NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Kham

Kham (Tibetan: ཁམས; Wylie transliteration: Khams; Simplified Chinese: 康; Pinyin: Kāng), also referred to as the Kingdom of Kham, is one of the three traditional provinces claimed by the Tibetan government-in-exile and the International Tibetan Independence Movement. During the Republic of China's rule over mainland China (1911-1949), most of the region was called Xikang Province (西康省 Xīkāng Shěng). It held the status of "special administrative district" until 1939^{[dubious – discuss]}, when it became an official Chinese province. Its provincial status was nominal and without much cohesion, like most of China's territory during the Japanese invasion and civil war. The Tibetan language is spoken primarily by the Tibetan people who live across a wide area of eastern Central Asia bordering South Asia, as well as by large number of Tibetan refugees all over the world. ... The Wylie transliteration scheme is a method for transliterating the Tibetan script using the keys on a typical English language typewriter. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Official language Tibetan Headquarters Dharamsala, India Head of State Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama Head of Government Professor Venerable Samdhong Rinpoche National Anthem Tibetan National Anthem, (Link) The Central Tibetan Administration (CTA), officially the Central Tibetan Administration of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, is a government in exile headed by... For the Chinese civilization, see China. ... Year 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Xikang or Sikang (è¥¿åº·çœ XÄ«kÄng ShÄ›ng), is a defunct province of the Republic of China, comprising most of the Kham region of traditional Tibet. ...

Linguists and anthropologists refer to Kham as the 'Ethnic Corridor of Southwest China', as its vast and sparsely populated territories are inhabited by over 14 culturally and linguistically distinct ethnic groups. For reasons of simplicity, the Chinese government combines the various ethnic groups of Kham together with the Tibetans to form one big nationality, called the "Tibetan Nationality". There are, however, significant differences in traditions and beliefs--even physical appearance--between the peoples of Kham and Lhasa. At least one-third of Kham residents are speakers of Qiangic languages, a family of twelve distinct but interrelated languages that are unrelated to the Tibetan language. Many Khampas are members of the Bön or 'Black sect' of Tibetan Buddhism, a group that had been largely marginalized and stigmatized by other Tibetan sects.^[1] A Tibetan pilgrim The Tibetans speak the Tibetan language natively and form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the Peoples Republic of China (PRC), although in anthropological terms they include more than one ethnic group. ... Qiangic is a language family of northeastern Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in Tibet and some other western areas of China. ... The Tibetan language is spoken primarily by the Tibetan people who live across a wide area of eastern Central Asia bordering South Asia, as well as by large number of Tibetan refugees all over the world. ... BÃ¶n[1] (Tibetan: à½–à½¼à½“à¼‹; Wylie: bon; Lhasa dialect IPA: [) is the oldest spiritual tradition of Tibet. ... Tibetan Buddhism is the body of religious Buddhist doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet, the Himalayan region (including northern Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim and Ladakh), Mongolia, Buryatia, Tuva and Kalmykia (Russia), and northeastern China (Manchuria: Heilongjiang, Jilin). ...

Kham comprised a total of 50 contemporary counties, which have been incorporated into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan (16 counties), Yunnan (3 counties), and Qinghai (6 counties) as well as the eastern portion of the Tibet Autonomous Region (25 counties). (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: SzÅ4-chuan1; Postal map spelling: Szechwan and Szechuan) is a province in the central-western China with its capital at Chengdu. ... Yunan redirects here. ... Qinghai (Chinese: é’æµ·; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ching-hai; Postal System Pinyin: Tsinghai; Tibetan: à½˜à½šà½¼à¼‹à½¦à¾”à½¼à½“à¼‹ mtsho-sngon; Mongolian: KÃ¶ke NaÎ³ur; Manchu: Huhu Noor) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, named after the enormous Qinghai Lake. ... This article is about the administrative region of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

Kham has a rugged terrain characterized by mountain ridges and gorges running from northwest to southeast. Numerous rivers, including the Mekong, Yangtze, Yalong Jiang, and the Salween flow through Kham. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Mekong is one of the worldâ€™s major rivers. ... The Yangtze River or Chang Jiang (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), or Drichu in Tibetan (Tibetan: à½ à½–; Wylie: bri chu) is the longest river in Asia and the third longest in the world, after the Nile in Africa, and the Amazon in South America. ... The Salween River (also spelt Salwin, a. ...

History

Kham was traditionally referred to as chuzhi gangdruk, i.e. 'four rivers and six ranges'. The peoples of Kham have endured a tumultuous past, their sovereignty often encroached upon and marginalized by both Tibetans to the West and the Han Chinese to the East. A Tibetan pilgrim The Tibetans speak the Tibetan language natively and form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the Peoples Republic of China (PRC), although in anthropological terms they include more than one ethnic group. ... Language(s) Chinese languages Religion(s) Predominantly Taoism, Mahayana Buddhism, traditional Chinese religions, and atheism. ...

Kham itself was never controlled by a single king, but was generally a patchwork of two dozen or more kingdoms, tribes, and chiefdoms that were constantly at war with each other. Since the collapse of the Tibetan Empire in the mid-9th century, the peoples of Kham had aggressively maintained their independence from Lhasa. Local chieftains ruled their respective territories with hereditary titles bestowed by Chinese emperors. Chinese control was minimal, however, and chieftains were able to rule with a large degree of independence from both China and Tibet.^[2] This article is about historical/cultural Tibet. ... As a means of recording the passage of time the 9th century was the century that lasted from 801 to 900. ... For other uses, see Lhasa (disambiguation). ...

In 1717, Dzungar tribes of Mongolia invaded Tibet, and a period of internal strife and civil war followed. The Kangxi emperor sent armies into the area for a period of 20 years, and local leaders were forced to pledge their allegiance to the Qing Empire. In 1724, the regions of Amdo and Kham were made into the province of Kokonor, with parts of Eastern Kham incorporated into neighboring Chinese provinces.^[3] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Dzungars (also Jungars or Zungars; Mongolian: Ð—Ò¯Ò¯Ð½Ð³Ð°Ñ€ ZÃ¼Ã¼ngar) were a tribe of the Oirat Mongols. ... This article needs cleanup, so as to conform to a higher standard. ... The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: qīng cháo; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories of Inner Asia, establishing the... Situation of the east Tibetan region of Amdo Amdo (Tibetan: à½¨à¼Œà½˜à½‘à½¼, Chinese: å®‰å¤š, Pinyin: Ä€nduÅ) is one of the three former provinces of Tibet, the other two being Ãœ-Tsang and Kham; it is also the place from which Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, comes from. ... Kokonor Is an alternative name of Qinghai province in China. ...

Tibetan control of the Batang region of Kham appears to have continued uncontested from the time of an agreement made in 1726^[4] until soon after the invasion of Tibet under Francis Younghusband in 1904, which alarmed the Qing rulers in China. They sent an imperial official to the region to begin reasserting Qing control, but the locals revolted and killed him. The Qing government in Beijing then appointed Zhao Erfang, the Governor of Xining, "Army Commander of Tibet" to reintegrate Tibet into China. He was sent in 1905 (though other sources say this occurred in 1908)^[5]^[6] on a punitive expedition and began destroying many monasteries in Kham and Amdo and implementing a process of sinification of the region:^[7] Lieutenant Colonel Sir Francis Edward Younghusband (31 May 1863 - 31 July 1942) was a British Army officer, explorer, and spiritualist. ... The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: qīng cháo; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories of Inner Asia, establishing the... The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: qīng cháo; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories of Inner Asia, establishing the... Peking redirects here. ... Location of Xining Xining (Simplified Chinese : è¥¿å®, Traditional Chinese : è¥¿å¯§, Tibetan : Ziling) is the capital of Qinghai Province, Peoples Republic of China. ... Situation of the east Tibetan region of Amdo Amdo (Tibetan: à½¨à¼Œà½˜à½‘à½¼, Chinese: å®‰å¤š, Pinyin: Ä€nduÅ) is one of the three former provinces of Tibet, the other two being Ãœ-Tsang and Kham; it is also the place from which Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, comes from. ...

In 1910, the Qing government sent a military expedition of its own to establish direct Chinese rule and deposed the Dalai Lama in an imperial edict. The Dalai Lama once again fled, this time to India. "By going in and then coming out again, we knocked the Tibetans down and left them for the first comer to kick," wrote Charles Alfred Bell, a British diplomatic officer stationed in Sikkim and a critic of the Liberal government's policy. The situation was soon to change, however, as, after the fall of the Qing dynasty in October 1911, Zhao's soldiers mutinied and beheaded him.^[9] (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: SzÅ4-chuan1; Postal map spelling: Szechwan and Szechuan) is a province in the central-western China with its capital at Chengdu. ... Year 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Sir Charles Alfred Bell (1870-1945) born in Calcutta was a British-Indian tibetologist. ... , Sikkim (Nepali: , also Sikhim) is a landlocked Indian state nestled in the Himalayas. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

The 13th Dalai Lama fled to British India in February 1910. The same month, the Chinese Qing government issued a proclamation deposing the Dalai Lama and instigating the search for a new incarnation.^[10] While in India, the Dalai Lama became a close friend of the British Political Officer Charles Alfred Bell. Anthem God Save The Queen/King British India, circa 1860 Capital Calcutta (1858-1912), New Delhi (1912-1947) Language(s) Hindi, Urdu, English and many others Government Monarchy Emperor of India - 1877-1901 Victoria - 1901-1910 Edward VII - 1910-1936 George V - January-December 1936 Edward VIII - 1936-1947 George... Sir Charles Alfred Bell (1870-1945) born in Calcutta was a British-Indian tibetologist. ...

The official position of the British Government was it would not intervene between China and Tibet and would only recognize the de facto government of China within Tibet at this time.^[11] Bell, in his history of Tibet, wrote of this time that "the Tibetans were abandoned to Chinese aggression, an aggression for which the British Military Expedition to Lhasa and subsequent retreat [and consequent power vacuum within Tibet) were primarily responsible".^[12] Later, Britain defined the Indo-Tibetan border at the 1914 Simla conference with the McMahon Line. China's delegation initialled convention but the government repudiated it. The McMahon Line crosses a high-altitude wasteland which was briefly the focus of world attention in 1962 as Indian and Chinese forces struggled for control. ...

In 1932, an agreement signed between Chinese warlord Liu Wenhui and Tibetan forces formalized the partition of Kham into two regions: Eastern Kham, which was administered by Chinese forces, and Western Kham, which was administered by Tibet. Eastern Kham subsequently became the actual area of control of China's Xikang province. The border between eastern and western Kham is the Yangtze River - Dri Chu in Tibetan and Jinsha Jiang, or Chang Jiang respectively, in Chinese. Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1932 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... (1895-1976) General Liu Wenhui or Liu Wen-hui, one of the warlords of Sichuan Province during Chinas Warlord era. ... The Yangtze River or Chang Jiang (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), or Drichu in Tibetan (Tibetan: à½ à½–; Wylie: bri chu) is the longest river in Asia and the third longest in the world, after the Nile in Africa, and the Amazon in South America. ...

In 1950, following the defeat of the Kuomintang rulers of China by communist forces in the Chinese Civil War, the People's Liberation Army entered western Kham. Western Kham was then set up as a separate Qamdo Territory (昌都地区), then merged into Tibet Autonomous Region in 1965. Meanwhile, Xikang province, comprising eastern Kham, was merged into Sichuan province in 1955. The border between Sichuan and Tibet Autonomous Region has remained the Yangtze River. The northernmost region of Kham, Yushu, has been a part of Qinghai province since the 18th century. Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) [1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China (ROC), now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in terms of seats in the Legislative Yuan, and the oldest political party in the... Belligerents Nationalist Party of China Communist Party of China Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 4,300,000 (July 1946) 3,650,000 (June 1948) 1,490,000 (June 1949) 1,200,000 (July 1946) 2,800,000 (June 1948) 4,000,000 (June 1949) The Chinese Civil War... Peoples Liberation Army redirects here. ... Chamdo or Qamdo can refer to: Chamdo, a town in Tibet Qamdo Region, a former administrative region in western Kham, Tibet - see Qamdo Prefecture. ... This article is about the administrative region of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... Kham (Tibetan: ཁམས, Simplified Chinese: 康, Pinyin: Kāng) province is one of three ancient provinces comprising traditional Tibet (the other two being Amdo and U-Tsang). ... (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: SzÅ4-chuan1; Postal map spelling: Szechwan and Szechuan) is a province in the central-western China with its capital at Chengdu. ... Year 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar). ...

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Qamdo (Tibetan:à½†à½–à¼‹à½˜à½‘à½¼à¼‹à½¢à¾«à½¼à½„à¼‹(Chab-mdo), Mandarin Chinese:æ˜Œéƒ½(ChÄngdÅ«)) is a county in Tibet. ...

Footnotes

^ Stein, R. A. (1972) Tibetan Civilization; translated by J. E. Stapleton Driver. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. ISBN 0-8047-0806-1 (cloth); ISBN 0-8047-0901-7 (paper).
^ Richardson, Hugh E. (1984). Tibet and its History. Second Edition, Revised and Updated, pp. 28-68. Shambhala. Boston & London. ISBN 0-87773-376-7 (pbk)
^ Stein, R. A. (1972) Tibetan Civilization; translated by J. E. Stapleton Driver, p. 88. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. ISBN 0-8047-0806-1 (cloth); ISBN 0-8047-0901-7 (paper).
^ Abbé Huc. The Land of the Lamas. Taken from: Travels in Tartary, Thibet and China, 1844-1846 by MM. Huc and Gabet, translated by William Hazlitt, p. 123.
^ "Ligne MacMahon." [1]
^ FOSSIER Astrid, Paris, 2004 "L’Inde des britanniques à Nehru : un acteur clé du conflit sino-tibétain." [2]
^ "About Tibet: Later History"[3]
^ Hilton, Isabel. (1999). The Search for the Panchen Lama. Viking. Reprint: Penguin Books. (2000), p. 115. ISBN 0-14-024670-3.
^ Hilton, Isabel. (1999). The Search for the Panchen Lama. Viking. Reprint: Penguin Books. (2000), p. 115. ISBN 0-14-024670-3.
^ Smith (1996), p. 175
^ Bell (1924), p. 113
^ Bell (1924), p. 113

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Footnotes

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