Khariboli (also Khadiboli, Khadi-Boli, or Khari dialect), (/ kʰəɽiː boːliː /; Hindi: खड़ी बोली; Urdu: كهڑى بولى, khaṛī bolī; lit. 'standing tongue') is a dialect of the Hindi language native to western Uttar Pradesh and the Delhi region in India. It is also the standard dialect of Urdu, which is linguistically a variant of Hindi. This dialect defines the officially approved version of the Hindi language; Hindi is the first official language of the Union government of India, the other being English as the associate official language. Hindi is also one of India's eighteen national languages (though most people in north India prefer Hindi to rather be labelled as the sole National language). Hindi (हिन्दी or हिंदी in DevanāgarÄ«; pronunciation: ), an Indo-European language spoken mainly in Northern and Central India is the primary official language and the National language (sic) of the Union government of India. ... The phrase Zaban-e Urdu-e Mualla written in () is an Indo-European language of the Indo-Aryan family that developed under Persian, Pashto, Turkish, Arabic, Hindi, and Sanskrit influence in South Asia during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire (1200-1800). ... A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος, dialektos) is a variety of a language used by people from a particular geographic area. ... Hindi (हिन्दी or हिंदी in DevanāgarÄ«; pronunciation: ), an Indo-European language spoken mainly in Northern and Central India is the primary official language and the National language (sic) of the Union government of India. ... Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: , Urdu: اتر پردیش, IPA: ), also popularly known by its abbreviation U.P., is the most populous and fifth largest state in the Union of India. ... It has been suggested that National Capital Territory of Delhi be merged into this article or section. ... The phrase Zaban-e Urdu-e Mualla written in () is an Indo-European language of the Indo-Aryan family that developed under Persian, Pashto, Turkish, Arabic, Hindi, and Sanskrit influence in South Asia during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire (1200-1800). ... Hindi (हिन्दी or हिंदी in DevanāgarÄ«; pronunciation: ), an Indo-European language spoken mainly in Northern and Central India is the primary official language and the National language (sic) of the Union government of India. ... Hindi (हिन्दी or हिंदी in DevanāgarÄ«; pronunciation: ), an Indo-European language spoken mainly in Northern and Central India is the primary official language and the National language (sic) of the Union government of India. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Hindi (हिन्दी or हिंदी in DevanāgarÄ«; pronunciation: ), an Indo-European language spoken mainly in Northern and Central India is the primary official language and the National language (sic) of the Union government of India. ...

Early influences

The region which is native to Khari-boli Hindi is western Uttar Pradesh, which spoke a decidedly rustic and unliterary tongue before the 18th century. The area was however flanked to the west and east respectively by the aristocratic Muslim cultures of Delhi and Lucknow; those aristocrats, whose provenance generally lay outside India, patronised a literature that drew largely upon the Persian, Turkish and Arabic languages which they had brought with them to this country. It was by the mingling of these several influences that the Khari-boli dialect of Hindi developed. Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: , Urdu: اتر پردیش, IPA: ), also popularly known by its abbreviation U.P., is the most populous and fifth largest state in the Union of India. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... It has been suggested that National Capital Territory of Delhi be merged into this article or section. ... Lucknow (Hindi: लखनऊ; Urdu: لکھنو Lakhnau) is the capital city of the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. ... Persian is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Bahrain, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Southern Russia, neighboring countries, and elsewhere. ... The Arabic language (Arabic: ‎ transliterated: ), or simply Arabic (Arabic: ‎ transliterated: ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ...

The area around Delhi has long been the center of power in north India, and naturally, the Khari-boli dialect came to be regarded as urbane and of a higher standard than the other dialects of Hindi. This view gradually gained ground over the 19th century; before that period, other dialects such as Avadhi and Brij-bhasha were the dialects preferred by littérateurs It has been suggested that National Capital Territory of Delhi be merged into this article or section. ... A map showing North India North India is a geographic and linguistic-cultural region of India. ... Hindi (हिन्दी or हिंदी in DevanāgarÄ«; pronunciation: ), an Indo-European language spoken mainly in Northern and Central India is the primary official language and the National language (sic) of the Union government of India. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Literature

The earliest examples of Khariboli can be seen in some of Kabir and Amir Khusro's lines. More developed forms of Khariboli can be seen in some mediocre literature produced in early 18th century. Examples are Chand Chhand Varnan Ki Mahima by Gangabhatt, Yogavashishtha by Ramprasad Niranjani, Gora-Badal ki katha by Jatmal, Mandovar ka varnan by Anonymous, a translation of Ravishenacharya's Jain Padmapuran by Daulatram (dated 1824). Kabir (also Kabira, Hindi: , Punjabi: , Urdu: , 1440 - 1518) was an Indian mystic who preached an ideal of seeing all of humanity as one. ... Abul Hasan Yaminuddin Khusro (1253-1325 CE), better known as Amir Khusro Dehlavi (in Persian اميرخسرو دهلوى), is one of the iconic figures in the cultural history of the Indian subcontinent. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...

In 1857, the British East India Company established a college of higher education at Calcutta named the Fort William College. John Gilchrist, a president of that college, encouraged his professors to write in their native tongue; some of the works thus produced were in the Khari Boli dialect of Hindi. These books included Premsagar by Lalloolal; Naasiketopaakhyan by Sadal Mishra; Sukhsagar by Sadasukhlal of Delhi and Rani Ketaki ki kahani by Munshi Inshallah Khan. Munshi Premchand, whose literature was created in the early 20th century, was one of the greatest of those who contributed to Hindi literature. 1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The British East India Company, sometimes referred to as John Company, was a joint-stock company which was granted an English Royal Charter by Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600, with the intent to favour trade privileges in India. ... This article is on Calcutta/Kolkata, the city. ... Munshi Premchand (July 31, 1880-October 8, 1936) (pen name: Premchand) was one of the greatest literary figures of modern Hindi and Urdu literature. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Hindi (हिन्दी or हिंदी in DevanāgarÄ«; pronunciation: ), an Indo-European language spoken mainly in Northern and Central India is the primary official language and the National language (sic) of the Union government of India. ...

The era is now long past when Khari-boli was regarded as a mixed brogue unworthy of being used in literature. Under government patronage, it has flourished, even as older and previously more literary tongues such as Brij-bhasha, Maithili and Avadhi have declined to virtual non-existence as literary vehicles.

Post-Independence

After India became independent in 1947, the Khari-boli dialect was officially recognized as the approved version of the Hindi language, which was declared the language of central government functioning, in the teeth of strong and persisting opposition from a sizable section of the people of southern and eastern India. 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... Hindi (हिन्दी or हिंदी in Devanāgarī; pronunciation: ), an Indo-European language spoken mainly in Northern and Central India is the primary official language and the National language (sic) of the Union government of India. ... South India is a region of India that includes the entire Indian Peninsula, south of the Vindhya ranges. ...

Sanskritization

Under governmental encouragement, the officially sponsored version of the Khari-boli dialect has undergone a sea-change after it was declared the language of central government functioning in 1950. A major change has been the Sanskritisation of Hindi. Three factors motivate this conscious bid to sanskritize Hindi, being: 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Sanskrit ( संस्कृतम् ; pronunciation: ) is an Indo-European classical language of India and a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. ... Hindi (हिन्दी or हिंदी in DevanāgarÄ«; pronunciation: ), an Indo-European language spoken mainly in Northern and Central India is the primary official language and the National language (sic) of the Union government of India. ... Hindi (हिन्दी or हिंदी in DevanāgarÄ«; pronunciation: ), an Indo-European language spoken mainly in Northern and Central India is the primary official language and the National language (sic) of the Union government of India. ...

• The independence movement inculcated a nationalistic pride in India's ancient culture, including its ancient classical language Sanskrit;
• Independence was accompanied by partition along religious lines, with Muslim-majority areas seceding to form Pakistan, and a partial rejection of Persian and Arabic influence in the Hindu-majority areas;
• The people of south and east India were averse to the dominance of the language and culture of north India in the affairs of the country. The Hindu populations of these regions did not identify with Hindi itself or with the Mughal (Persian, Turkish) cultural influences that had shaped Hindi, but they were more receptive to Sanskrit. Sanskritization was thus viewed as a means to make Hindi more palatable as a national language.

In its non-Sanskritized form, Khariboli is the normal and principal dialect used in the Hindi cinema. It is almost exclusively used in contemporary Hindi television serials, songs, education, and of course, in normal daily speech in almost all the urban regions of north India, wherever Hindi is also the state language. The rural dialect varies from region to region. Sanskrit ( संस्कृतम् ; pronunciation: ) is an Indo-European classical language of India and a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. ... The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau. ... Arabic can mean: From or related to Arabia From or related to the Arabs The Arabic language; see also Arabic grammar The Arabic alphabet, used for expressing the languages of Arabic, Persian, Malay ( Jawi), Kurdish, Panjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Urdu, among others. ... South India is a region of India that includes the entire Indian Peninsula, south of the Vindhya ranges. ... A map showing North India North India is a geographic and linguistic-cultural region of India. ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ... Legendary Movie Poster Bollywood is the informal name given to the popular Mumbai-based film industry in India. ...

See also

• Hindi
• Urdu
• Hindustani
• Sanskrit