It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Diabetic ketoacidosis. (Discuss)

Ketoacidosis is a type of metabolic acidosis which is caused by high concentrations of ketone bodies, formed by the deamination of amino acids, and the breakdown of fatty acids. This is most common in untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus, when the liver breaks down fat and proteins in response to a perceived need for respiratory substrate. It can also occur with people undergoing hunger strikes, fasting over 3 days, or people starving to death as the body is forced to break down fat for sustenance due to their lack of outside nutrition. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication in patients with untreated diabetes mellitus (chronic high blood sugar or hyperglycemia). ... Acidosis is an increased acidity (i. ... Deamination is the removal of an amine group from a molecule. ... Phenylalanine is one of the standard amino acids. ... For the disease characterized by excretion of large amounts of very dilute urine, see diabetes insipidus. ... It has been suggested that Subcutaneous fat be merged into this article or section. ...

Ketoacidosis should not be confused with ketosis, which is one of the body's normal processes for the metabolism of body fat. In ketoacidosis, the accumulation of keto acids is so severe that the pH of the blood is substantially decreased. Ketosis (IPA pronunciation: ) is a stage in metabolism occurring when the liver converts fat into fatty acids and ketone bodies which can be used by the body for energy. ... The correct title of this article is . ... Human blood smear: a - erythrocytes; b - neutrophil; c - eosinophil; d - lymphocyte. ...

In diabetic patients, ketoacidosis is usually accompanied by dehydration, hyperglycemia, and insulin deficiency. Since insulin is required to use glucose, lack of insulin means the body cannot use glucose and causes an energy crisis. The body then goes to extremes to produce more glucose and provide ketone bodies for energy. Glucose accumulates to the point that the concentration of glucose in the nephron is so high that water is drawn out of tubular cells by osmosis into the urine. This occurs as Vmax of glucose transporters in the nephron is reached due to glucose overload in the urine. The kidney therefore must "use water to spill it into the urine", losing that water and causing dehydration in the process. The dehydration exacerbates the acidosis in a vicious cycle. This article is about the disease that features high blood sugar. ... Dehydration (hypohydration) is the removal of water (hydro in ancient Greek) from an object. ... Hyperglycemia or High Blood Sugar is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma. ... Insulin (from Latin insula, island, as it is produced in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas) is a polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism. ... Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is the most important carbohydrate in biology. ... Ketone group A ketone(key tone) is either the functional group characterized by a carbonyl group (O=C) linked to two other carbon atoms or a chemical compound that contains this functional group. ... It has been suggested that Renal anomalies and Renal plasma threshold be merged into this article or section. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Alcoholic ketoacidosis is also an energy crisis but of different origin. Because alcohol causes dehydration and blocks the first step of gluconeogenesis, the body is unable to synthesize enough glucose to meet its needs, thus the energy crisis begins. Functional group of an alcohol molecule. ... Pyruvic acid Oxaloacetic acid Phosphoenolpyruvate Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Fructose 6-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate Glucose Gluconeogenesis is the generation of glucose from non-sugar carbon substrates like pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and amino acids (primarily alanine and glutamine). ...

The acidity results from the dissociation of the H⁺ ion at physiological pH of metabolic ketone bodies such as acetoacetate, and β-hydroxybutyrate, produced from ketogenesis and its concentration is increased by dehydration. Acetoacetic acid (also known as 3-oxobutanoic acid or diacetic acid) is a beta-keto acid of the keto acid group, its empirical formula is C4H6O3 or CH3COCH2COOH. It is a strong organic acid and can be produced in the human liver under certain conditions of poor metabolism leading to... Beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and acetone collectively are called ketone bodies. ... Ketogenesis is the process by which ketone bodies are produced as a result of fatty acid breakdown. ...

Some diets (such as the Atkins diet) are reported to induce a mild-to-moderate state of ketosis, but this does not result in ketoacidosis if the dieter drinks an appropriate amount of water. Any diet which burns fat molecules at a significant rate results in an increased production of ketone bodies. book The Atkins Nutritional Approach, popularly known as the Atkins Diet or just Atkins, is a popular but controversial high-protein, high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet. ...

Generally, ketosis is well-regulated by the milieu of hormones governing the fasting and fed states, predominantly glucagon and insulin, and dieting (in an otherwise healthy person) is too mild to lead to acidosis. Before the recent abundant and sedentary lifestyles, it was probably normal for most humans to spend some of each year in ketosis, due to seasonal or temporary carbohydrate and/or calorie shortages. Unlike ketoacidosis, for most of human history, ketosis has been a normal condition and an essential capability. An environment is a complex of external factors that acts on a system and determines its course and form of existence. ... Norepinephrine A hormone (from Greek όρμή - to set in motion) is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. ... Fasting is primarily the act of willingly abstaining from some or all food, drink, or both, for a period of time. ... Glucagon ball and stick model A microscopic image stained for glucagon. ...

Ketoacidosis occurs in two very different situations — in type 1 diabetes (diabetic ketoacidosis) and in alcohol withdrawal (alcoholic ketoacidosis). The ultimate reason for ketoacidosis in both cases is the same: The cell does not have enough glucose (in the case of diabetes because lack of insulin prevents the cell from taking up glucose, in the case of starvation because there is less glucose around), so it begins metabolizing fat molecules instead of simple sugars. As a result of this metabolic change, acetyl-CoA is mainly produced from the breakdown of fatty acids and fed into the citric acid cycle. The intermediates of the citric acid cycle are used for other anabolic purposes as well and have to be replenished. Normally, this is done by converting pyruvate into oxaloacetate or L-malate (the so-called anaplerotic pathways). But pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose, and glucose levels are lower in the cases we consider. This means that the citric acid cycle intermediates cannot be replenished, the cycle slows down, acetyl-CoA accumulates and ketogenesis becomes more important. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication in patients with untreated diabetes mellitus (chronic high blood sugar or hyperglycemia). ... Insulin (from Latin insula, island, as it is produced in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas) is a polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism. ... Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidization of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. ... In chemistry a reactive intermediate is a short-lived high energy highly reactive molecule. ... Overview of the citric acid cycle The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle, after Hans Adolf Krebs who identified the cycle) is a series of chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part... Pyruvate (CH3COCOO−) is the ionized form of pyruvic acid. ... - of Greek origin, meaning to fill up Anaplerotic reactions are those that form intermediates of the TCA or citric acid cycle. ... Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway by which a 6-carbon glucose (Glc) molecule is oxidized to two molecules of pyruvic acid (Pyr). ...

See also

• Diabetic ketoacidosis
• Keto acids

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication in patients with untreated diabetes mellitus (chronic high blood sugar or hyperglycemia). ... Keto acids are organic acids containing a ketone group along with the carboxylic acid groups. ...

External links

• The Merck Manual - Diabetic Ketoacidosis
• Alcoholic Ketoacidosis
• Lancet case study Atkins diet-induced Ketoacidosis