Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–November 10, 1938), Turkish soldier, revolutionary, and anti-imperialist statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... 1881 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. ... 1938 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Early career

Atatürk was born in the Ottoman city of Selânik (Salonika), now Thessaloníki, in modern Greece, where his birthplace is commemorated by a museum at the present day Turkish Consulate. In accordance with the then prevalent Turkish custom, he was given the single name Mustafa. His father, Ali Rıza (Efendi) was a customs officer who died when Mustafa was a child, his mother was Zübeyde (Hanım). The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul (Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 6. ... Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη) is the second-largest city of Greece and is the principal, the largest city and the capital of the Greek region of Macedonia. ... Zübeyde Hanim (1857 – January 14, 1923; Turkish spelling: Zübeyde Hanım) was the mother of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey. ...

Mustafa studied at the military secondary school in Selânik, where the additional name Kemal ("perfection") was bestowed on him by his mathematics teacher in recognition of his academic brilliance. As 'Mustafa Kemal' he entered the military academy at Monastir (now Bitola) in 1895. He graduated as a lieutenant in 1905 and was posted to Damascus. He soon joined a secret society of reform-minded officers called Vatan (Fatherland), and became an active opponent of the Ottoman regime. In 1907 he was posted to Selânik and joined the Committee of Union and Progress commonly known as the Young Turks. History Main article: History of mathematics In addition to recognizing how to count concrete objects, prehistoric peoples also recognized how to count abstract quantities, like time -- days, seasons, years. ... Monastir could be a city in the Republic of Macedonia now called Bitola Monastir, Italy - a village near Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy, famous for fruit production. ... Bitola (Cyrillic Битола, Greek Monastir, Serbian Bitolj/Битољ) is a city in the present day Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. ... Damascus by night, the green spots are minarets Damascus (Arabic officially دمشق Dimashq, colloqially ash-Sham الشام) is the capital city of Syria and one of the worlds oldest cities. ... This word means own country/fatherland in Turkish. ... Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη) is the second-largest city of Greece and is the principal, the largest city and the capital of the Greek region of Macedonia. ... This article refers to the Turkish nationalist reform party. ...

The Young Turks seized power from the Sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1908, and Mustafa Kemal became a senior military figure. In 1911, he went to the province of Libya to take part in the defence against the Italian invasion. During the first part of the Balkan Wars Mustafa was stranded in Libya and unable to take part, but in July 1913 he returned to Istanbul and was appointed commander of the Ottoman defences of the Gallipoli area on the coast of Thrace. In 1914 he was appointed military attache in Sofia, partly to remove him from the capital and its political intrigues. Sultan Abdul Hamid II Abd-ul-Hamid II also Abdulhamid, Abdülhemit, Abdul Hamid, Abd al-Hamid II, or Abdul-Hamid (September 21, 1842 – February 10, 1918) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from August 31, 1876 – April 27, 1909. ... The outcome as of April 1914 The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912-1913 in the course of which the Balkan League (Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and Bulgaria) first conquered Ottoman-held Macedonia and most of Thrace and then fell out of fellowship over the division... This article is about the city. ... Gallipoli, called Gelibolu in modern Turkish, is a town in northwestern Turkey. ... Thrace is a historical and geographic area in south-east Europe spread over southern Bulgaria, north-eastern Greece, and European Turkey. ... National Theatre, Sofia Alexander Nevski Cathedral The city of Sofia (Bulgarian: София), at the foot of the Vitosha mountain, has a population of 1,208,930 (2003), and is the capital of the Republic of Bulgaria. ...

War commander

Commander in Chief Atatürk at the front

Statue of Atatürk above the battlefield of Gallipoli, where he made his name as a military commander in 1915

When the Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of Germany, Mustafa Kemal was posted to Rodosto (now Tekirdag) on the Sea of Marmara. He commanded a division in the Gallipoli area, and he played a critical role in the battle against the invading allied forces during the Gallipoli landings by British, French and ANZAC forces in April 1915. Here he made his name as a brilliant military commander by defending Chunuk Bair and the Anafarta hills, becoming a national hero and securing the title of Pasha (he would be known as Mustafa 'Kemal Pasha' until 1934, when the Grand National Assembly of Turkey officially endowed him with the surname 'Atatürk'). All Mustafa Kemal Atatürk images are public domain. ... All Mustafa Kemal Atatürk images are public domain. ... Download high resolution version (1006x1405, 189 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Download high resolution version (1006x1405, 189 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Missing image Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Tekirdag or Tekir Dagh, referred to historically as Rodosto (Greek name: Redestos or Rhaedestos), is a city of European Turkey (Eastern Thrace), which during the period of the Ottoman Empire (before the treaty of Sevres in 1920) belonged in the vilayet of Adrianople. ... The Sea of Marmara (Turkish: Marmara denizi, Modern Greek: Μαρμαρα̃ Θάλασσα or Προποντίδα) (also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea) is an inland sea that separates the Black Sea from the Aegean Sea (thus the Asian part of Turkey from its European part) by Bosporus and... Gallipoli, called Gelibolu in modern Turkish, is a town in northwestern Turkey. ... Battle of Gallipoli Conflict First World War Date 19 February 1915 - 9 January 1916 Place Gallipoli peninsula, Turkey Result Ottoman victory The Battle of Gallipoli took place on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli in 1915 during the First World War. ... The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (popularly abbreviated as ANZAC) was originally an army corps of Australian and New Zealand troops who fought in World War I at Gallipoli, in the Middle East and on the Western Front. ... 1915 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... This article discusses the rank/title used in the Ottoman Empire. ... 1934 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Grand National Assembly (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi in Turkish) is the unicameral parliament of Turkey which carries out legislative functions. ...

During 1917 and 1918 Kemal Pasha was sent to the Caucasus front fighting the Russian forces with some success, and then to the Hejaz, where the Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule was in progress. He became increasingly critical of the incompetent conduct of the war by the Sultan's government, and also of increasing German domination of the Empire. He resigned his command, but eventually agreed to return to serve in the unsuccessful defense of Palestine. 1917 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Caucasus is a region in West Asia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus mountains and surrounding lowlands. ... Hejaz (also Hijaz, Hedjaz) is a region in the northwest of present-day Saudi Arabia; its main city is Jeddah, but it is probably better-known for the holy city of Mecca. ... The Arab Revolt (1916–1918) was initiated by Sherif Hussein ibn Ali with the aim of securing independence from the ruling Ottoman Turks and creating a single unified Arab state spanning from Aleppo in Syria to Yemen. ... The term Palestine may refer to: Palestine: A geographical region in the Middle East, centered on Jerusalem. ...

In October 1918 the Ottomans capitulated to the Allies, and Kemal Pasha became one of the leaders of the party which favoured a policy of defending the Turkish-speaking heartlands of the Empire, while agreeing to withdraw from all the non-Turkish territories. Turkish nationalist sentiment was aroused by the Greek occupation of Izmir (Smyrna) in May 1919, in accordance with the Treaty of Sèvres (this Treaty was signed by the Sultan under Allied duress but never ratified by the Ottoman parliament). 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Shows the Location of the Province İzmir Izmir from space, June 1996 Izmir (Turkish spelling İzmir, contraction of its original Greek name Smyrna, Σμυρνη), the second-largest port (after İstanbul) and the third most populous city (2,409,000 in 2000) of Turkey is located on the Aegean Sea near... 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Treaty of Sèvres of August 10, 1920, made peace between the Allied and Associated Powers1 and the Ottoman Empire after World War I. The treaty was signed by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI, who was trying to save his throne but was rejected by the independence movement in...

Political consolidation

The government sent Kemal Pasha to Samsun in North-Central Anatolia to take command of the nineteenth Army, a formation which, in accordance to restrictions placed on the empire by the Allies in the Treaty of Sevres, was supposed to be disbanded. This was meant to be an insult to Kemal, who, being the nationalist that he was, was an enemy of Sultan Mehmed VI's capitulatory government. But he then turned the tables and he seized this moment as an opportunity to free Turkey from Allied occupation. In June 1919, on orders, he left the capital, Istanbul, and founded a Turkish nationalist movement upon disembarkation in Samsun, but the movement would soon to be based in Ankara. In April 1920 a provisional Parliament, the Grand National Assembly, at Ankara offered Kemal Pasha the title 'President of the National Assembly'. This body repudiated the government and the Treaty of Sèvres. Samsun is a city in northern Turkey, on the coast of the Black Sea, with a population of 396,900 as of 2004. ... Anatolia ( Greek: ανατολή anatolē or anatolí, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion of... The Treaty of Sèvres of August 10, 1920, made peace between the Allied and Associated Powers1 and the Ottoman Empire after World War I. The treaty was signed by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI who was trying to save his throne but was rejected by the independence movement in... Sultan Mehmed VI Mehmed VI, original name Mehmed Vahdettin or Mehmed Vahideddin (January 14, 1861 – May 16, 1926) was the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from 1918–1922. ... This article is about the city. ... Samsun is a city in northern Turkey, on the coast of the Black Sea, with a population of 396,900 as of 2004. ... Ankara from the Atakule Tower, looking N-NE Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the countrys second largest city after Istanbul. ... 1920 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ...

The Greeks understood the threat posed to their position in western Anatolia by Kemal Pasha's forces and advanced inland to meet them. Military action between Turks and Greeks was inconclusive, but the nationalist cause was strengthened the next year by a series of brilliant victories. Twice (in January and again in April) Ismet Pasha defeated the Greek army at Inönü, blocking its advance into the interior of Anatolia. In July, in the face of a third offensive, the Turkish forces fell back in good order to the Sakarya Nehri, eighty kilometers from Ankara, where Atatürk took personal command and decisively defeated the Greeks in a twenty day battle.

Kemal Pasha's victory in the War of Independence saved Turkey's sovereignty. The Treaty of Lausanne superceded the Treaty of Sèvres and Turkey recovered all of Anatolia and eastern Thrace from the Greeks. The Greco-Turkish War occurred after World War I , when the Greeks attempted to extend their territory beyond eastern Thrace (in Europe) and the district of Smyrna (Izmir; in Anatolia). ... The Treaty of Lausanne was a peace treaty that set the boundaries of modern Turkey. ...

Kemal Pasha spent the next several years consolidating his control over Turkey and pushing strong political, economic and social reforms. Although he claimed to be fostering a democracy, many Turks who opposed his policies were banished from the country. He also ensured that the Turkish political process remained firmly under his personal control, with little or no dissent from his own goals and policies.

In March of 1925, Kemal Pasha pushed through the Maintence of Order Law, which allowed the government to shut down organizations it deemed to be subversive. This law was immediately applied to Progressive Republican Party, the main political party opposing Kemal Pasha's reforms. Unsurprisingly, he won the next election.

Cultural reform

Kemal Pasha regarded the fez (which Sultan Mahmud II had originaly introduced to the Ottoman Empires dress code in 1826) as a symbol of feudalism and banned it, encouraging Turkish men to wear European attire. The hijab (veil) for women, while never formally banned, was strongly discouraged; and women were encouraged to wear western apparel and enter the country's workforce. From 1926, the Islamic calendar was replaced with the Gregorian calendar. In 1928 the government decreed that the Arabic script be replaced by a modified Latin alphabet, which facilitated publishing and made Turkish easier to learn. Citizens between the ages of six and forty were required to attend school and learn the new alphabet. The conservative clergy fiercely opposed these reforms, trying in vain to maintain its traditionally strong influence. As a result of these reforms, literacy increased dramatically. The reforms also included extensive removal of Arabic and Persian words from the Turkish language. The fez, also spelled fes, is a particular style of hat that originated from the city of Fez in Morocco. ... Feudalism refers to a general set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility of Europe during the Middle Ages, revolving around the three key concepts of lords, vassals and fiefs. ... 1926 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar (also called Hegiran calendar) is the calendar used to date events in predominately Muslim countries, and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate Muslim holy days. ... The Gregorian calendar is the calendar widely used in the Western world. ... 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing the Arabic language. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world, the standard script of the English language and most of the languages of western and central Europe, and of those areas settled by Europeans. ...

Latife Usakligil and Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

Visual representation of the human form was banned during Ottoman times in accordance with prevailing Islamic norms. Kemal Pasha opened new schools, where, as part of the curriculum, fine arts were taught to boys as well as girls. Girls had been traditionally excluded entirely from education, but now a universal system of education was introduced for children of both sexes. He also lifted the Islamic ban on alcoholic beverages: Kemal Pasha had an appreciation for the national liquor, raki, and consumed vast quantities of it. In 1934 he promulgated a law requiring all Turks to adopt surnames. The parliament gave him the deferential name Atatürk, meaning "father of Turks," and assumption of that name by other persons is still forbidden by law. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (Founder of Republic of Turkey) and Latife Usakligil were married between 1923 and 1925. ... Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (Founder of Republic of Turkey) and Latife Usakligil were married between 1923 and 1925. ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul (Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 6. ... Alcoholic beverages are drinks containing ethanol. ... Rakı - Gets cloudy white, when mixed with water. ... 1934 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Seeking to limit the influence of Islam on Turkish political and cultural institutions, which he regarded as one of the principal causes impeding Turkish development, Atatürk abolished the 1300-year-old Islamic caliphate on 3 March 1924 and established a western-style separation of church and state ("mosque" and state) in Turkey. While promoting a secular Turkish state, Atatürk maintained the traditional Ottoman tolerance of religious diversity and freedoms, but viewed these freedoms in the western Enlightenment sense of freedom of conscience. Atatürk prized science and rationalism as the basis of morality and philosophy. Islam (Arabic al-islām الإسلام,  listen) the submission to God is a monotheistic faith and the worlds second-largest religion. ... Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... 1924 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The separation of church and state is a concept in law whereby the structures of state or national government are kept separate from those of religious institutions. ...

He was briefly married to Latife Usakligil between 1923 and 1925.[1] (http://www.turkishnews.com/Ataturk/life.htm) Latife Usakligil Latife Usakligil (Latife Uşaklıgil in Turkish) She was born in 1898 in Izmir where she received her high school education. ...

Legacy

Statue of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Istanbul, overlooking the Bosphorus

Atatürk died in 1938 of cirrhosis, a probable consequence of his strenuous lifestyle and heavy drinking for many years. Download high resolution version (893x1313, 341 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Download high resolution version (893x1313, 341 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Cirrhosis is a chronic disease of the liver in which liver tissue is replaced by connective tissue, resulting in the loss of liver function. ...

His successor, Ismet Inönü, fostered a posthumous Atatürk cult which has survived to this day, even though the introduction of a genuine democratic system after World War II saw the Republican People's Party lose power in 1946. Atatürk's face and name are seen and heard everywhere in Turkey: his portrait can be seen in all public buildings, on all Turkish banknotes, and even in the homes of many Turkish families. Giant Atatürk statues loom over Istanbul and other Turkish cities. He is comemmorated by many memorials all over Turkey, like the Atatürk International Airport in Istanbul and the Atatürk Bridge over the Golden Horn. Ismet Inonu 1884-1973 Mustafa Ismet Inönü (1884 - December 25, 1973) was a Turkish soldier, statesman and the second President of Turkey. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... 1946 was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... This article is about the city. ... Atatürk International Airport in Istanbul, Turkey is an international airport that was named after the father of modern Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. ... This article is about the city. ... The Golden Horn from the southern or Constantinople shore, with the skyline of modern Istanbul on the far shore The Golden Horn (in Turkish Haliç, in Greek Khrysokeras or Chrysoceras or Χρυσοκερας) is an estuary dividing the city of Istanbul. ...

Few countries have been as genuinely and permanently changed by a single ruler as Turkey was by Atatürk. His reforms proved more lasting than the revolutionary changes of many other regimes. Tentative reforms had been undertaken in the 19th century, principally through the Tanzimat and Mesrutiyet, and they were expanded and finalised by him. Although he was by nature an authoritarian, he was farsighted enough to create a political system which could adapt to the introduction of pluralistic democracy fairly easily. His secularist and modernising reforms proved permanent to this day, and gave Turkey domestic and international peace and a measure of prosperity even in his lifetime. But Kemalism has also left Turkey with a divided identity — Europeanised but not quite European, alienated from the Islamic world but still a Muslim country. The Tanzimat was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that lasted from 1839 to 1876. ...

Anitkabir, Kemal Ataturk's mausoleum at Ankara

Atatürk's legacy also survives in the Turkish military, which sees itself as the guardian of Turkish independence, nationalism and secularism. Image:Anitkabir. ... Image:Anitkabir. ... Anitkabir - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... A mausoleum is a large and impressive tomb, usually constructed for a deceased leader. ...

External links

• Ataturk.net, a website dedicated to Atatürk (http://www.ataturk.net)
• Quotes of and quotes on Atatürk (http://tadevrimi.sitemynet.com/ingilizce.htm)
• Atatürk Gallery by the Ministry of Culture, Republic of Turkey (http://www.kulturturizm.gov.tr/portal/default_en.asp?belgeno=4602)
• Biography, the Revolutions and a speech excerpt from the Ministry of Culture, Republic of Turkey (http://www.kulturturizm.gov.tr/portal/default_en.asp?belgeno=4601)
• Atatürk: The Biography of the founder of Modern Turkey (http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/158567334X/qid%3D1100537983/sr%3D2-2/ref%3Dpd%5Fka%5Fb%5F2%5F2/103-2595715-4995021), by Andrew Mango ISBN 158567334X

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There have been ten Presidents of the Republic of Turkey since its inception. ... Ismet Inonu 1884-1973 Mustafa Ismet Inönü (1884 - December 25, 1973) was a Turkish soldier, statesman and the second President of Turkey. ... This is a chronological list of every government formed by the Prime Ministers of the Republic of Turkey. ... Mustafa Fevzi Çakmak was a Turkish soldier (Field Marshal) and a politician. ...