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Encyclopedia > Kempeitai
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The Kempeitai (憲兵隊, "Corps of Law Soldiers") was the military police arm of the Imperial Japanese Army from 1881 to 1945. It was not an English-style service police, but was a French-style gendarmerie. Therefore, whilst it was institutionally a part of the Imperial Japanese Army, it also discharged the functions of the military police for the Imperial Japanese Navy under the direction of the Admiralty Minister (although the IJN had its own Tokeitai), those of the executive police under the direction of the Interior Minister, and those of the judicial police under the direction of the Justice Minister. A member of the corps was called a kempei (gendarme).[1] Image File history File links Wikitext. ... Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... The Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command providing security coverage at the Padang in Singapore during the National Day Parade in 2000. ... The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) (KyÅ«jitai: 大日本帝國陸軍, Shinjitai: , Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun), or more officially Army of the Greater Japanese Empire was the official ground based armed force of Imperial Japan from 1867 to 1945. ... Year 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... A gendarmerie or gendarmery (pronounced ) is a military body charged with police duties among civilian populations. ... The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) (KyÅ«jitai: 大日本帝國陸軍, Shinjitai: , Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun), or more officially Army of the Greater Japanese Empire was the official ground based armed force of Imperial Japan from 1867 to 1945. ... For Combined Fleet, please see that article. ... The Tokeitai (Naval Secret Police) was the Imperial Japanese Navys police equivalent to the Imperial Japanese Armys Kempeitai military police service. ... The Interior Minister is a member of a Cabinet in a Government. ... A justice minister is a ministerial position in the governments of some countries, with general responsibility for policing and the maintenance of public order. ...

Contents

History

This article does not deal with the pre-modern Japanese military history.


The Kempeitai was established in 1881 by a decree called Kempei Jourei, literally "articles concerning gendarmes".[2] Its model was la Gendarmerie Nationale of France. The details of the Kempeitai's military, executive and judicial police functions were defined by the Kempei Rei ("Decree on Gendarmes") of 1898[3] which was subsequently amended twenty-six times before Japan's defeat in August 1945. Year 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Gendarmes guarding the Paris Hall of Justice Gendarmerie motorcyclists police the roads and autoroutes of rural France. ... Year 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...


The force initially consisted of 349 men. The enforcement of the new conscription legislation was an important part of their duty, because many peasant families did not want their young men to be taken away from them. As regards the Kempeitai's internal administrative structure, its general affairs branch was in charge of the Kempeitai policy, personnel management, internal discipline, as well as liaison (sicsic) with the Ministries of the Admiralty, the Interior, and Justice. The operation branch was in charge of the distribution of military police units within the army, general public security and intelligence. [citation needed]


In 1907, the Kempeitai was ordered to station in Korea.[4] Its main duty in Korea was legally defined as preserving the (Japanese army's) peace in Korea, although it also functioned as a military police for the Japanese army stationed in Korea. This formality remained basically unchanged after Japan's annexation of Korea in 1910. This article is about the Korean peninsula and civilization. ... The Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command providing security coverage at the Padang in Singapore during the National Day Parade in 2000. ...


The Kempeitai maintained public order within Japan under the direction of the Interior Minister, and in the occupied territories under the direction of the Minister of War. Japan also had a civilian secret police force, Tokko, which was the Japanese acronym of Tokubetsu Koto Keisatsu ("special higher police"). Tokko was a part of the Interior Ministry. However, the Kempeitai, too, had a Tokko branch of its own, and through it discharged the functions of a secret police. As such, the Kempeitai assumed the power to arrest, often without warrant of any kind whatsover, those whom it regarded as subversive to "good" public order, such as communists, liberals and anti-war people. The Kempeitai often did not hesitate to torture those whom they had arrested, especially during the 1930s and the early 1940s. A defence minister ( Commonwealth English) or defense minister ( American English) is a cabinet portfolio (position) which regulates the armed forces in a sovereign nation. ... The Tokko (特高 Tokkō), Tokubetsu Koto Keisatsu (特別高等警察 Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu; Special Higher Police) was a police force established in 1901 in Japan. ... This article is about communism as a form of society, as an ideology advocating that form of society, and as a popular movement. ... In politics, the term liberal refers to: an adherent of the ideology of liberalism or a state or quality of this ideology. ... Anti war protest in Melbourne, Australia, 2003 Anti_war is a name that is widely adopted by any social movement or person that seeks to end or oppose a future or current war. ... Torture, according to international law, is any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has...


When the Kempeitai arrested a civilian under the direction of the Justice Minister, the person so arrested was expected to be subject to civilian judicial proceedings. In practice, it was very difficult to prove one's innocence once arrested: Japan had very few procedural safeguards against forced confessions at least before 1948. The word Confessions has several meanings: Confessions is a series of books composed by St. ...


The Kempeitai's brutality was particularly notorious in Korea and the other occupied territories. The Kempeitai were abhorred in Japan's mainland, too, especially during the Second World War when Prime Minister General Hideki Tojo, the Commander of the Kempeitai of the Japanese Army in Manchuria from 1935 to 1937[5], used the Kempeitai extensively in order to make sure that everyone was committed to his (or in his view, His Majesty's sacred) war. Under Tojo, the Kempeitai reduced Japan to a police state. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... Hideki Tojo (KyÅ«jitai: 東條 英機; Shinjitai: 東条 英機;  ) (December 30, 1884 – December 23, 1948) was a General in the Imperial Japanese Army and the 40th Prime Minister of Japan during much of World War II, from October 18, 1941 to July 22, 1944. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A police state is a political condition where the government maintains strict control over society, particularly through suspension of civil rights and often with the use of a force of secret police. ...


According to United States Army TM-E 30-480, there were over 36,000 regular members of the Kempeitai at the end of the war; this did not include the many ethnic "auxiliaries". As many foreign territories fell under the Japanese military occupation during the 1930s and the early 1940s, the Kempeitai recruited a large number of locals in those territories in order to supplement the force. Taiwan and Korea seem to have been their favourite sources of auxiliaries to police the newly occupied territories in Southeast Asia, but the Kempeitai recruited some in French Indochina (especially, from among the Cao Dai religious sect), Malaya and elsewhere. In this context, the Kempeitai may have trained Trinh Minh The, a Vietnamese nationalist and military leader. Some sources report that the Kempeitai recruited even criminals as law enforcers. The Kempeitai might have paid their meticulous attention to the conduct of the prisoners of war and local population in the occupied territories, but they generally failed to police and detect very serious violations of the then Japanese military criminal codes and military disciplinary regulations, especially when these were committed by Japanese military personnel against prisoners of war and civilians. The United States Army is the largest and oldest branch of the armed forces of the United States. ... The term auxiliaries comes from the latin auxilia (help). ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... Flag Capital Hanoi Language(s) French Political structure Federation Historical era New Imperialism  - Established 1887  - Addition of Laos 1893  - Vietnam Declaration of Independence September 2, 1945  - Independence of Laos July 19, 1949  - Independence of Cambodia November 9, 1953  - Disestablished 1954 Area  - 1945 750,000 km2 289,577 sq mi Currency... Cao Dais Holy See, called the Tay Ninh Holy See, is located in Tay Ninh, Viet Nam Caodaism (Vietnamese:  ) is a relatively new, syncretist, monotheistic religion, officially established in Tây Ninh, southern Vietnam, in 1926. ... Trình Minh Thế (1922 - May 3, 1955) was a Vietnamese nationalist and military leader during the end of the First Indochina War and the beginning of the Vietnam War. ...


The Kempeitai was disarmed and disbanded after the Japanese surrender in August 1945.


Today, the post-war Self-Defence Forces' internal police is called Keimutai (See Japanese Self-Defence Forces). Its individual member is called Keimukan. The Keimutai, or a service police, is definitely not a gendarmerie, but like an English-style military police. Japans honor guard often marches to greet the arrival of foreign dignitaries. ... A gendarmerie or gendarmery (pronounced ) is a military body charged with police duties among civilian populations. ... The Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command providing security coverage at the Padang in Singapore during the National Day Parade in 2000. ...


Japanese Secret Services and the Axis Powers

In the 1920's and 1930's, the Kempeitei forged various connections with certain pre-war European intelligence services. Later when Japan signed the Tripartite Pact, the Japanese Secret Services formed formal links with these intelligence units, now under German and Italian fascists, known as the Abwehr and the Italian SIM. Along these lines, the Japanese Army and Navy, contacted their corresponding Wehrmacht intelligence units, Schutzstaffel (SS), or Kriegsmarine concerning information regarding Europe and vice versa. Europe and Japan realized the benefits of these exchanges (for example, the Japanese sent data about Soviet forces in the Far East and in Operation Barbarossa from the Japanese Embassy, and Admiral Canaris offered aid in respect to the Portuguese neutrality question in Timor). The Tripartite Pact, also called the Three-Power Pact, Axis Pact, Three-way Pact or Tripartite Treaty was a pact signed in Berlin, Germany on September 27, 1940 by Saburo Kurusu of Imperial Japan, Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany, and Benito Mussolini of Fascist Italy entering as a military alliance... The Abwehr was a German intelligence organization from 1921 to 1944. ... Wehrmacht   (armed forces, literally defence force(s)) was the name of the armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. ... SS or ss or Ss may be: The Schutzstaffel, a Nazi paramilitary force Steamship (SS) (ship prefix) The United States Secret Service A submarine not powered by nuclear energy (SS) (United States Navy designator), see SSN A Soviet/Russian surface-to-surface missile, as listed by NATO reporting name Shortstop... The Kriegsmarine (or War Navy) was the name of the German Navy between 1935 and 1945, during the Nazi regime, superseding the Reichsmarine. ... Soviet redirects here. ... Combatants Germany, Romania, Finland, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia  Soviet Union Commanders Adolf Hitler Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb Fedor von Bock Gerd von Rundstedt Heinz Guderian Günther von Kluge Franz Halder Maresal Ion Antonescu C.G.E. Mannerheim Giovanni Messe, CSIR Italo Gariboldi, ARMIR Joseph Stalin Kliment Voroshilov Semyon Timoshenko Fyodor... This article is about the 20th-century German military officer. ... Timor is an island at the south end of the Malay Archipelago, divided between the independent state of East Timor, and West Timor, part of the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara with the surface of 11,883 sq mi (30,777 km²). The name is a variant of timur...


One important contact point was at the Penang Submarine base, in Malaysia. This base served Axis submarine forces: (Italian Reggia Marina, German Kriegsmarine, and the Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun, or Imperial Japanese Navy). Here at regular intervals, technological and information exchanges occurred. Until the end of conflict Axis forces used the bases in Italian occupied Ethiopia, the Vichy, France territory of Madagascar and some "officially" neutral places like the Portuguese Colonies of Goa in India. State motto: Bersatu dan Setia (United and Loyal) State anthem: Untuk Negeri Kita (For Our State) Capital George Town Ruling party Barisan Nasional  - Yang Di-Pertua Negeri Abdul Rahman bin Haji Abbas  - Ketua Menteri Dr Koh Tsu Koon History    - Ceded by Kedah to British 11 August 1786   - Japanese occupation 1942... The Kriegsmarine (or War Navy) was the name of the German Navy between 1935 and 1945, during the Nazi regime, superseding the Reichsmarine. ... For Combined Fleet, please see that article. ... Vichy is a spa and resort town in central France, near Clermont-Ferrand and was the capital of Vichy France from 1940 to 1944. ... For other uses, see Goa (disambiguation). ...


This intelligence collaboration was maintained until early 1945, and in a greatly reduced from then until circa August, 1945.


Organization

The Kempeitai maintained a headquarters in each relevant army area, comprising two or three field offices, each with approximately 375 personnel.


The field office in turn was divided into 65-man sections called 'buntai', which were further divided into sub-sections called bunkentai, with approximately 25 personnel.


Each sub-section contained three squads: a police squad or keimu han, an administration squad or naikin han, and a special duties squad or Tokumu han.


Wartime mission

The Kempeitai was responsible for the following:

  • Travel permits
  • Labor recruitment
  • Counterintelligence and counter-propaganda (run by the Tokko-Kempeitai as 'anti-ideological work')
  • Supply requisitioning and rationing
  • Psychological operations and propaganda
  • Rear area security
  • Running prisoner of war and forced labor and special camps (The Kempeitai apparently provided guards for several 'human experimentation' units which housed 'difficult' prisoners, including over 3,500 Americans, Chinese, Europeans, Koreans and Russians sent to Unit 100 and Unit 731.}
  • Provision of "comfort" women (jugun ianfu) for the "comfort houses" (These were brothels maintained by the IJA for the use of its troops. Originally Japanese volunteers were used but as these became rare or limited to the use of officers, many Chinese, Korean, Taiwanese, and some European women were kidnapped and placed in these facilities to be "used" by members of Japan's military. The Kempeitai also regulated the accommodation facilities of the brothels, checked the identities of their customers, and controlled the violence and drunkenness within.)

The Tokko (Tokubetsu Koto Keisatsu or Special Higher Police) was a police force established in 1901 in Japan. ... Psychological Operations (or PSYOPS) are techniques used by military and police forces to influence a target audiences emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately behavior. ... For other uses, see Propaganda (disambiguation). ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... Unit 100 was a secret Imperial Japanese Army facility that focused on the development of chemical weapons during World War II. It was operated by the Kempeitai, the Japanese military police. ... Body disposal at Unit 731 Unit 731 was a covert biological warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) and World War II. It was responsible for some of the most notorious war crimes carried... Comfort women ) or military comfort women ) is a euphemism for the up to 200,000 women who served in the Japanese armys brothels during World War II. Historians and researchers into the subject have stated that the majority were from Korea, China and other occupied territories and were recruited... A brothel, also known as a bordello or whorehouse, is an establishment specifically dedicated to prostitution, providing the prostitutes a place to meet and to have sex with the clients. ...

Uniform

Personnel wore either the standard M1938 field uniform or the cavalry uniform with high black leather boots. Civilian clothes were also authorized but badges of rank or the imperial chrysanthemum were worn under the jacket lapel. Uniformed personnel also wore a black chevron on their uniforms and a white armband on the left arm with the characters ken (憲, "law") and hei (兵, "soldier"). Personnel were armed with either a cavalry sabre and pistol for officers and a pistol and bayonet for enlisted men. Junior NCOs carried a shinai (竹刀, "bamboo kendo sword") especially when dealing with prisoners. Species Chrysanthemum aphrodite Chrysanthemum arcticum Chrysanthemum argyrophyllum Chrysanthemum arisanense Chrysanthemum boreale Chrysanthemum chalchingolicum Chrysanthemum chanetii Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Chrysanthemum coronarium, Crown daisy Chrysanthemum crassum Chrysanthemum glabriusculum Chrysanthemum hypargyrum Chrysanthemum indicum Chrysanthemum japonense Chrysanthemum japonicum Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium Chrysanthemum mawii Chrysanthemum maximowiczii Chrysanthemum mongolicum Chrysanthemum morifolium Chrysanthemum morii Chrysanthemum okiense Chrysanthemum oreastrum Chrysanthemum...


Officer ranks and strengths

  • Shosho (Major General)
  • Taisa (Colonel)
  • Chusa (Lieutenant Colonel)
  • Tai-i (Captain)
  • Chu-i (1st Lieutenant)
  • Sho-i (2nd Lieutenant)
  • Sakan (Field Officers)
  • Junshikan (Warrant Officer)
  • Shocho (Sergeant Major)
  • Kashikan (NCOs)
  • Jotohei (Superior Privates)
  • Ittohei (First Class Privates)
  • Nitohei (Second Class Privates)
  • Area Army: This would be the relevant army to which the Kempei Tai unit was attached and technically subordinate to.
  • Kempei Tai Headquarters: The headquarters staff of the Kempei Tai for each army or area. Commanded by a Shosho (Major General) with a Taisa (Colonel) as Executive Officer.
  • Field Kempei Tai: These were the largest organizations of Kempei Tai in the field and there were 2-3 assigned to each army. Each consists of a Chusa (Lieutenant Colonel) as commander, 22 Field Officers and 352 other troops.
  • Buntai (Sections): These are the next smaller units of the Kempei Tai that make up the Field Kempei Tai groups. Each is commanded by a Tai-i (Captain) with a Chu-i (1st Lieutenant) as his Executive Officer and has 65 other troops.
  • Bunkentai (Detachments): The smallest unit of Kempei Tai, these were commanded by a Sho-i (2nd Lieutenant) with a Junshikan (Warrant Officer) as Executive Officer and 20 other troops.
  • Kempeitai Auxiliary units: consisting of regional ethnic forces in occupied areas. Troops supplemented the Kempei Tai and were considered part of the organization but were forbidden by law to rise above the rank of Shocho (Sergeant Major).
  • Strengths: The Kempei Tai had grown to 315 officers and 6000 enlisted men by 1937. These were the members of the known, public forces. Allies estimated that by the end of World War Two, there were at least 75,000 members of the Kempei Tai, figuring in undercover personnel and so on. This number might be even higher.

Source: JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System The traditional East Asian calendars divide a year into 24 solar terms (節氣). ChÇ”shÇ” (pÄ«nyÄ«n) or Shosho (rōmaji) (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Japanese: ; Korean: ; Vietnamese: ; literally: limit of heat) is the 14th solar term. ... Shocho (正長) was a Japanese era name after Oei and before Eikyo and spanned from 1428 to 1429. ...

Japanese Secret Services and Conquest Planning

Japanese Secret Services provided the Imperial High Command, the Army and the Navy with intelligence information which had some bearing on their strategy of conquering the "Southern Theatre".


The Japanese Army General Staff obtained such information through their channels in China and the Soviet Union under the Japanese strategic planning for mainland Asia (1905-1940). The Army strategists saw detailed data in their Intelligence headquarters in Manchukuo and Kwantung. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Flag Anthem National Anthem of Manchukuo Map of Manchukuo Capital Hsinking Government Constitutional monarchy Emperor  - 1932 - 1934 Datong (Chief Executive) (Aisingioro Puyi)  - 1934 - 1945 Kangde-Emperor (Aisingioro Puyi) Prime Minister  - 1932 - 1935 Zheng Xiaoxu  - 1935 - 1945 Zhang Jinghui Historical era World War II  - Established 1932  - Disestablished 1945 Manchukuo (, State of... Kwantung (Simplified Chinese: 关东; Traditional Chinese: 關東; pinyin: Guāndōng; Wade-Giles: Kuan-tung) is a coastal area of northeastern China which is remembered most for its connection to Japans Kwantung Army. ...


For the Japanese Navy Staff, the information came from western colonies in Southeast Asia, and the Pacific area. Navy experts analyzed all aspects of these countries in their Intelligence HQ at Taihoku, Formosa. Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... Alternative meaning: Taipei County City nickname: the City of Azaleas Capital District Xinyi Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 16 of 25 271. ... This article is about the history, geography, and people of the island known as Taiwan. ...


At the same time, another important point in planning was in relation to future confrontation with the United States linked to these conquest strategies. These details were studied at Imperial House and Central Government Intelligence organizations in Tokyo. For other uses, see Tokyo (disambiguation). ...


When all intelligence organizations analyzed the Japanese Army defeats in their strategy in the Russian-Japanese Incidents during 1929-39, the situation stayed in favour of the Japanese Navy ideologists in their proposed South Seas conquest strategy. This changed the political balance in favour of the Navy in 1941, using their proposals in the Southern Area. South Sea may mean: The South China Sea The Pacific Ocean south of Panama The Korean name of the East China Sea Often used in the plural, South Seas, to designate all of the above. ...


The Japanese Secret Services provided important economic, industrial, and social data to help in the organization of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere economic conquest doctrine, with Japanese conquest planning. This recovery of information continued during the Japanese occupation period until August 1945. Poster of Manchukuo promoting harmony between Japanese, Han Chinese and Manchu. ...


After World War I, Japan sided with the Allies, and Japanese Intelligence then monitored the German colonies in the Pacific. Japan occupied Palau Island, the Marshall Islands, and the Caroline Islands. They used the islands as sea and air bases for their intelligence operations, spying on shipping lanes. Dutch New Guinea was a hotbed of Japanese espionage. Look up ally in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This is a list of former German colonies, or Schutzgebiete (protectorates) as they were called in official German. ... Sunset at Colonia on Yap The Caroline Islands form a large archipelago of widely scattered islands in the western Pacific Ocean, northeast of New Guinea. ... Dutch New Guinea was a common name of western New Guinea while it was a colonial possession of the Netherlands. ...


Overseas services and collaborators

  • Japanese undercover actions in United States and Mexico

Japanese Secret Services used some "covers" to protect their activities. For example The Molino Rojo (Red Mill) in Tijuana, Mexico as a brothel used by Japanese intelligence agents for conferences and as a meeting place. The Molino Rojo is located in Tijuana's notorious Zona Norte, with its many bars and brothels. The interesting thing about Tijuana is that it is less than 15 miles from the U.S. Navy's San Diego Destroyer Base (now Naval Station San Diego) and the North Island Naval Air Station. An Imperial Navy Lieutenant Commander and subervsive agent, a former exchange student at California's Stanford University, had recruited an American spy, former Navy yeoman. Starting with a $500 lure and $200 monthly payment, Japanese agents persuaded the American to board U.S. Navy ships dressed in a yeoman's uniform, to obtain intelligence from the crews. The Japanese recruited an American in San Pedro, two hours drive up the California coast, and also the location of U.S. shipping and naval units. This American was detected by the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) and was later sentenced to 15 years in prison. Tijuana (Spanish [tixwana], English usually [ˌtiːəˈwɑnə]), is the largest city in the Mexican state of Baja California and the seat of the municipality of Tijuana. ... “Stanford” redirects here. ... The Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) was established in the United States Navy in 1882. ...


Japanese spies had assumed the cover of diplomats, businessmen, fisherman and other mundane occupations and frequently relied on the cooperation of, or the blind eyes of top officials of supposedly neutral governments. The Japanese attempted to subvert U.S. politics and foment unrest among minorities with overtures to the National Association for Colored People. This practice was repeated in Mexico and in South America and was patterned after Japan's subversive activities throughout Asia.

  • Japanese intelligence and Secret societies underground actions

The Japanese, like their counterparts in China, developed espionage programs by linking secret societies with ultranationalist aims such as Genyosha (Dark Ocean Society), Kokuryu-ku (Amur River Society, the Black Dragons link) and organized criminal enterprises such as Yakuza crime syndicates. Indeed, Dark Ocean and the Black Dragons supplied espionage and subversion services to the Empire in Korea in 1895 and perhaps earlier. Dark Ocean founder and Black Dragon mentor Mitsuru Toyama, as well secret society links to the Japanese Kempei Tai, a functional equivalent to Hitler's Gestapo that relied upon the secret societies for manpower and support.


The Black Dragons were the Amur River Society (Kokuryu-kai) in 1930s and 1940s Japan. The Black Dragons were ultra-nationalists heavily involved in the conquest of China, and as spies and fifth columnists subverting nations targeted for conquest. The Black Dragons were active up and down the Pacific Coast of North and South America.


Black Dragons were a concern to Lieutenant Commander K. D. Ringle of U.S. Navy Intelligence and other security officials. They were a secret society with political aims. Many of its members served in industry and government including diplomatic posts and bureaucratic and military roles such as the Kempei Tai secret political police. The veiled relationship of secret societies such as Black Dragon to government and business exemplifies a Japanese social phenomena.


Secret Japanese documents titled "The Three Power Alliance and the American/Japanese War" were alleged to have been stolen from an intelligence officer of the Black Dragon Society by an anti-Japanese Korean patriot. The documents were purported to detail Japanese war plans for the simultaneous invasion of the Panama Canal Zone, Alaska, California and Washington State. He was said to have obtained the documents by clandestine means in a Los Angeles hotel room in 1940.


In the Dutch East Indies and the Philippines, as in the U.S. and Mexican west coasts, throngs of Japanese fishermen pulled nets and took notes and pictures for the Empire. Japan's fishing fleets were augmented by farmers, mining engineers, industrialists and merchants, barbers, house-boys, maids and prostitutes, especially in those areas designated as part of Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. In this sea of ordinary Japanese was submerged a potent fifth column of spies, subversives and saboteurs. There is a story of a French writer travelling worldwide, observing Japanese spy rings operating in Malaya, India, Burma, Ceylon, Thailand and as far away as Middle East, Morocco, Port Said, Egypt and Italian-occupied Ethiopia.

  • Japanese secret services operations in Europe

In neutral Spain, spy masters operating under the aegis of Japan's Ambassador controlled TO spy rings worldwide and coordinated exchanges of intelligence with the other Axis powers through Germany's Abwehr general staff intelligence agency and Italy's Military Secret service. In neutral Portugal, the Japanese Ambassador provided a vital link and source of intelligence for the Axis. In Germany, the Japanese Ambassador outranked both the Japanese diplomat in Madrid and in Lisbon, and much of the TO intelligence was funneled through Japan's Embassy.


In Berlin, where the Japanese Ambassador enjoyed a close friendship with the chief of Germany's secret services, a diplomat relayed TO information to Tokyo along with messages coordinating policies and operations between the three Axis powers. Japan's diplomats in Afghanistan spied on Russia, Iran and India and fed information into the Japanese Madrid center. This pattern of diplomatic cover and use of neutral third countries and Japanese people of ordinary backgrounds was repeated around the world.


The TO network even operated in Great Britain, where an eyewitness said that he had run TO operations from England and stated that the "Spanish leader knew every detail of our activities with the Axis". Early on, the Japanese Ambassador in Spain established a successful spy ring in the U.S. aided by a Spanish operative introduced by Spain's Foreign Minister Suñer. In this net were some Japanese spies operating in a U.S. City in Pacific area.

  • Japanese intelligence services and Japanese communities in overseas

In the period from about 1895 to 1941, Japan encouraged emigration of its citizens to nations bordering the Pacific Ocean, including the United States. These Japanese were often referred to as doho, or "compatriots". The position taken by Tokyo was that the doho held dual citizenship, with loyalty to Japan, and loyalty to the Emperor first and foremost. While unknown numbers of Japanese citizens rejected the demands of being doho, many did not. The doho created security problems for Asian nations, the Pacific islands and for the United States and Canada. Routinely denied by Japanese-Americans, doho performed espionage and subversive duties for Japan on U.S. soil. Japanese men returned to Japan to serve the Tenno. Thousands of Japanese-American men renounced their loyalty to the U.S. and demanded repatriation to Japan during World War II. Black Dragons disrupted U.S. internment camps. Declassification of U.S. security files including top secret intercepts of Japanese Code Machine and other ciphers has confirmed and added to the body of information on doho.


There were among the Japanese both alien and United States citizens certain individuals, either deliberately placed by the Japanese government or actuated by a fanatical loyalty to that country, who acted as saboteurs or agents. This number is estimated to be less than three percent of the total, or about 3500 in the entire United States.


The most dangerous of these people were either in custodial detention or members of such organizations as the Black Dragon Society, the Kaigun Kyokai (Navy League), or the Hoirusha Kai (Military Service Man's League), or affiliated groups. The membership of these groups was already fairly well known to the Naval Intelligence Service or the FBI and could be immediately placed in custodial detention, irrespective of whether they were alien or citizen. Another example, in the Southeast Asia area, were Japanese living in Malaya before World War II carrying out subversion and providing intelligence information, troops and war materiel. These Japanese immigrants, or first generation descendants of Japanese born in Malaya, were considered doho, or compatriots by Japanese traditions and law. Their allegiance to the Emperor and Japan was assumed by Japan's leaders. The doho in Malaya included the Japanese Editor of a local journal, a Japanese diplomat (arrested for espionage), thousands of Japanese prostitutes, businessmen, dentists, photographers and barbers. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a federal criminal investigative, intelligence agency, and the primary investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). ...


The policy of this editor was to oppose the pro-England, pro-Southeast Asia policies of local newspapers and soften public opinion in Japan's favor. The prostitutes, passed on pillow talk, and the businessmen, dentists, photographers and barbers were all well-placed to collect intelligence, take photos and glean intelligence while hearing the chatter of their customers and social contacts.


Political Department

The Political Department refers to the political and ideological section of the Kempei Tai military police of pre-Pacific War Japan. It was meant to counter hostile ideological or political influences, and to reinforce the ideology of military units.


It worked through political propaganda and as an ideological representative of the Imperial Japanese Army's Kodoha (Imperial way faction, or war party). In the first phase this section drove against communist propaganda, but extended its responsibilities in other directions, at home and overseas. The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) (Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍, Shinjitai: , Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun), or more officially Army of the Greater Japanese Empire was the official ground based armed force of Imperial Japan from 1867 to 1945. ... The Imperial Way Faction (Kodoha) was a right-wing nationalist Japanese political grouping, active in the 1930s. ...


It acted in Manchukuo and other areas on the Asian mainland. It was a rough equivalent to the NKVD political sections and or politruk (political commissar) units of the Soviets; or the German Nazi SS propaganda departments. They promoted racial superiority, racialist theories, counterespionage, intelligence, political sabotage and infiltration of enemy lines. They liaised with the Manchukuo military police, the Manchu intelligence service, regular Manchu police, Manchu 'Residents' committees, local Nationalist Manchu Parties and the Japanese Secret Service detachment in Manchukuo. The section in Manchukuo used some agents from White Russian, Chinese, Manchu, Mongol and other foreign backgrounds for special services or covert actions at home and abroad. The NKVD (Narodny Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del  ) (Russian: , ) or Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the leading secret police organization of the Soviet Union that was responsible for political repressions during Stalinism. ... A political commissar is an officer appointed by a communist party to oversee a unit of the military. ... Soviet redirects here. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... The Manchu people (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Mongolian: Манж) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeastern China). ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ...


Tokeitai, The Naval Secret Police

The Imperial Japanese Navy also formed a smaller and more low key police and intelligence group, the Tokeitai (Naval Secret Police), to keep the Kempeitai and the Army from meddling in Navy affairs. They were no less brutal than their Kempeitai counterparts. The Tokeitai was especially active in the areas of the South Pacific, the Naval Control Area. In 2007, historians Yoshiaki Yoshimi and Hirofumi Hayashi discovered, in the archives of the Tokyo tribunal, documents suggesting that Tokeitai members coerced women into sexual slavery in Indonesia, Indochina and China [6] Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... For Combined Fleet, please see that article. ... The Tokeitai (Naval Secret Police) was the Imperial Japanese Navys police equivalent to the Imperial Japanese Armys Kempeitai military police service. ...


Special equipment

In line with their particular functions, Japanese secret agents utilized specialized equipment:


Radios

  • Long-range wave radio
  • Short-range wave radio

Electronic devices

  • Certain Asdic or Sonar equipment
  • special radar equipment
  • other types of electronic devices

Special Code Handbooks

  • Japanese Navy Code Handbook
  • Japanese Army Code Handbook
  • Diplomatic Services Code Handbook

Cipher Machines

  • Japanese Navy
    • "JADE" Cypher Machine
    • "Coral" Cypher Machine
    • "Type 91" or "Red" cypher Machine
  • Diplomatic service
    • "PURPLE" or "J" cypher Machine
  • Special Codes:
    • Purple Code
    • Red Code
    • J Code

A selection of antique, hand-crafted Chinese jade (jadeite) buttons Unworked Jade Jade is used as an ornamental stone, the term jade is applied to two different rocks that are made up of different silicate minerals. ... This article is about the color. ...

Weapons

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Type 26 (revolver) The Type 26 (or Model 26) hammerless revolver was the first modern pistol adopted by the Imperial Japanese Army. ... The Nambu pistol was a semi-automatic pistol used by the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy during the First and Second World Wars. ... The TERA Rifles(挺身落下傘小銃Teishin Rakkasan syoujyu) where Japanese special rifles developed for paratroopers. ... The MP18 was one of the first submachine guns. ... -Type 100 Sub Machine Gun Introduced Year : 1940 Caliber : 8 mm Barrel Length : 240 mm Length : 900 mm Weight : 3. ... The Type 38 Rifle Arisaka (三八式歩兵銃 Sanpachi-shiki hoheijyuu) was a bolt-action rifle. ... A Type 44 rifle showing the bayonet folding backwards. ... Type 99 Rifle Type service rifle Nationality Japan Era World War 2 History Date of design 1939 Production period 1939 - 1945 Service duration 1939 - 1945 Operators Japan War service Specifications Type Calibre 7. ... -Type 97 Sniper Rifle Introduced Year : 1937 Caliber : 6. ... Type 99 Rifle Type service rifle Nationality Japan Era World War 2 History Date of design 1939 Production period 1939 - 1945 Service duration 1939 - 1945 Operators Japan War service Specifications Type Calibre 7. ...

Uniforms

Depending upon the secret mission, the Japanese Secret Services wore regular uniforms, special forces uniforms, police uniforms, captured enemy military or police uniforms, or simply civilian clothing.


Transport

During special operations, the Japanese Secret Services used various local or captured types of transport:


Aircraft

  • Mitsubishi Ki-21 "Sally" (medium Bomber modified for deploying secret agents or special forces)
  • Mitsubishi Ki-67 "Peggy" (medium bomber modified for deploying special forces)
  • Mitsubishi Ki-57 "Topsy" (transport for secret agent parachute drops)
  • Kawasaki Ki-56 "Thalia" (another aircraft for special services)
  • Tachikawa Ki-54 "Hickory" (light transport for secret operations)
  • Aichi E13A1 "Jake" (light hydroplane for use in covert missions)
  • Kawanishi H6K2 (flying boat for covert missions)
  • Junkers Ju 86 (transport in secret or paramilitary operations in Manchukuo)
  • Showa/Nakajima L2D2 "Tabby" (DC-3 local version in special operations use)
  • De Havilland Puss Moth (light transport in undercover actions in Manchukuo)
  • Tachikawa Ki-36 "Ida" (light bomber in secret missions)
  • Kyushu K10W1 "Oak" (light transport for secret agents)
  • Kawasaki Ki-48 "Lily" (light bomber for secret operations)
  • other types of aircraft

now. ... The Ki-67. ... Mitsubishi Ki-57 in Republic of China Air Force color after V-J day When in 1938 the Mitsubishi Ki-21 heavy bomber began to enter service with the Imperial Japanese Army, its capability attracted the attention of Japan Air Lines. ... The Kawasaki Ki-56, known to the Allies as Thalia, was a Japanese two-engine light transport aircraft used during World War II. 121 were built between 1940 and 1943 when production ceased. ... The Tachikawa Ki-54 was a Japanese twin-engine advanced trainer of World War II. // The Ki-54 was developed in response to an [[Imperial Japanese Army requirement for a twin-engine advanced trainer, principally for crew training. ... The Junkers Ju 86 was a German monoplane bomber and civilian airliner designed in the early 1930s by Junkers. ... The De Havilland Puss Moth is a three seater aeroplane designed in 1929 and used by Britain during the second world war mainly for communications. ... The Tachikawa Ki-36 was an Japanese army-cooperation aircraft of the Second World War. ... The Kawasaki Ki-48 was a Japanese twin-engined light bomber that was used during World War II. It was known to the Allies as Lily. // They served in China, and at the end of the war many were converted in Kamikaze aircraft armed with a 800 kg (1,764...

Vessels and Submarines

Japanese Secret Services also used merchant vessels, transport cruisers, coastal or modern high sea fishing vessels, sea or river patrols, Surface Navy War Vessels, regular or modified light boats, and modified or regular Midget or larger Submarines between another vessels types.


Land Transports

During land operations, the Japanese Secret Services used cars, trucks, jeeps, Motorcycles/Sidecars, bicycles, armed or unarmed armored troops transports, light or medium tanks or railway services.


Structure of Japanese Secret Services

(The author of this section is advised to provide the audience with sources and to transfer this section and any relevant section below to another article.)


Japanese Secret Services Supreme Commander and associated Operative Chiefs

  • The Supreme Commander (possibly nominally) of intelligence services is the Tenno in the post of commander of Imperial Armed Forces.
    • Another chief was Hideki Tojo, the High Operative Leader in Japanese Intelligence Services in wartime.
    • Yakichiro Suma, Japan's Ambassador to Spain, Chief of the Japanese spy network code named "TO".
    • Koki Hirota - former Foreign Minister and head of the Black Dragons (Also guided intelligence services in the group)
    • "Darkside Emperor" was the title of supreme leader of "Soshi" (Brave Knights) overseas secret agents of Black Dragon Society in first stages of World War II,
    • Prince Takeda - underground, supreme chief and secret agent in Japanese Secret Service in Manchukuo.
    • Torashiro Kawabe - Staff Officer (Operations; Intelligence), Kwantung Army
    • Kanji Tsuneoka Directed the Mongol department of Kwantung Army inland and native saboteurs and secret agent units.
    • Hiroshi Akita - Chief of German Section of Japanese Military Intelligence.
    • Tadashi Hanaya - Head of Special Services Agency, Kwantung Army
    • Kenji Doihara - Head of Special Service Agency, Kwantung Army
    • Jinzo Nomoto - Head of Mongol unit in Special Service Agency of Kwantung Army. He served in Tibet and Sinkiang areas in wartime.

Beneath the Supreme Commander was: His Imperial Majesty, Emperor Akihito of Japan The Emperor of Japan (天皇, tennō) is Japans titular head of state and the head of the Japanese imperial family. ... Hideki Tojo (KyÅ«jitai: 東條 英機; Shinjitai: 東条 英機;  ) (December 30, 1884 – December 23, 1948) was a General in the Imperial Japanese Army and the 40th Prime Minister of Japan during much of World War II, from October 18, 1941 to July 22, 1944. ... In Japan, to (都) is a metropolis; Tokyo is officially designated as a metropolis. ... Koki Hirota Koki Hirota (広田 弘毅 Hirota Kōki, February 14, 1878–December 23, 1948) was a Japanese politician and the 32nd Prime Minister of Japan from March 9, 1936 to February 2, 1937. ... The Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan is the politician responsible for Japanese foreign policy. ... Black Dragons is a 1942 film directed by William Nigh and starring Bela Lugosi, Loan Barclay, and George Pembroke. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The ōke (王家), literally Prince Houses, were branches of the Imperial Family formed from branches of the Fushimi-no-miya house. ... Torashiro Kawabe (1890-1960) was a Japanese general and served as Deputy Chief of Army General Staff within the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second World War. ... Kenji Doihara (土肥原 賢二) Doihara Kenji, August 8, 1883 - December 23, 1948) was a Japanese officer and spy who served in northeastern China from 1913 and who became a major military commander in Japans invasion of China over the following decades. ... This article is about historical/cultural Tibet. ... For the county in Shanxi province, see Xinjiang County. ...


National Defense

  • Daihonei (Imperial High Command)
    • Sambo Hombu (Army General Staff)
      • Intelligence Section
        • General Intelligence Bureau
        • Army Second Bureau (Intelligence Bureau)
          • Major General Okamoto - Chief of the Second Bureau (Intelligence) at the time of the outbreak of Japan's War against the United States and the British and Dutch Empires
          • Captain Onoda - Navy officer attached to the Army's Second Bureau (Intelligence)
        • Kempeitai (Imperial Japanese Gendarmerie)
        • 5th Section (U.S.S.R. Intelligence)
        • 16th Section (German and Italian Intelligence)
        • Special section (Chinese Intelligence unit)
        • Joho-Kikan (Army Intelligence Service)
        • Small regional intelligence/special operations groups:
          • Tokumu Kikan
          • Hikari Kikan
          • Matsu Kikan (Pine Tree) - Secret unit with special reconnaissance missions in Australia.
            • Masayoshi Yamamoto - Led the Matsu Kikan Secret Agency under the command of the 19th Army, with headquarters in Ambon.
          • Minami Kikan (Little Tree) - Secret section organized for the Burma National Army.
          • Tokumu-Bu ("Special Service Unit")
      • Naval General Staff
        • Intelligence Division
          • Mineichi Koga - Chief of the Navy General Staff's Intelligence Division
        • Navy 3rd Department (Intelligence unit)
        • Tokeitai (Navy's own military police unit)
        • Intelligence Office (previously known as the General Affairs Section)
        • Japanese Naval Intelligence Staff
        • 8th unit "Yashika"
          • Kanyei Chuyo - Leader of Japanese Navy Secret Services. Directed the 8th Section "Yashika".
        • Tokyo Gimusho ("The Australian Research Section")
      • Rikugunsho (Ministry of War)
      • Kaigunsho (Admitralty Ministry)
      • Heimu Kyoku (Military Administration Bureau) with offices in:
        • Kwantung
        • Manchukuo
          • Kuniaki Koiso - Leader of Intelligence Services in Manchukuo
          • Kwantung Army
            • Harbin Special Intelligence Agency, Kwantung Army
              • Michitaro Komatsubara - Intelligence Chief in Harbin.
              • Noboyushi Obata(Shinryo) - Chief of Secret Unit in Harbin.
              • Seikichi Hyakatuke - Head of Harbin Special Services Agency, Manchuria.
            • Hailar Special Intelligence Agency, Kwantung Army
            • Hsinking Special Intelligence Agency, Kwantung Army
            • Dairen Special Intelligence Agency, Kwantung Army
              • Officer Takeoka - Operative Chief in Dairen Special Service Agency of Kwantung Army.
            • Ryojun (Port Arthur) Special Intelligence Agency, Kwantung Army
            • Manchu Secret Police, Hsinking, Manchukuo
              • Toranosuke Hashimoto - Commanding Officer, Manchu Secret Police, Hsinking, Manchuria (as a branch of the Kempeitai intelligence unit in Manchukuo); First Priest in Manchoukuan Shintoist Central Temple, Military Hachiman, Hsinking Shrine; and National Foundation, a cultural organization in Manchukuo.
        • Korea (Chosen)
        • Formosa
        • Karafuto(Sakhalin)

The Imperial General Headquarters or Daihonei, as part of the Supreme War Council was the supreme command for Japanese military forces during the World War II era. ... The Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff or Gunreibo Socho, was in charge of Imperial Japanese Navy planning and operations. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... A gendarmerie or gendarmery (pronounced ) is a military body charged with police duties among civilian populations. ... Soviet redirects here. ... The Hikari Kikan was the Japanese liaison office responsible for Japanese relations with the Azad Hind Government that replaced the I Kikan. ... Ambon may refer to two geographical places. ... The Burma National Army served as the armed forces of the Burmese government created by the Japanese during World War II and fought in the Burma Campaign. ... Mineichi Koga (1885-March 31/April, 1944) was a Japanese admiral and successor to Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto as commander of the Imperial Japanese Navys Combined Fleet. ... The Tokeitai (Naval Secret Police) was the Imperial Japanese Navys police equivalent to the Imperial Japanese Armys Kempeitai military police service. ... The Ministry of War of Japan (陸軍省 Rikugun shó) was established in the late 19th century, alongside many other Ministries, as part of the creation of the first modern Japanese government. ... Kwantung (Simplified Chinese: 关东; Traditional Chinese: 關東; pinyin: Guāndōng; Wade-Giles: Kuan-tung) is a coastal area of northeastern China which is remembered most for its connection to Japans Kwantung Army. ... Flag Anthem National Anthem of Manchukuo Map of Manchukuo Capital Hsinking Government Constitutional monarchy Emperor  - 1932 - 1934 Datong (Chief Executive) (Aisingioro Puyi)  - 1934 - 1945 Kangde-Emperor (Aisingioro Puyi) Prime Minister  - 1932 - 1935 Zheng Xiaoxu  - 1935 - 1945 Zhang Jinghui Historical era World War II  - Established 1932  - Disestablished 1945 Manchukuo (, State of... Kuniaki Koiso (小磯 國昭 Koiso Kuniaki, March 22, 1880–November 3, 1950) was the 41st Prime Minister of Japan from July 22, 1944 to April 7, 1945. ... The Kwantung Army or Guandong Army (関東軍 Japanese: Kantōgun) was a unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that originated from a Guandong garrison established in 1906 to defend the Kwantung Leased Territory and the areas adjacent to the South Manchurian Railway. ... Harbin on a map of China For other meanings of Harbin, see Harbin (disambiguation). ... Lt. ... Hailar may refer to: Hailar River Hailar, China This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Kingoro Hashimoto (1890-1957) was a Japanese soldier and politician. ... Location within China Changchun (Simplified Chinese: 长春; Traditional Chinese: 長春; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chang-chun) is the capital of the Jilin province in northeastern China. ... Dalian (Simplified Chinese: 大连; Traditional Chinese: 大連; pinyin: Dàlián; Wade-Giles: Ta-lien), formerly Lüda or Luta, is an ice-free seaport and a sub-provincial city in eastern Liaoning Province of the Northeastern Peoples Republic of China (Manchuria). ... Lüshunkou (旅顺口), or Lüshun Port, is a southernmost district of Dalian City of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Flag Anthem National Anthem of Manchukuo Map of Manchukuo Capital Hsinking Government Constitutional monarchy Emperor  - 1932 - 1934 Datong (Chief Executive) (Aisingioro Puyi)  - 1934 - 1945 Kangde-Emperor (Aisingioro Puyi) Prime Minister  - 1932 - 1935 Zheng Xiaoxu  - 1935 - 1945 Zhang Jinghui Historical era World War II  - Established 1932  - Disestablished 1945 Manchukuo (, State of... This article is about the Korean peninsula and civilization. ... Joseon (Cháoxiǎn (朝鲜) in Chinese; Chosen (朝鮮) in Japanese) is a name for Korea, as used in the following cases: As part of the name of several ancient kingdoms (including Gojoseon, Gija Joseon, and Wiman Joseon); During most of the Joseon Dynasty, when the country... This article is about the history, geography, and people of the island known as Taiwan. ... Sakhalin (Russian: ), also Saghalien, is a large elongated island in the North Pacific, lying between 45° 50 and 54° 24 N. It is part of the Russian Federation and is its largest island. ... Sakhalin (Russian: , IPA: ; Japanese: 樺太 ) or サハリン )); Chinese: 庫頁; also Saghalien, is a large elongated island in the North Pacific, lying between 45°50 and 54°24 N. It is part of Russia and is its largest island, administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast. ...

Japanese national defense organization

  • Army Intelligence Section (Joho-Kikan)/Kempei Tai
  • Naval Intelligence Section (8th unit "Yashika")/Tokeitai

Both perform similar work to German Military Intelligence units Abwehr im Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ("Abwehr"), the Brandenburg Unit and the German Naval Intelligence section. Kempeitai (憲兵隊, Law Soldier Regiment) was the military police of the Imperial Japanese Army. ... The Tokeitai (Naval Secret Police) was the Imperial Japanese Navys police equivalent to the Imperial Japanese Armys Kempeitai military police service. ... The Abwehr was a German intelligence organization from 1921 to 1944. ... For other uses of the word Brandenburg see Brandenburg (disambiguation) Cufftitle of Division Brandenburg. ...


The Japanese Intelligence Services also organized a spy network code named "TO" and others. The system collected any relevant intelligence data for future objetives or anything related to national defense and the Japanese Army or Navy military plans. In Japan, to (都) is a metropolis; Tokyo is officially designated as a metropolis. ...


Other Complimentary Military Intelligence units:

  • In Chisima Archipielago:
    • Matsuwa Air Intelligence Unit
    • Uruppu Air Intelligence Unit (800 men)
    • Etorofu Air Intelligence Unit

This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Uruppu (得撫島, urupputou) is one of the Kuril Islands to the north of Japan. ... Iturup (Ainu イト゚ルㇷ゚; Japanese 択捉島, Etorofu; Russian Итуруп) is the biggest island of the Kuriles, located in the Sakhalin Oblast of Russia. ...

Naval Intelligence Section

  • Imperial Navy General Staff (General Staff's Intelligence Division)
  • Navy Third Department (Intelligence unit)
  • Tokeitai (Naval Military Police)
  • Intelligence Office (previously known as the General Affairs Section)
  • Japanese Naval Intelligence Staff
  • 8th unit "Yashika"
  • Tokyo Gimusho ("The Australian Research Section")

The Tokeitai (Naval Secret Police) was the Imperial Japanese Navys police equivalent to the Imperial Japanese Armys Kempeitai military police service. ...

Kempeitai Intelligence Section

  • Decoding & Codebreaking Department
  • Political Department (linked with Kodoha party)
  • Counterespionage/Counterintelligence Department
  • Propaganda and Indoctrination Department
  • Subversion and Sabotage Department
  • Kempei Tai (Army Secret Security) (previously known as the Service Section)

The Imperial Way Faction (Kodoha) was a right-wing nationalist Japanese political grouping, active in the 1930s. ...

Security Doctrine

  • Kempeitai and Tokeitai used Kikosaku as a method of punishment.
  • In Manchukuo, one "native" Manchu Military and police intelligence section worked alongside the Tonari Gumi (the native equivalent organization).

Headquarter Locations

The Japanese Navy Intelligence Center was located in Taiwan and the Japanese Army Intelligence Headquarters was in Manchukuo. For Combined Fleet, please see that article. ... The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) (KyÅ«jitai: 大日本帝國陸軍, Shinjitai: , Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun), or more officially Army of the Greater Japanese Empire was the official ground based armed force of Imperial Japan from 1867 to 1945. ... Flag Anthem National Anthem of Manchukuo Map of Manchukuo Capital Hsinking Government Constitutional monarchy Emperor  - 1932 - 1934 Datong (Chief Executive) (Aisingioro Puyi)  - 1934 - 1945 Kangde-Emperor (Aisingioro Puyi) Prime Minister  - 1932 - 1935 Zheng Xiaoxu  - 1935 - 1945 Zhang Jinghui Historical era World War II  - Established 1932  - Disestablished 1945 Manchukuo (, State of...


Intelligence Departments by Region

North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... The borders of Western Europe were largely defined by the Cold War. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...

Special Services

  • Matsu Kikan (Pine Tree) - Secret unit with special reconnaissance missions in Australia
  • Minami Kikan (Little Tree) - Secret section organized for the Burma National Army.

Such sections were under the command of Joho-Kikan (Japanese Army intelligence), Tokumu Kikan (Japanese Army Espionage service) and Kempei Tai Intelligence unit. The Japanese Navy has some similar intelligence units. The Burma National Army served as the armed forces of the Burmese government created by the Japanese during World War II and fought in the Burma Campaign. ...


For tactics operations of Special Forces commandos look at the actions of the Giretsu special forces operations during the last stages of conflict in 1944-45 against the American bases in Marianas. The Imperial Japanese Army Giretsu special forces unit was active in 1944 and 1945. ... Mariana Islands (sometimes called The Marianas; up to the early 20th century sometimes called the Ladrone Islands) are a group of islands made up by the summits of 15 volcanic mountains in the Pacific Ocean. ...


Central Government

  • Imperial House Affairs Ministry (Intelligence section)
  • Foreign Affairs Ministry (Intelligence office)
  • Greater Asian Affairs Ministry (Intelligence unit)
  • Bureau of Economic Research(Intelligence department)
  • Naimusho (Home Ministry) (Intelligence unit)
  • Shihisho (Ministry of Justice) (Internal Intelligence security)
  • Information Department
  • Welfare Ministry
  • Dai Nippon Koku KK national airline
  • N.Y.K. vessel line
  • Radio Tokyo
  • Nation Service Society official syndicate
  • Official Press Agency Domei Tsushin
  • Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai (International Cultural Relations Society)
  • Japanese Institute of Rockefeller
  • Others related organizations

The Home Ministry (内務省 naimushō) managed the internal affairs of Japan from its founding in 1873, during the Meiji Restoration, to its dissolution during the occupation period in 1947. ... Dai Nippon Koku KK (Imperial Japanese Airways) was the national Japanese airline before and during World War II. The airline was linked with Manchurian National Airlines (Manshukoku Koku KK) for routes in Chosen and Manchukuo. ... The Japan-based Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaishai, Nippon Yusen Kaisha (日本郵船), or NYK Line, is one of the largest shipping companies in the world. ... NHK (日本放送協会, Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai), or Japan Broadcasting Corporation, is Japans public broadcaster. ... Domei Tsushin (United News Agency) was Japans official news agency and most important news source in the 1930s and until 1945. ...

Annex Intellligence units outside Japan

Korea (Chosen)

  • Kempeitai Training school in Keijo (Seoul)
  • Kempei Tai Chosen unit (Japanese/Korean units)
  • Japanese Army Chosen Army Intelligence Branch
  • Japanese Navy Chosen detachment Intelligence unit
  • Tokko Chosen Intelligence section
  • Chosen Criminal Police services
  • Tonarigumi Chosen organization

The Tonarigumi (Residents Commitees) were localised political and surveillance bodies in Japan. ...

Manchukuo & Kwantung

  • Kempeitai native section (Japanese/Manchu and others units)
  • Manchu Secret Services
  • Manchu Military Intelligence Services
  • Manchu Military Police
  • Manchu Criminal Police unit
  • Manchu Resident Committees
  • Manshokoku Koku KK Local airline

Mengchiang

  • Kempeitai native branch (Japanese/Mongol members)
  • Central Academy(Intelligence School) in Kalgan
  • Mongol National Army (intelligence unit)
  • Mongol local security services
  • Mongol native police services
  • Mongol Neighborhood Associations

The Central Academy (also known as the Old Central Academy High School) is a historic site in Palatka, Florida, United States. ... Kalgan can refer to: A city in China, Zhangjiakou A planet in Isaac Asimovs Foundation series, Kalgan (Foundation universe) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Reformed Chinese state

  • Tung Wen College(Intelligence School) of Shanghai
  • Kempeitai native section (Japanese/Chinese units)
  • Chinese local security unit
  • Chinese National Army (intelligence section)
  • Chinese native police services
  • Chinese Resident Associations

Formosa

  • Imperial University of Taihoku
  • Superior Commerce Institute of Taihoku
  • Kempeitai Formosa unit
  • Japanese Army Taiwan Army Intelligence Branch
  • Japanese Navy Taiwan detachment Intelligence unit
  • Tokko Formosa Intelligence section
  • Taiwan Criminal Police services
  • Tonarigumi Formosa organization

The Tonarigumi (Residents Commitees) were localised political and surveillance bodies in Japan. ...

South Pacific Mandate

  • Kempeitai South Pacific Mandate unit
  • Japanese Army South Seas Army Intelligence Branch
  • Japanese Navy South Pacific Mandate Intelligence unit
  • Tokeitai Japanese Navy Secret Services
  • South Pacific Mandate local Police services
  • Tonarigumi South Pacific Mandate organization

The South Pacific Mandate (Nan-Yo) refers to a group of islands in Micronesia. ...

Southeast Asia

  • Kempeitai branches in area (Japanese/native units)
  • Kempeitai Training Singapore School branch
  • Kempeitai Training Manila School branch
  • Possibly local equivalent of Tonarigumi

organized by Japanese in occupied lands with native collaboration The Tonarigumi (Residents Commitees) were localised political and surveillance bodies in Japan. ...


Other Intelligence sections

  • Kempeitai (Imperial Japanese Gendarmerie)

and Tokeitai (Japanese Navy's own police force) had responsibilities similar to German The Tokeitai (Naval Secret Police) was the Imperial Japanese Navys police equivalent to the Imperial Japanese Armys Kempeitai military police service. ...

("SD") (German Security Service) or Soviet Russian NKVD, and Politruk unit, for watching exterior enemies or suspicious persons and watching inside of own unit for possible defectors or traitors; and used the security doctrine of "Kikosaku". “SS” redirects here. ... SS or ss or Ss may be: The Schutzstaffel, a Nazi paramilitary force Steamship (SS) (ship prefix) The United States Secret Service A submarine not powered by nuclear energy (SS) (United States Navy designator), see SSN A Soviet/Russian surface-to-surface missile, as listed by NATO reporting name Shortstop... Sicherheitsdienst (SD) sleeve insignia. ... SD or sd is an acronym that may mean: Sales and Distribution, business San Diego, a U.S. city SanDisk, US-based multinational corporation which designs and markets flash memory card products SafeDisc, a CD/DVD copy protection solution by Macrovision Corporation Scooby Doo a brown dog Secure Digital, flash... The NKVD (Narodny Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del  ) (Russian: , ) or Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the leading secret police organization of the Soviet Union that was responsible for political repressions during Stalinism. ... A political commissar is an officer appointed by a communist party to oversee a unit of the military. ...

  • Overseas Security and Colonial Police Service special unit dedicated to the maintenance of security in occupied territories in Southeast Asia. This also undertook some administrative responsibilities.
  • Kempeitai ran a number of special schools to train its recruits:
  • The Kempeitai was divided into:
    • Keimu Han (Police and security)
    • Naikin Han (Administration)
    • Tokumu Han (Special Duties)

During the Second World War, the Kempeitai had units in: Koodan (Hindi: कूदन, IAST: KÅ«dan) or Kudan is a village in Sikar district in Rajasthan, India. ... For other uses, see Tokyo (disambiguation). ... Gyeongseong is the Korean form of Keijō (京城), the former Japanese name of Seoul used during the Japanese Colonial Period (1910-1945). ... Short name Statistics Location map Map of location of Seoul. ... Major districts of Shenyang. ... Nickname: Motto: Linisin Ikarangal Maynila Map of Metro Manila showing the location of Manila Coordinates: 14°35 N 121° E Country Region Districts 1st to 6th districts of Manila Barangays 897 Incorporated (city) June 10, 1574 Government  - Mayor Alfredo Lim (2007-2010; GO)  - Vice Mayor Isko Moreno (AM/PDP-Laban...

This article is about the Korean peninsula and civilization. ... Joseon (Cháoxiǎn (朝鲜) in Chinese; Chosen (朝鮮) in Japanese) is a name for Korea, as used in the following cases: As part of the name of several ancient kingdoms (including Gojoseon, Gija Joseon, and Wiman Joseon); During most of the Joseon Dynasty, when the country... Northern Peoples Republic of China region. ... Inner Mongolia (Mongolian: ᠥᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠨᠺᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠺᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ r Mongghul-un bertegen Jasaqu Orun; Chinese: 内蒙古自治区; Hanyu Pinyin: N... North China (北方 Hanyu pinyin: Běifāng) and South China (南方 Hanyu pinyin: Nánfāng) are two approximate regions within China. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the history, geography, and people of the island known as Taiwan. ... Kwantung (Simplified Chinese: 关东; Traditional Chinese: 關東; pinyin: Guāndōng; Wade-Giles: Kuan-tung) is a coastal area of northeastern China which is remembered most for its connection to Japans Kwantung Army. ... Flag Anthem National Anthem of Manchukuo Map of Manchukuo Capital Hsinking Government Constitutional monarchy Emperor  - 1932 - 1934 Datong (Chief Executive) (Aisingioro Puyi)  - 1934 - 1945 Kangde-Emperor (Aisingioro Puyi) Prime Minister  - 1932 - 1935 Zheng Xiaoxu  - 1935 - 1945 Zhang Jinghui Historical era World War II  - Established 1932  - Disestablished 1945 Manchukuo (, State of... Flag Capital Hanoi Language(s) French Political structure Federation Historical era New Imperialism  - Established 1887  - Addition of Laos 1893  - Vietnam Declaration of Independence September 2, 1945  - Independence of Laos July 19, 1949  - Independence of Cambodia November 9, 1953  - Disestablished 1954 Area  - 1945 750,000 km2 289,577 sq mi Currency... Map of Peninsular Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia (Malay: Semenanjung Malaysia) is the part of Malaysia which lies on the Malay Peninsula, and shares a land border with Thailand in the north. ... South Sea may mean: The South China Sea The Pacific Ocean south of Panama The Korean name of the East China Sea Often used in the plural, South Seas, to designate all of the above. ...

Portrayals in Popular Culture

  • Unlike the Nazis and the Schutzstaffel ("SS"), the Kempeitai has gotten very little notice in literature and films regarding the subject. In the Clint Eastwood film, Letters from Iwo Jima (2006), one of the main characters is a former Kempei who was shipped to fight on the frontlines during the battle of Iwo Jima after he had deliberately failed to follow an order from his commanding officer to shoot a family dog who's barking "cause[d] a threat to military privacy and silence." The other soldiers kept a distance from him, fearing that he was sent to their quarters to spy on them lest they think of desertion or mutiny.

The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ... “SS” redirects here. ... SS or ss or Ss may be: The Schutzstaffel, a Nazi paramilitary force Steamship (SS) (ship prefix) The United States Secret Service A submarine not powered by nuclear energy (SS) (United States Navy designator), see SSN A Soviet/Russian surface-to-surface missile, as listed by NATO reporting name Shortstop... Clint Eastwood (born Clinton Eastwood, Jr. ... Letters from Iwo Jima (Japanese: 硫黄島からの手紙) a 2006 Academy Award and Golden Globe-winning critically-acclaimed [1][2][3]war film starring Ken Watanabe and Kazunari Ninomiya among others, and directed by Clint Eastwood, is about the Battle of Iwo Jima from the perspective of Japanese soldiers. ... Combatants  United States  Empire of Japan Commanders Holland Smith Tadamichi Kuribayashi â€  Strength 110,000 21,000 Casualties 8,226 dead 19,189 wounded,[1] 494 missing[1] Total: 27,909 20,703 dead,[1] 216 captured[1] Total: 20,919 The Battle of Iwo Jima was fought between the United...

References

  1. ^ Masae Takahashi (editor and annotator), Zoku Gendaishi Shiryo ("Materials on Contemporary History, Second Series"), Volume 6, Gunji Keisatsu ("Military Police"), (Tokyo: Misuzu Shobo, 1982), pp. v-xxx.
  2. ^ Dajokan-Tatsu (Decree in Grand Council of the State) of 11 March 1881 (14th Year of Meiji), No. 11. This decree was subsequently amended by Chokurei (Order in Privy Council) of 28 March 1889 (22nd Year of Meiji), No. 43.
  3. ^ Order in Privy Council of 29 November 1898 (31st year of Meiji), No. 337.
  4. ^ Order in Privy Council of 1907 (40th Year of Meiji), No. 323.
  5. ^ Naohiro Asao, et al. ed., Simpan Nihonshi Jiten ("Dictionary of Japanese History, New Edition", (Tokyo: Kadokawa Shoten, 1997) p. 742 ("Tojo Hideki"), and pp. 348-9 ("Kempei").
  6. ^ Evidence documenting sex-slave coercion revealed http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070418a5.html

Meiji (明 bright, brilliant 治 reign, government) may refer to: Meiji Restoration, the revolution that ushered in the Meiji Era Meiji period - the period in Japanese history when the Meiji Emperor reigned Emperor Meiji of Japan - Mutsuhito, the Meiji Emperor, who reigned during Meiji Era Meiji Constitution - ie. ... Meiji (明 bright, brilliant 治 reign, government) may refer to: Meiji Restoration, the revolution that ushered in the Meiji Era Meiji period - the period in Japanese history when the Meiji Emperor reigned Emperor Meiji of Japan - Mutsuhito, the Meiji Emperor, who reigned during Meiji Era Meiji Constitution - ie. ... Meiji (明 bright, brilliant 治 reign, government) may refer to: Meiji Restoration, the revolution that ushered in the Meiji Era Meiji period - the period in Japanese history when the Meiji Emperor reigned Emperor Meiji of Japan - Mutsuhito, the Meiji Emperor, who reigned during Meiji Era Meiji Constitution - ie. ... Meiji (明 bright, brilliant 治 reign, government) may refer to: Meiji Restoration, the revolution that ushered in the Meiji Era Meiji period - the period in Japanese history when the Meiji Emperor reigned Emperor Meiji of Japan - Mutsuhito, the Meiji Emperor, who reigned during Meiji Era Meiji Constitution - ie. ...

See also

Imperial Japanese Army special research units
Unit 100 (Shenyang) | Unit 516 (Qiqihar) | Unit 543 (Hailar) | Unit 731 (Pingfang) / Unit 200 (Manchuria) / Unit 8604 or Nami Unit (Guangzhou) | Unit 773 (Songo) | Unit Ei 1644 (Nanjing) | Unit 1855 (Nanjing) | Unit 2646 or Unit 80 (Hailar) | Unit 9420 or Oka Unit (Singapore)

Japanese war crimes occurred during the period of Japanese imperialism. ... Yasumasa Fukushima (1852 - 1919) was a Japanese military leader. ... This article is in need of attention. ... Kokuryu-kai (Amur River Society), also known as the Black Dragon Society, was a prominent paramilitary, ultra-nationalist right-wing group in Japan. ... Unit 100 was a secret Imperial Japanese Army facility that focused on the development of chemical weapons during World War II. It was operated by the Kempeitai, the Japanese military police. ... Body disposal at Unit 731 Unit 731 was a covert biological warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) and World War II. It was responsible for some of the most notorious war crimes carried... The Tokeitai (Naval Secret Police) was the Imperial Japanese Navys police equivalent to the Imperial Japanese Armys Kempeitai military police service. ... The Teikoku Keishichō (帝国警視庁) or Keishichō (Imperial Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department) was the regular and common criminal and civil security police service, in Tōkyō and nearby metropolitan areas, in Japan, from 1874 to 1945. ... Japanese nationalism, also known as Japanese imperialism or Japanese nationalist ideology is a generic title, referring to a complex series of patriotic and nationalist ideas held in Japan. ... Kyokujitsu-ki, the Flag of Imperial Japan, symbol of the Imperial Way Faction, before and during their government administrative period. ... The Imperial Japanese Army Giretsu special forces unit was active in 1944 and 1945. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Nanjing Massacre March 1st Movement Sook Ching Massacre Last Empress of Korea Bataan Death March Manila Massacre Unit 731 Unit 516 Unit 100 Death Railway External links History of Japans biological weapons program. In Federation of American Scientists. 2000-04-16. ... A gendarmerie or gendarmery (pronounced ) is a military body charged with police duties among civilian populations. ... The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) (KyÅ«jitai: 大日本帝國陸軍, Shinjitai: , Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun), or more officially Army of the Greater Japanese Empire was the official ground based armed force of Imperial Japan from 1867 to 1945. ... Imperial Japanese Army units were covert medical experiment units of the Imperial Japanese Army which researched biological warfare through human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937 - 1945) and World War II. Imperial Japanese Army units was responsible for some of the most notorious war crimes carried out by... Unit 100 was a secret Imperial Japanese Army facility that focused on the development of chemical weapons during World War II. It was operated by the Kempeitai, the Japanese military police. ... This article is about a city. ... Unit 516 was a top secret Japanese chemical weapons facility, operated by the Kempeitai, in Qiqihar (齊齊哈爾), China. ... Qiqihar ( Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Manchu: Cicigar hoton) is a major city in the Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China and has 895,000 inhabitants. ... Unit 543 was a secret Imperial Japanese Army facility that focused on the development of biological weapons during World War II. It was operated by the Kempeitai, the Japanese military police. ... Hailar (海拉尔; Pinyin: Hǎilāěr) is a city and administrative district in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, Peoples Republic of China. ... Body disposal at Unit 731 Unit 731 was a covert biological warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) and World War II. It was responsible for some of the most notorious war crimes carried... Pingfang (Chinese: 平房), today a district in the outskirts of Harbin, China (in the 1930s and 1940s a part of the Japanese puppet state Manchukuo), Pingfang was the headquarters of the Japanese Biological Warfare Unit 731 during the Japanese invasion of China and World War II. It had an airport, railway... Unit 200 was a secret military medical unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that researched biological warfare and other topics through human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War(1937-1945) and World War II era. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Guangzhou is the capital and the sub-provincial city of Guangdong Province in the southern part of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Unit 773 was a secret Imperial Japanese Army facility that focused on the development of biological weapons during World War II. It was operated by the Kempeitai, the Japanese military police. ... Unit Ei 1644, also known as Unit 1644 was a medical research unit of the Japanese Imperial Army based in Nanjing, China. ... “Nanking” redirects here. ... Unit 1855 was a secret Imperial Japanese Army facility that focused on the development of biological weapons during World War II. It was operated by the Kempeitai, the Japanese military police. ... “Nanking” redirects here. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Hailar may refer to: Hailar River Hailar, China This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Unit 9420 or Oka Unit was formed in 1942 in Singapore by Naito Ryoichi. ...

External links


  Results from FactBites:
 
Kempeitai (793 words)
Gradually, the Kempeitai's role was expanded to the regulation of public order and conduct, mostly in regard to communists, a category that included anti-war groups.
This was not the case when the Kempeitai also became the de facto police force of territory occupied by Japanese military.
For this reason, many equate Kempeitai with the Gestapo of Nazi Germany; hence the mistaken belief that it was the Japanese secret police.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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