Kestel is a probable site of Bronze Age tin mining in the Taurus Mountains in ancient Anatolia (now Turkey). Tin was as scarce and valuable as petroleum is today in the Bronze Age. It was a vital ingredient of bronze, used with copper to make the alloy. The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ... General Name, Symbol, Number tin, Sn, 50 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 5, p Appearance silvery lustrous gray Atomic mass 118. ... The El Chino Mine located near Silver City, New Mexico is an open-pit copper mine This article is about mineral extraction. ... The Taurus Mountains (Taurus=bull in greek) (Turkish Toros, also known as Ala-Dagh or Bulghar-Dagh) are a mountain range in Eastern Anatolian plateau, from which the Euphrates (Turkish Fırat) River descends into Syria. ... Asia Minor lies east of the Bosporus, between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario Petroleum (from Greek petra – rock and elaion – oil or Latin oleum – oil ), crude oil, sometimes colloquially called black gold or Texas Tea, is a thick, dark brown or greenish liquid. ... Assorted ancient bronze castings found as part of a cache, probably intended for recycling. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic brown Atomic mass 63. ... An alloy is a combination, either in solution or compound, of two or more elements, which has a combin you are fagit ha u spaz go to scholation of at least one metal, and where the resultant material has metallic properties. ...

K. Aslihan Yener spent the five years searching for a Bronze Age tin mine with enough good quality ore to facilitate mining and smelting in Anatolia, working with the Turkish Geological Research and Survey Directorate, but found none. In 1987 another scientist who knew what Yener was looking for found cassiterite (tin ore) ]]crystal]]s in a stream in the Taurus foothills. This ore is purple; however previous searches had been looking for black ore because most tin ores are black. Near the site was a deserted valley with a hill called Kestel that proved to hold a tin mine. Additionally, fragments of Bronze Age pottery were found in and near the mine. Inside, there were veins of bright purple tin ore. Cassiterite is a tin oxide mineral, SnO2. ... Iron ore (Banded iron formation) Manganese ore Lead ore Gold ore An ore is a mineral deposit containing a metal or other valuable resource in economically viable concentrations. ... Foothills are geographically defined as gradual increases in hilly areas at the base of a mountain range. ... Chromaticity diagram. ... Unfired green ware pottery on a traditional drying rack at Conner Prairie living history museum. ...

The Kestel mine has two miles of tunnels, many of what are only about two feet wide, just large enough to allow children to do the mining work. In one abandoned shaft, a burial of twelve to fifteen children was found, presumably killed while working in the mine. A disused railway tunnel now converted to pedestrian and bicycle use, near Houyet, Belgium A tunnel is an underground passage. ... A male Caucasian toddler child A child (plural: children) is a young human. ... Underwater funeral in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea from an edition with drawings by Alphonse de Neuville and Edouard Riou. ...

In 1989, on a hill opposite the mine, associates found piles of Bronze age pottery, stone tools (some as old as 50,000 years) and evidence that this site had been continuously occupied from 3290-1840 BCE by up to one thousand people. A great deal of the city was built into the ground. The pottery at the site (named Göltepe) provided the final proof of the tin industry in the Bronze Age. Many thick crucibles, lined with slag were found at the site and tests revealed the slag to have very high concentrations of tin (30% to almost 100%). It is likely that after the ore nuggets were washed, stone tools were used to grind them to a powder, and then the powder was heated to melt out the tin. All of this can be accomplished with Bronze Age tools and methods. This was somewhat surprising because early Assyrian records indicated that they imported tin into Anatolia, suggesting that the area did not have a supply of its own. In turn, the Assyrians imported large quantities of tin from Afghanistan. The Kestel mine stopped producing at the end of the third millenium BCE. A modern hammer is directly descended from ancient hand tools A tool is a device that (most commonly) provides a mechanical advantage in accomplishing a physical task. ... For other uses of crucible, see Crucible (disambiguation) Categories: Alchemical apparatus ... For the Transformers character, see Slag (Transformer). ... Powder is a substance that has been crushed into very fine grains. ...

See also

K. Aslihan Yener

Reference

Yount, Lisa (1996). Twentieth Century Women Scientists. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-3173-8.