...

Kars in popular culture

• Kars is the setting of the novel Snow by famous Turkish novelist Orhan Pamuk.

DeFoes Robinson Crusoe, Newspaper edition published in 1719 A novel (from French nouvelle, new) is an extended fictional narrative in prose. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ...

External links

• Armenian History and Presence in Kars
• Kars Weather Forecast Information
• Treaty of Kars
• The Treaty of Kars on "Atlas of Conflicts" (by Andrew Andersen)
• Pictures of the city and the nearby former Armenian city of Ani
• VirtualANI - A History of the City of Kars
• Kars & Ani Guide and Photo Album

References

• This article incorporates text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, a publication in the public domain.

The 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1910-1911) is the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

	Districts of Kars
Kars | Akyaka | Arpaçay | Digor | Kağızman | Sarıkamış | Selim | Susuz Image File history File links Kars_Turkey_Provinces_locator. ... Kars is a province of Turkey, and is located in the northeastern part of the country, next to the border with Armenia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkey. ...