This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (January 2007)

For the HMS Khedive, see USS Cordova.

Muhammad Ali Pasha

A khedive (from Persian: "lord"; Arabic: خديوي ) is a title of high, ministerial rank in the Ottoman Empire, first, and nearly exclusively, used by Muhammad Ali Pasha and his subsequent line of dynastic successors, who ruled Egypt and Sudan from 1805 to 1914. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... The USS Cordova (CVE-39) (originally AVG-39 then later ACV-39) was an escort aircraft carrier launched 27 December 1942 by Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corp. ... Image File history File links Description: Muhammad Ali Pascha Source: originally uploaded to EN by User:ThaGrind as . ... Image File history File links Description: Muhammad Ali Pascha Source: originally uploaded to EN by User:ThaGrind as . ... This article is about the leader of Egypt. ... Farsi redirects here. ... Arabic redirects here. ... This article is about the leader of Egypt. ...

Muhammad Ali Pasha (c. 1769 - 1849) assumed the title when he took power in 1805. As a general (with the high rank of pasha) of the Ottoman Empire, he had driven Napoleon Bonaparte from Egypt and set himself as a practically independent Monarch in all but name. Officially, he and his succeeding heirs held the title as as Ottoman Governor (also known as Viceroy) tributary of Egypt and Sudan to the Ottoman Empire, though in reality the writ of the Porte (the Ottoman court) did not extend to Egypt after Muhammad Ali seized power in 1805. The Empire did not recognize the dynasty's claim to the title until 1867. In 1914, Khedive Abbas II was deposed and his uncle, Husayn, became sultan in his place, ending the khedival style of the Egyptian rulers. Muhammad Ali's dynasty, however, continued through Husayn until 1952. This article is about the leader of Egypt. ... Pasha, pascha or bashaw (Turkish: paÅŸa) was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals. ... Bonaparte as general Napoleon Bonaparte ( 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français... Louis XIV, king of France and Navarre (Painting by Hyacinthe Rigaud, 1701). ... For other uses, see Governor (disambiguation). ... A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Ä°stanbul (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320... Synonym of the government of the Ottoman Empire. ... For other uses, see Sultan (disambiguation). ...

Etymology

This title, known for its use by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty of Egypt and Sudan, is recorded in English since 1867, derived via the French khédive from Turkish khidiv, from Persian khidiw "prince," derivative of khuda "master, prince," from Old Persian khvadata- "lord," from the compound khvat-data-, literally "created from oneself," from khvat- (from the Proto-IndoEuropean root swe-tos "from oneself," ablative of base s(w)e-; see idiom) + data- "created." The Muhammad Ali Dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Egypt and Sudan from the 19th to the mid-20th Century. ... See Aryan Language or Old Persian For more information visit: *[Ancient Iranian Languages & Literature The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies (CAIS) ...

Egypt from Muhammad Ali to Abbas II

Following the French invasion of Egypt in 1798, and Napoleon's defeat of the Mamluks, the Ottoman Empire dispatched Albanian troops under the command of Muhammad Ali to restore the Empire's authority in what had hitherto been an Ottoman province. However, upon the French defeat and departure, Muhammad Ali seized control of the country and declared himself ruler of Egypt, quickly consolidating an independent local powerbase. After repeated failed attempts to remove and kill him, in 1805, the Porte officially recognized Muhammad Ali as Pasha and Wali (Governor) of Egypt. However, demonstrating his grander ambitions, he claimed for himself the higher Ottoman title of Khedive, as did his successors, Ibrahim Pasha, Abbas I and Sa'id I. Combatants Ottoman Empire Great Britain France The Battle of the Pyramids, Louis-François, Baron Lejeune, 1808. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... An Ottoman Mamluk, from 1810 Mamluks (or Mameluks) (the Arabic word usually translates as owned, singular: مملوك plural: مماليك) comprised slave soldiers used by the Muslim Caliphs and the Ottoman Empire, and who on more than one occasion seized power for themselves. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Ä°stanbul (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320... The process of Muhammad Alis seizure of power in Egypt was a long three way civil war between the Ottoman Turks, Egyptian Mamelukes, and Albanian mercenaries. ... Synonym of the government of the Ottoman Empire. ... Pasha, pascha or bashaw (Turkish: paÅŸa) was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals. ... Wali (Arabic ولي, plural Awliya أولياء, Persian/Turkish pronunciation Vali), is an Arabic word, meaning protector or guardian (most literally etymologically near one), also adopted in various other Islamic cultures. ... Ibrahim Pasha (Arabic: ابراهيم باشا) ‎ (1789 – 10 November 1848), a 19th century general of Egypt. ... Abbas I (Arabic: عباس الأول ) (1913-1854), Pasha of Egypt, was a son of Tusun Pasha and grandson of Mehmet Ali, founder of the reigning dynasty of Egypt at the time. ... Said of Egypt ( 1822- 1863) was the Viceroy (or Pasha) of Egypt from 1854 until 1863, under the Ottoman Empire. ...

The Muhammad Ali Dynasty’s use of the title Khedive was not sanctioned by the Ottoman Empire until 1867 ,when Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz officially recognized it as the title of Ismail Pasha. Moreover, the Porte accepted Ismail's alteration of the royal line of succession to go from father to son, rather than brother to brother as was the tradition in the Arab World and the Ottoman Empire. In 1879, the Great Powers forced the abdication and exile of Ismail in favor of his son Tewfik who succeeded him as Khedive. The Muhammad Ali Dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Egypt and Sudan from the 19th to the mid-20th Century. ... Year 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz Abd-ul-aziz (Arabic: عبد العزيز ) (February 9, 1830 – 1876) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1861 to May 30, 1876. ... Ismail Pasha, known as Ismail the Magnificent (December 31, 1830–March 2, 1895) was khedive of Egypt from 1863 until he was removed at the behest of the British in 1879. ... Synonym of the government of the Ottoman Empire. ... Arab States redirects here. ... In the context of international relations and diplomacy, power (sometimes clarified as international power, national power, or state power) is the ability of one state to influence or control other states. ... Tewfik Pasha Tewfik Pasha (Tawfiq of Egypt) (1852-1892) (Arabic: محمد توفيق باشا) was a khedive of Egypt. ...

After the nationalist Urabi Revolt of 1882, Britain invaded Egypt in support of Tewfik, and would continue to occupy and dominate the country for decades. During this period, the Muhammad Ali Dynasty under Tewfik and his son Abbas II continued to rule Egypt and Sudan using the title Khedive, whilst still nominally under Ottoman sovereignty. With the outbreak of the First World War, Abbas sided with the Ottoman Empire, which had joined the war on the side of the Central Powers, and was subsequently deposed by the British, who declared Egypt a protectorate. Abbas was replaced by his uncle Husayn who took the sovereign title Sultan, thereby ending the use of the title Khedive. The Urabi Revolt was an uprising in Egypt in 1881-82 against the Khedive and European influence in the country. ... Year 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Abbas Hilmi Pasha or Abbas II (Arabic: عباس حلمي باشا) (July 14, 1874, Alexandria – 19 December 1944, Geneva) was the last khedive of Egypt (January 8, 1892 – 1914). ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Kaiser Wilhelm II, Mehmed V, Franz Joseph: The three emperors of the Central Powers in World War I. European military alliances in 1914. ... This article is about states protected and/or dominated by a foreign power. ... Husayn Kamil, Sultan of Egypt from 1914 to 1917 His Highness Sultan Husayn Kamil (November 21, 1853 - October 9, 1917) (Arabic: سلطان حسين كامل) was the Sultan of Egypt and King of The Sudan from December 19, 1914 - October 9, 1917, during the British occupation which lasted from 1882-1922. ... For other uses, see Sultan (disambiguation). ...

See also

• Wali
• Muhammad Ali of Egypt
• Ismail Pasha
• Muhammad Ali Dynasty
• [[Egypt under Muhammad Ali and his successors]
• Rulers and heads of state of Egypt
• The status of the Khedive In Muslim countries nominally under Ottoman rule, there was a conflict between the Khedive (representing the Ottoman empire) and the local governments which arose to excercise real power. This divide could become deeply entrenched as was manifested during the British invasion of Egypt in 1882. The Egyptian public was so polarized between the khedive and local government that they could not uniformly support either entity and maintain their real independence.

Wali (Arabic ولي, plural Awliya أولياء, Persian/Turkish pronunciation Vali), is an Arabic word, meaning protector or guardian (most literally etymologically near one), also adopted in various other Islamic cultures. ... This article is about the leader of Egypt. ... Ismail Pasha, known as Ismail the Magnificent (December 31, 1830–March 2, 1895) was khedive of Egypt from 1863 until he was removed at the behest of the British in 1879. ... The Muhammad Ali Dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Egypt and Sudan from the 19th to the mid-20th Century. ... This page lists the rulers and heads of state of Egypt since 1805. ...

Sources and references

(incomplete)

• EtymologyOnLine
• RoyalArk- Egypt