Khmelnytsky Uprising (also Chmielnicki Uprising or Khmelnytsky/Chmielnicki Rebellion) refers to a rebellion in the lands of in present-day Ukraine which raged from 1648-1654. Under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Cossacks allied with Crimean Tatars, along with the local Ruthenian peasantry, fought several battles against the armies of the the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and eradicated the control of the Polish Szlachta, Roman Catholic priests and Jewish arendators in the area. History of Ukraine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Cucuteni culture (also Cucuteni-Tripolie, after the Romanian Cucuteni and the Ukrainian Trypillia villages) is an early 5th millennium BC neolithic culture of Central Europe, in the area of modern-day Romania, Moldova, and Ukraine, in the Dniestr-Dnjepr region. ... Typical Yamna burial with the skeleton in supine position, with bent knees. ... Catacomb culture, ca. ... The Cimmerians (Greek Κιμμέριοι, Kimmerioi) were ancient equestrian nomads who, according to Herodotus, originally inhabited the region north of the Caucasus and the Black Sea, in what is now Russia and Ukraine, in the 8th and 7th century BC. Assyrian records, however, first place them in the region of Azerbaijan in... The Chersonesus Tauricus of Antiquity, shown on a map printed in London, ca 1770 Taurica (Greek: , Latin: ) also known as Tauris, Taurida, Tauric Chersonese, and Chersonesus Taurica was the name of Crimea in Antiquity. ... Approximate extent of Scythia and Sarmatia in the 1st century BC (the orange background shows the spread of Eastern Iranian languages, among them Scytho-Sarmatian). ... Sarmatia and Scythia in 100 BC, also shown is the extent of the Parthian Empire. ... The Zarubintsy culture was one of the major archaeological cultures which flourished in the area north of the Black Sea along the upper Dnieper and Pripyat Rivers, stretching west towards the Vistula Basin from the 3rd or 2nd centuries BC until the 2nd century AD. It was identified ca 1899... Chernyakhiv culture is shown in orange, the third-century Wielbark Culture in red. ... The Hunnic Empire stretched from the steppes of Central Asia into modern Germany, and from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea The Hunnic Empire, at its height under Attila. ... Countries inhabited by Slavs (dark green - East Slavs) Distribution of Slavic peoples by language The East Slavs are a Slavic ethnic group, the speakers of East Slavic that evolved into the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian peoples. ... Old Great Bulgaria or Great Bulgaria (Η παλαιά μεγάλη Βουλγαρία in Byzantine chronicles; alternative name: Onoguria/Onoghuria) was a Bulgar state, founded by Kubrat, which briefly existed in the 7th century north of the Caucasus mountains in the steppe between the rivers Dnieper and Lower Volga[1]. // Main article: Kubrat Kubrat (also Kurt or... White Croatia is the area of modern-day Poland, Bohemia (Czech Republic) and Slovakia from which the White Croats migrated in the 7th century into Dalmatia, Croatia. ... Kievan Rus′ was the early, mostly East Slavic [1] state dominated by the city of Kiev from about 880 to the middle of the 12th century. ... Halych-Volhynia, or Halych-Volodymyr, was a large state in Ruthenia (Rus ) which existed in the 13th and 14th centuries. ... The Cumans, also known as Polovtsy (Slavic for yellowish) were a nomadic West Turkic tribe living on the north of the Black Sea along the Volga. ... The Mongol Invasion of Rus was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River (1223) between Subutais reconnaissance unit and the combined force of several princes of Rus. After fifteen years of peace, it was followed by Batu Khans full-scale invasion in 1237-40. ... The Golden Horde (Turkish: Altın Ordu) was a Turkic state established in parts of present-day Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan after the break up of the Mongol Empire in the 1240s. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... The presumable banner of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the coat of arms, called Пагоня in Belarusian, Vytis in Lithuanian and PogoÅ„ in Polish Another version of the Lithuanian banner The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Didžioji KunigaikÅ¡tystÄ—, Belarusian: Вялі́кае Кня́ства Літо́ўскае (ВКЛ), Ukrainian: Велике Князівство Литовське (ВКЛ), Polish: Wielkie KsiÄ™stwo Litewskie) was an... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Crimean Tatar: ; Russian: - Krymskoye khanstvo; Ukrainian: - Krymske khanstvo; Turkish: ) was a Crimean Tatar state from 1441 to 1783. ... The Ruin (Ukrainian: ) is a period of Ukrainian history from the death of hetman Bohdan Khmelnitsky in 1657 and until ascension of hetman Ivan Mazepa in 1687. ... Right-bank Ukraine (Ukrainian: Правобережна Україна Russian: Правобережная Украина; Polish: Prawobrzeżna Ukraina), a... Left-bank Ukraine (Ukrainian: Лівобережна Україна Russian: Левобережная Украина, Polish: Lewobrzeżna Ukraina ): historic name of... Sloboda Ukraine (Russian: Слободская Украина) or Slobozhanshchina (Слобожанщина) was a historical region (17th–18th centuries) on the frontier of Muscovy and Imperial Russia... The Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan of Turkey. ... Zaporizhia (Ukrainian: Запоріжжя, Zaporizhia; Polish: Zaporoże or Dzikie Pola (Wild Fields or Savage Steppe), Russian: Запоро́жье, Zaporozhye) is a historical region which is situated about the Dnieper River, below the Dnieper rapids (porohy, poroża), (now Ukraine), hence the name, translated as territory beyond the rapids. During the 16th to 18th... This article is in need of attention. ... This article covers the history of the administrative division of Russia from 1708 to 1743. ... Little Russia or Malorossiya (Russian: ) was the name for the territory of Ukraine applied in the time of the Russian Empire and earlier. ... The Habsburg Monarchy, often called Austrian Monarchy or simply Austria, are the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine, between 1526 and 1867/1918. ... Coat-of-arms of Galicia or Galicja Galicia (Ukrainian: , Polish: , German: , Hungarian: , Czech: , Turkish: ) is an historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine. ... Bukovina (Ukrainian: , Bukovyna; Romanian: Bucovina; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the northern slopes of the northeastern Carpathian Mountains and the adjoining plains. ... // Carpathian Ruthenia, aka Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Subcarpathian Rus, Subcarpathia (Ukrainian: Karpats’ka Rus’; Slovak and Czech: Podkarpatská Rus; Hungarian: Kárpátalja; Romanian: Transcarpatia) is a small region of Central Europe, now mostly in western Ukraines Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukrainian: Zakarpats’ka oblast’) and easternmost Slovakia (largely in PreÅ¡ov kraj... Ukrainian territory was fought over by various factions after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the First World War, which added the collapse of Austria-Hungary to that of the Imperial Russia. ... Ukrainian Peoples Republic (Ukrainian: ), also sometimes translated as Ukrainian National Republic, abbreviated UNR (УНР), was a republic in part of the territory of modern Ukraine after the Russian Revolution, eventually headed by Symon Petliura. ... The West Ukrainian National Republic (Ukrainian: or ЗУНР, ZUNR; also translated West Ukrainian Peoples Republic) was a short-lived republic that existed in late 1918 and early 1919 in eastern Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia and included the cities of Lviv, Kolomyya, and Stanislav. ... The Hetmanate (Ukrainian: , Het’manat) was a short-lived provisional government of Ukraine, installed by Germany after disbanding the Central Rada of the Ukrainian National Republic in 1918. ... The Directorate, or Directory (Директория, Dyrektoriya), was a government of the Ukrainian National Republic formed in 1918 in rebellion against Skoropadskys Hetmanate. ... State motto: Пролетарі всіх країн, єднайтеся! Official language None. ... Galician Soviet Socialist Republic (Galician SSR) existed from July 8, 1920 to September 21, 1920 during the Polish-Soviet War within the area of the South-Western front of the Red Army. ... Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Крымская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика) (October 18, 1921—June 30, 1945) was created as part of RSFSR within the Crimean Peninsula, its capital being Simferopol. ... History of Ukraine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Carpatho-Ukraine (Ukrainian: ) was a short-lived Ukrainian state that formally existed for several days only in March 1939 in the easternmost part of Czechoslovakia (Subcarpathian Ruthenia, or Transcarpathia), and had been an autonomous region within Czechoslovakia for several months before that. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Anthem: Ukrainian: Transliteration: Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy Ukraines glory has not yet perished Capital (and largest city)  Kiev (Kyiv) Official languages Ukrainian Government Parliamentary democracy  - President Viktor Yushchenko  - Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych Independence from the Soviet Union   - Declared August 24, 1991   - Referendum December 1, 1991   - Finalized December 25, 1991... Look up rebellion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Events April 5 - Signing of the Treaty of Westminster, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War. ... Hetman`s coat of arms Hetman StanisÅ‚aw Koniecpolski of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Hetman was the title of the second highest military commander (after the monarch) used in 15th to 18th century Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, known from 1569 to 1795 as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmelnytskyi (Ukrainian: Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький, commonly transliterated as Khmelnytsky; known in Polish as Bohdan Zenobi Chmielnicki; in Russian as Богда́н Хмельни́цкий (Bogdan Khmelnitsky)) ( 1595 — August 6, 1657) was a famous and a somewhat controversial leader of the Zaporozhian Cossack Hetmanate, hetman of Ukraine. ... This article needs cleanup. ... The Crimean Tatars (sg. ... Ruthenians is a name that has been applied to different ethnic groups at different times; for an explanation of the reasons for this, see Ruthenia. ... In a detail of Brueghels Land of Cockaigne (1567) a soft-boiled egg has little feet to rush to the luxuriating peasant who catches drops of honey on his tongue, while roast pigs roam wild: in fact, hunger and harsh winters were realities for the average European in the... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Polish szlachcic. ... The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus Christ and led by the Twelve Apostles, in particular Saint Peter. ... Roman Catholic priest A priest or priestess is a holy man or woman who takes an officiating role in worship of any religion, with the distinguishing characteristic of offering sacrifices. ... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... In some provinces of Russia, an arendator is one who has the right to collect rents or revenues and pays an amount to the government in exchange for this. ...

The Uprising curtailed the eastern scope of the Commonwealth and effectively established the possibility of a southern East Slavic state. Further weakened by internal conflicts and hostilities with Sweden, the power of Commonwealth was severely diminished during this period (referred to in Polish history as The Deluge). Countries inhabited by Slavs (dark green - East Slavs) Distribution of Slavic peoples by language The East Slavs are a Slavic ethnic group, the speakers of East Slavic that evolved into the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian peoples. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Background

Ultimate scope of Polish-Lithuanian control

With the creation of the Polish-Lithuanian Union in 1385, a growing number of Ruthenian lands were gradually absorbed under the control of a powerful western empire. In 1569, the Union of Lublin granted the southern Lithuanian-controlled lands of Ruthenia - Halych-Volhynia, Podlachia, Podolia, and Kiev - to the Crown of Poland under the agreement forming the new Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Although the local nobility was granted full rights within the Rzeczpospolita, their assimilation of Polish culture alienated them from the lower classes. This Szlachta, along with the actions of the upper-class Polish Magnates, oppressed the lower-class Ruthenians, with the introduction of Counter-Reformation missionary practices, and the use of Jewish arendators to manage their estates. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2000x1568, 492 KB) Commonwealth of Both Nations at the peak of its strength, after the Treaty of Dywilino. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2000x1568, 492 KB) Commonwealth of Both Nations at the peak of its strength, after the Treaty of Dywilino. ... The term Polish-Lithuanian Union refers to a series of acts and alliances between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that lead to the creation of the Republic of Both Nations in 1569 and eventually to creation of a unified state in 1791. ... Events August 14 - Battle of Aljubarrota between the Portuguese under John I of Portugal and the Castilians, under John I of Castile. ... Ruthenians is a name that has been applied to different ethnic groups at different times; for an explanation of the reasons for this, see Ruthenia. ... Events January 11 - First recorded lottery in England. ... The Union of Lublin, painted by Jan Matejko The Union of Lublin (Lithuanian: Liublino unija; Belarusian: Лю́блінская ву́нія; Polish: Unia lubelska) - signed on July 1, 1569 in Lublin, united the Kingdom of Poland and the... The presumable banner of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the coat of arms, called Пагоня in Belarusian, Vytis in Lithuanian and PogoÅ„ in Polish Another version of the Lithuanian banner The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Didžioji KunigaikÅ¡tystÄ—, Belarusian: Вялі́кае Кня́ства Літо́ўскае (ВКЛ), Ukrainian: Велике Князівство Литовське (ВКЛ), Polish: Wielkie KsiÄ™stwo Litewskie) was an... Ruthenia is a name applied to parts of Eastern Europe which were populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to various states that existed in this territory in the past. ... Halych-Volhynia, or Halych-Volodymyr, was a large state in Ruthenia (Rus ) which existed in the 13th and 14th centuries. ... Old chapel Krzna river Potockis Palace i MiÄ™dzyrzec Podlaski Podlachia, Podlesia, or Podlasie is a historical region in eastern part of Poland and western Belarus. ... Historical arms of Podilia The region of Podolia (also spelt Podilia or Podillya) is a historical region in the west-central and south-west portions of present-day Ukraine, corresponding to Khmelnytskyi Oblast and Vinnytsia Oblast. ... Location Map of Ukraine with Kiev highlighted. ... Crown of the Polish Kingdom, or just colloquially the Crown (Polish:Korona) is the archaic name for territories of Poland, distinguishing them from territories of Grand Duchy of Lithuania or vassal territories like Duchy of Prussia or Duchy of Courland, which had varying degrees of autonomy. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Nobility is a traditional hereditary status (see hereditary titles) that exists today in many countries (mainly present or former monarchies). ... Rzeczpospolita (pronounced: , zhech-poss-POH-lee-tah) is a Polish calque translation of the Latin expression res publica (public affair). It has been used in Poland since at least 16th century, originally to denote any democratic state. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Polish szlachcic. ... For a wealthy or powerful business baron, executive, or tycoon, see Business magnate. ... Ruthenians is a name that has been applied to different ethnic groups at different times; for an explanation of the reasons for this, see Ruthenia. ... The Counter-Reformation or the Catholic Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism. ... A missionary is traditionally defined as a propagator of religion who works to convert those outside that community; someone who proselytizes. ... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... In some provinces of Russia, an arendator is one who has the right to collect rents or revenues and pays an amount to the government in exchange for this. ...

The local Eastern Orthodox traditions were also under siege from the assumption of ecclesiastical power by Muscovy in 1448. The growing Russian power in the north sought to reunite the southern lands of Kievan Rus' with its successor state, and with the fall of Constantinople it began this process with the proclamation that its Metropolitan was now Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'. This sparked a philosophical debate in Ruthenia culminating with the Union of Brest in 1596, which attempted to retain the autonomy of the Eastern Orthodox churches in present-day Ukraine, Poland and Belarus, by aligning themselves with the Bishop of Rome. While all of the people did not unite under one church, the concepts of autonomy were implanted into consciousness of the area, and came out in force during the military campaign of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. The Eastern Orthodox Church is a Christian body that views itself as the historical continuation of the original Christian community established by Jesus and the Twelve Apostles, preserving the traditions of the early church unchanged, accepting the canonicity of the first seven ecumenical councils held between the 4th and the... In Christian theology, ecclesiology is a branch of study that deals with the doctrines pertaining to the Church itself as a community or organic entity, and with the understanding of what the church is —ie. ... Muscovy (Moscow principality (княжество Московское) to Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое Княжество Московское) to Russian Tsardom (Царство Русское) is a traditional Western name for the Russian state that existed from the 14th century to the late 17th century. ... Events January 5/ 6 - Christopher of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden dies with no designated heir leaving all three kingdoms with vacant thrones. ... The history of Russia begins with that of the East Slavs, the ethnic group that eventually split into the Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians. ... Kievan Rus′ was the early, mostly East Slavic [1] state dominated by the city of Kiev from about 880 to the middle of the 12th century. ... // Combatants Byzantine Empire Ottoman Empire Commanders Constantine XI† Loukas Notaras Giovanni Giustiniani†[1] Mehmed II Strength 5,000 militia soldiers plus 2,000 Italian mercenaries 80,000[1] - 150,000[1] Casualties Most of Byzantine defenders, some mercenaries, many civilians Heavy The Fall of Constantinople was the capture of the... When the word metropolitan (from the Greek metera = mother and polis = town) is used as an adjective, as in metropolitan bishop, metropolitan France, or metropolitan area it can mean: of or characteristic of a metropolis; see also metropolitan area, Metropolitan Police, Metropolitan Railway of or belonging to the home territories... For other senses, see Patriarch (disambiguation). ... The Russian Orthodox Church (Russian: ), also known as the Orthodox Christian Church of Russia, is that body of Christians who are united under the Patriarch of Moscow, who in turn is in communion with the other patriarchs and primates of the Eastern Orthodox Church. ... Union of Brest (Belarusian: Берасьце́йская ву́нія) refers to the 1595-1596 decision of the (Ruthenian) Church of Rus, the Metropolia of Kiev-Halych and all Rus, to break relations with the Patriarch of Constantinople and place themselves under the (patriarch) Pope of Rome, in order to avoid the domination of the newly... Events February 5 - 26 catholics crucified in Nagasaki, Japan. ... The current Pope is Benedict XVI (born Joseph Alois Ratzinger), who was elected at the age of 78 on 19 April 2005. ... This article should include material from Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchy, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, and Patriarch Filaret (Mykhailo Denysenko). ... Look up autonomy, autonomous in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmelnytskyi (Ukrainian: Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький, commonly transliterated as Khmelnytsky; known in Polish as Bohdan Zenobi Chmielnicki; in Russian as Богда́н Хмельни́цкий (Bogdan Khmelnitsky)) ( 1595 — August 6, 1657) was a famous and a somewhat controversial leader of the Zaporozhian Cossack Hetmanate, hetman of Ukraine. ...

Khmelnytskyi's role

" Bohdan Khmelnytsky (left) with Tuhai Bey (right) at Lviv", oil on canvas by Jan Matejko, 1885, National Museum in Warsaw.

Bohdan Khmelnytsky was a noble-born product of a Jesuit education in Ruthenia. At the age of 22, he joined his father in the service of the Commonwealth, battling against the Ottoman Empire in the Moldavian Magnate Wars. After being held captive in Constantinople, he returned to life as a registered Cossack, settling in his hometown of Subotiv with a wife and several children. He participated in campaigns for Grand Crown Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski, led delegations to the King Władysław IV Vasa in Warsaw, and generally was well respected within the cossack ranks. The course of his life was altered however, when Aleksander Koniecpolski, heir to Hetman Koniecpolski's magnate estate, attempted to seize Khmelnytsky's land. In 1647, Chyhyryn starost (elder) Daniel Czapliński openly started to harass Khmelnytsky on behalf of the younger Koniecpolski in an attempt to force him off the land. On two occasions raids were made to Subotiv, during which considerable property damage was done and his son Yurii was badly beaten, until Khmelnytsky moved his family to a relative's house in Chyhyryn. He twice sought assistance from the king by traveling to Warsaw, only to find him either unwilling or powerless to confront the will of a magnate. Download high resolution version (537x800, 167 KB)Bohdan Chmielnicki with Tuhaj Bej at Lwow painted by Jan Matejko This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Download high resolution version (537x800, 167 KB)Bohdan Chmielnicki with Tuhaj Bej at Lwow painted by Jan Matejko This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Motto: Semper fidelis Location Map of Ukraine with Lviv. ... Jan Matejko , self-portrait. ... Warsaw (Polish: , , in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto StoÅ‚eczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland, its largest city, and a gamma world city. ... Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmelnytskyi (Ukrainian: Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький, commonly transliterated as Khmelnytsky; known in Polish as Bohdan Zenobi Chmielnicki; in Russian as Богда́н Хмельни́цкий (Bogdan Khmelnitsky)) ( 1595 — August 6, 1657) was a famous and a somewhat controversial leader of the Zaporozhian Cossack Hetmanate, hetman of Ukraine. ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... Ruthenia is a name applied to parts of Eastern Europe which were populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to various states that existed in this territory in the past. ... Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 Osman I  - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Map of Constantinople. ... Registered Cossacks - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... Hetman`s coat of arms Hetman StanisÅ‚aw Koniecpolski of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Hetman was the title of the second highest military commander (after the monarch) used in 15th to 18th century Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, known from 1569 to 1795 as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... Noble Family Koniecpolski Coat of Arms Pobóg Parents Aleksander Koniecpolski Anna Sroczycka Consorts Katarzyna Żółkiewska (1615) Krystyna Lubomirska (1619) Zofia OpaliÅ„ska (1656) Children Aleksander Koniecpolski Date of Birth 1590/1594 Place of Birth Koniecpol Date of Death March 11, 1646 Place of Death Brody StanisÅ‚aw Koniecpolski, (1590... Reign in Poland November 8, 1632 – May 20, 1648. ... Warsaw (Polish: , , in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto StoÅ‚eczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland, its largest city, and a gamma world city. ... For other people with the name of Aleksander Koniecpolski, see Aleksander Koniecpolski Noble Family Koniecpolski Coat of Arms Pobóg Parents Stanisław Koniecpolski Krystyna Lubomirska Consorts Joanna Barbara Zamoyska Children with Joanna Barbara Zamoyska Stanisław Koniecpolski Date of Birth 1620 Place of Birth Podhorce Date of... 1647 (MDCXLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Chyhyryn (Ukrainian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ) is a city located in Cherkasy Oblast of central Ukraine. ... The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (or The Republic of the Two Nations, Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów in Polish; Belarusian: Рэч Паспалі́тая) was a federal monarchy-republic formed by the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, between 1569... Yurii Khmelnytsky Yurii Khmelnytsky (Ukrainian: Юрій Хмельницький) (1641–1685), son of the famous Bohdan Khmelnytsky, was a Cossack political and military leader. ... Chyhyryn (Ukrainian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ) is a city located in Cherkasy Oblast of central Ukraine. ...

Having found no support from the Polish officials, Khmelnytsky turned to his Cossack friends and subordinates. The case of a Cossack being unfairly treated by the Poles found a lot of support not only in his regiment, but also throughout the Sich. All through the autumn of 1647 Khmelnytsky traveled from one regiment to the other and has numerous consultations with different Cossack leaders throughout Ukraine. His activity raised suspicion of the Polish authorities already used to Cossack revolts and he was promptly arrested. Polkovnyk (colonel) Mykhailo Krychevsky assisted Khmelnytsky with his escape, and with a group of his supporters, he headed for the Zaporozhian Sich. Sich can mean one of several things: Zaporizhian Sich, the fortified capital of Zaporizhian Cossacks in 16th to 18th century Ukraine. ... 1647 (MDCXLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article is actively undergoing a major edit. ... Colonel (IPA: or ) is a military rank of a commissioned officer, with the corresponding ranks existing in nearly every country in the world. ... Zaporizhian Sich or Zaporozhian Sech (Ukrainian: ,Zaporozka Sich) original Slavonic name Zaporizhska Sich was the center of the Cossacks of Zaporizhzhia. ...

The Uprising

On January 25, 1648, Khmelnytsky brought a contingent of 300-500 Cossacks to the Zaporizhian Sich and quickly dispatched the guards assigned by the Commonwealth protect the entrance. Once at the sich, his oratory and diplomatic skills quickly struck a nerve with oppressed Ruthenians. Even as his forces repelled an attempt by Commonwealth forces to retake the sich, more recruits join his cause. The Cossack Rada elected him Hetman by the end of the month. Khmelnytsky threw most of his resources into recruiting more fighters to his cause. He sent emissaries to Crimea, enjoining the Tatars to join him in a potential assault against their mutual enemy, the Commonwealth. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Events April 5 - Signing of the Treaty of Westminster, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War. ... Crown of the Polish Kingdom, or just colloquially the Crown (Polish:Korona) is the archaic name for territories of Poland, distinguishing them from territories of Grand Duchy of Lithuania or vassal territories like Duchy of Prussia or Duchy of Courland, which had varying degrees of autonomy. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Ottoman Empire. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmelnytskyi (Ukrainian: Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький, commonly transliterated as Khmelnytsky; known in Polish as Bohdan Zenobi Chmielnicki; in Russian as Богда́н Хмельни́цкий (Bogdan Khmelnitsky)) ( 1595 — August 6, 1657) was a famous and a somewhat controversial leader of the Zaporozhian Cossack Hetmanate, hetman of Ukraine. ... Noble Family Potocki Coat of Arms PiÅ‚awa Parents Jakub Potocki Jadwiga Prusinowska Consorts Zofia Firlej Elżbieta Kazanowska Children with Zofia Firlej Piotr Potocki Stefan Potocki MikoÅ‚aj Potocki Marianna Potocka Wiktoria Potocka Henryk Potocki with Elżbieta Kazanowska Jakub Potocki Joanna Potocka Dominik Potocki Date of Birth 1595... Noble Family WiÅ›niowiecki Coat of Arms Korybut Parents MichaÅ‚ WiÅ›niowiecki Regina MohyÅ‚a Consorts Gryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska Children with Gryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska MichaÅ‚ WiÅ›niowiecki Date of Birth 1612 Place of Birth  ? Date of Death July 20, 1651 Place of Death PawoÅ‚cz, Poland Jeremi MichaÅ‚ WiÅ›niowiecki... Combatants Zaporozhian Cossack Army Crimean Tatars Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Commanders Bohdan Khmelnytsky Tuhaj Bej Stefan Potocki Stefan Czarniecki Strength 3 000 - 1 500 (half forces changed sides) [1] 8 000 - 15 000 (growing throughout the battle)[1] Casualties heavy unknown Battle of Zhovti Vody (Ukrainian: , Polish: , Russian: ; literally yellow waters... Combatants Zaporozhian Cossack Army Crimean Tatars Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Commanders Bohdan Khmelnytsky Tuhaj Bej MikoÅ‚aj Potocki Marcin Kalinowski Strength 18 000 6 000 Battle of Korsun (Ukrainian: , Polish: ), (May 26, 1648) was the second significant battle of the Khmelnytsky Uprising. ... Combatants Zaporozhian Cossack Army and the Crimean Tatars Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Commanders Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Tuhaj Bej WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw Dominik ZasÅ‚awski-Ostrogski, MikoÅ‚aj Ostroróg, Aleksander Koniecpolski Strength 80,000 [1] 40,000[1] Casualties unknown heavy Battle of Pyliavtsi (Ukrainian: ; Polish: ); September 23, 1648) was the third... Combatants Zaporozhian Cossack Army Crimean Tatars Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Commanders Bohdan Khmelnytsky Ä°slâm III Giray Jeremi WiÅ›niowiecki Strength 80 000 - 100 000 (or more) Cossacks 30 000 Tatars 15 000 Siege of Zbarazh (Polish: , Ukrainian: ) was the battle of the Khmelnytsky Uprising. ... Battle of Zboriv, also known as Battle of Zborów (August 15-August 16, 1649) was fought in the vicinity of Zboriv, as part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising, between a combined Cossack-Crimean force and an army of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... Ivan Bogun fighting the Poles in the Battle of Berestechko. ... The Battle of Batoh was a battle in 1652 in which Polish forces under Marcin Kalinowski were defeated by Cossacks commanded by Hetman Bohdan Chmielnicki. ... January 25 is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Zaporizhian Sich or Zaporozhian Sech (Ukrainian: ,Zaporozka Sich) original Slavonic name Zaporizhska Sich was the center of the Cossacks of Zaporizhzhia. ... Cossack Rada (Ukrainian: , Kozatska Rada) was a general cossack meeting often military in nature. ... Hetman`s coat of arms Hetman StanisÅ‚aw Koniecpolski of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Hetman was the title of the second highest military commander (after the monarch) used in 15th to 18th century Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, known from 1569 to 1795 as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... Motto: Процветание в единстве - Prosperity in unity Anthem: Нивы и горы твои волшебны, Родина - Your fields and mounts are wonderful, Motherland Capital Simferopol Largest cities Simferopol, Eupatoria, Kerch, Theodosia, Yalta Official language Ukrainian. ... The Crimean Tatars (sg. ...

By April of 1648, word of an uprising had spread through the Commonwealth. Either because they underestimated the size of the uprising^[1], or because they wanted to act quickly to prevent it from spreading^[2], the Commonwealth's Grand Crown Hetman Mikołaj Potocki and Field Crown Hetman Marcin Kalinowski sent 3,000 soldiers under the command of Potocki's son, Stefan, towards Khmelnytsky, without waiting to gather additional forces from Prince Jeremi Wiśniowiecki. Khmelnytsky quickly marshalled his forces to meet his enemy en route at the Battle of Zhovti Vody, which saw a considerable amount of defections on the field of battle by registered cossacks who changed their allegiance from the Commmonwealth to Khmelnytsky's Uprising. This victory was quickly followed by rout of the Commonwealth's armies at the Battle of Korsun, which saw both Grand Crown Hetman Mikołaj Potocki and Field Crown Hetman Marcin Kalinowski captured and imprisoned by the Tatars. Hetman`s coat of arms Hetman StanisÅ‚aw Koniecpolski of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Hetman was the title of the second highest military commander (after the monarch) used in 15th to 18th century Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, known from 1569 to 1795 as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... Noble Family Potocki Coat of Arms PiÅ‚awa Parents Jakub Potocki Jadwiga Prusinowska Consorts Zofia Firlej Elżbieta Kazanowska Children with Zofia Firlej Piotr Potocki Stefan Potocki MikoÅ‚aj Potocki Marianna Potocka Wiktoria Potocka Henryk Potocki with Elżbieta Kazanowska Jakub Potocki Joanna Potocka Dominik Potocki Date of Birth 1595... Noble family Kalinowski Coat of arms Kalinowa Parents Elżbieta StruÅ› Consorts HelenÄ… KoreckÄ… Children with HelenÄ… KoreckÄ… Samuel Kalinowski Date of birth c. ... The term prince, from the Latin root princeps, is used for the member of the highest aristocracy. ... Noble Family WiÅ›niowiecki Coat of Arms Korybut Parents MichaÅ‚ WiÅ›niowiecki Regina MohyÅ‚a Consorts Gryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska Children with Gryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska MichaÅ‚ WiÅ›niowiecki Date of Birth 1612 Place of Birth  ? Date of Death July 20, 1651 Place of Death PawoÅ‚cz, Poland Jeremi MichaÅ‚ WiÅ›niowiecki... Combatants Zaporozhian Cossack Army Crimean Tatars Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Commanders Bohdan Khmelnytsky Tuhaj Bej Stefan Potocki Stefan Czarniecki Strength 3 000 - 1 500 (half forces changed sides) [1] 8 000 - 15 000 (growing throughout the battle)[1] Casualties heavy unknown Battle of Zhovti Vody (Ukrainian: , Polish: , Russian: ; literally yellow waters... Combatants Zaporozhian Cossack Army Crimean Tatars Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Commanders Bohdan Khmelnytsky Tuhaj Bej MikoÅ‚aj Potocki Marcin Kalinowski Strength 18 000 6 000 Battle of Korsun (Ukrainian: , Polish: ), (May 26, 1648) was the second significant battle of the Khmelnytsky Uprising. ...

In addition to the loss of significant forces and military leadership, King Władysław IV Vasa passed away in 1648, leaving the Crown of Poland leaderless and in disarray at a time of rebellion. The Szlachta was on the run from its peasants, their palaces and estates in flames. All the while, Khmelnystky's army marched westward.

Khmelnytsky stopped his forces at Bila Tserkva, and issued a list of demands to the Polish Crown, including raising the number of Registered Cossacks, returning Churches taken from the Orthodox faithful, and paying the Cossacks for wages which had been withheld for 5 years^[3]. Bila Tserkva (Ukrainian Бiла Церква, literally White Church, Polish Biała Cerkiew, Russian Белая Церковь, Belaya Tserkov) is a city in Kyivska oblast of Ukraine. ...

At this point, news of the peasant uprisings troubled a noble born such as Khmelnytsky; however, after discussing information gathered across the country with his advisors, the cossack leadership soon realized the potential for autonomy was there for the taking. Although Khmelnytsky's personal resentment of the Szlachta and the Magnates influenced his transformation into a revolutionary, it was his ambition to become the ruler of a Ruthenian nation which fueled the Uprising past a simple rebellion and into national movement. Khmelnytsky had his forces join a peasant revolt at the Battle of Pyliavtsi, striking another terrible blow to a weakened and depleted Polish force. Combatants Zaporozhian Cossack Army and the Crimean Tatars Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Commanders Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Tuhaj Bej Władysław Dominik Zasławski-Ostrogski, Mikołaj Ostroróg, Aleksander Koniecpolski Strength 80,000 [1] 40,000[1] Casualties unknown heavy Battle of Pyliavtsi (Ukrainian: ; Polish: ); September 23, 1648) was the third...

Khmelnytsky was persuaded to not lay siege to Lviv in exchange for 200,000 red guldens. He then rested in Zamość, awaiting the election of a new Polish King. Assured that John Casimir II would not interfere with his designs on Ruthenia, Khmelnytsky made a triumphant entry into Kiev on Christmas Day of 1648, where he was hailed as "the Moses, savior, redeemer, and liberator of the people from Polish captivity ... the illustrious ruler of Rus". In February 1649 during negotiations with a Polish delegation headed by senator Adam Kysil in Pereiaslav, Khmelnytsky declared that he was "the sole autocrat of Rus" and that he had "enough power in Ukraine, Podilia, and Volhynia... in his land and principality stretching as far as Lviv, Chelm, and Halych"^[4]. It became clear to the Polish envoys that Khmelnytsky had positioned himself no longer as simply a leader of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, but that of an independent state and stated his claims to the heritage of the Rus'. A Vilnius panegyric in Khmelnytsky's honor (1650–1651) explained it this way: "While in Poland it is King Jan II Casimir Vasa, in Rus it is Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky"^[5]. Zamość is a town in southeastern Poland with 66,633 inhabitants (2004), situated in the Lublin Voivodship (since 1999). ... Reign From November, 1648 until September 16, 1668 Elected In November 1648 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation On January 19, 1649 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Royal House Vasa Parents Zygmunt III Waza Constance of Austria Consorts Ludwika Maria Children with Ludwika Maria Maria Anna... Location Map of Ukraine with Kiev highlighted. ... Christmas or Christmas Day is an annual holiday that marks the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Pereyaslav is the former name of towns in Ukraine and Russia: Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi in Ukraine. ... Chełm is a town in eastern Poland with 68,595 inhabitants (2004). ... Jackdaw on the coat-of-arms of Galicia alludes to the name of Halych Halych (Russian and Ukrainian: ) is a historic town in Western Ukraine on the Dniester River. ... Location Ethnographic region AukÅ¡taitija County Vilnius County Municipality Vilnius city municipality Coordinates Number of elderates 20 General Information Capital of Lithuania Vilnius County Vilnius city municipality Vilnius district municipality Population 540,318 in 2005 (1st) First mentioned 1323 Granted city rights 1387 Not to be confused with Vilnius city... A Panegyric is a formal public speech delivered in high praise of a person or thing, a generally high studied and undiscriminating eulogy. ... // Events June 23 - Claimant King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland arrives in Scotland, the only of the three Kingdoms that has accepted him as ruler. ... // Events January 1 - Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. ...

Following the battle at Zbarazh and Zboriv, Khmelnytsky gained numerous privileges for the Cossacks under the Treaty of Zboriv. When hostilities resumed, however, Khmelnytsky's forces were betrayed by their former allies the Crimean Tatars, suffered a massive defeat in 1651 at the Battle of Beresteczko, and were forced at Bila Tserkva (Biała Cerkiew) to accept a loser's treaty. A year later, the Cossacks had their revenge at the Battle of Batoh. Combatants Zaporozhian Cossack Army Crimean Tatars Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Commanders Bohdan Khmelnytsky Ä°slâm III Giray Jeremi WiÅ›niowiecki Strength 80 000 - 100 000 (or more) Cossacks 30 000 Tatars 15 000 Siege of Zbarazh (Polish: , Ukrainian: ) was the battle of the Khmelnytsky Uprising. ... Battle of Zboriv (Zborow, Zborov) may mean: Battle of Zboriv (1649) Battle of Zborov (1917) Category: ... The Treaty of Zboriv was signed on August 17, 1649 after the Polish army was defeated in the Battle of Zboriv by the Cossacks, led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky. ... The Crimean Tatars (sg. ... // Events January 1 - Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. ... The great Battle of Beresteczko (Berestechko in Ukrainian) in Volhynia (WoÅ‚yÅ„ in Polish, Volyn in Ukrainian), Ukraine, lasted from June 28 to June 30, 1651, between the Polish army under King Jan II Casimir and Ukrainian Cossack and peasant forces, led by Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, and their Crimean Tatar... Bila Tserkva (Ukrainian Бiла Церква, literally White Church, Polish Biała Cerkiew, Russian Белая Церковь, Belaya Tserkov) is a city in Kyivska oblast of Ukraine. ... The Treaty of Bila Tserkva was a peace treaty between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ukrainian Cossacks in the aftermath of the Battle of Berestechko. ... The Battle of Batoh was a battle in 1652 in which Polish forces under Marcin Kalinowski were defeated by Cossacks commanded by Hetman Bohdan Chmielnicki. ...

Jews and the Uprising

Prior to the Uprising, magnates had sold and leased certain privileges to the Jewish arendators for a percentage of an estate's revenue (rent) and, while enjoying themselves at their courts, left it to the Jewish leaseholders and collectors to become objects of hatred to the oppressed and long-suffering peasants. Khmelnytsky told the people that the Poles had sold them as slaves "into the hands of the accursed Jews." With this as their battle-cry, Cossacks and the peasantry massacred a huge number of Jews during the years 1648-1649. For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... Rent can refer to: Renting, a system of payment for the temporary use of something owned by someone else. ...

Historian Jacob Rader Marcus summarizes the situation as follows: Jacob Rader Marcus (1896-1995) was a scholar of Jewish history and a Reform rabbi. ...

In 1654 neighboring Russia turned against Poland, a year later the Swedes poured in from the north, and all these groups, including the native Poles, ravaged and massacred defenseless Jewish victims throughout the land (The Jew in the Medieval World, 1896)^[6].

The Eyewitness Chronicle detailes:

Wherever they found the szlachta, royal officials or Jews, they [Cossacks] killed them all, sparing neither women nor children. They pillaged the estates of the Jews and nobles, burned churches and killed their priests, leaving nothing whole (Eyewitness Chronicle)^[7]. Polish szlachcic. ...

The death tolls of the Khmelnytskyi uprising, as many others from the era of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, vary. Historian Orest Subtelny, in his acclaimed Ukraine: A History (p.127–128), notes: Orest Subtelny - Ukrainian historian, professor at Department of History and Political Science, York University. ...

Jewish losses were especially heavy because they were the most numerous and accessible representatives of the szlachta regime. Between 1648 and 1656, tens of thousands of Jews—given the lack of reliable data, it is impossible to establish more accurate figures—were killed by the rebels, and to this day the Khmelnytsky uprising is considered by Jews to be one of the most traumatic events in their history. Estimates of Jews killed in the uprising have been greatly exaggerated in the historiography of the event. According to B. Weinryb, the total of losses reported in Jewish sources is 2.4 million to 3.3 million deaths, clearly a fantastic figure. Weinryb cites the calculations of S. Ettinger indicating that about 50,000 Jews lived in the area where the uprising occurred. See B. Weinryb, "The Hebrew Chronicles on Bohdan Khmelnytsky and the Cossack-Polish War," Harvard Ukrainian Studies 1 (1977): 153-77. While many of them were killed, Jewish losses did not reach the hair-raising figures that are often associated with the uprising. In the words of Weinryb (The Jews of Poland, 193-4), "The fragmentary information of the period—and to a great extent information from subsequent years, including reports of recovery—clearly indicate that the catastrophe may have not been as great as has been assumed. It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Öttingen, Öttinger, Ötinger, Ettinger, Ettinger, eytinger is Christian and Jewish (#E- style Yiddish form) family name derived from the city of Oettingen in Bavaria, and as in Jewish pedigree found all over Europe among Ashkenazim families. ...

A study by Israeli demographer Shaul Stampfer concludes that 18,000-20,000 Jews were killed out of a total population of 40,000^[8].

Paul Robert Magoczi has similar estimates of the Jewish casualties, with the 50% casualty rate in a total population estimated at 60,000.

The precise number of dead may never be known, but 300 Jewish communities were destroyed, and the final peace accords stipulated that there would be no Jews east of the Dnieper. This article is about the river. ...

The aftermath

Diminished scope of Polish-Lithuanian control

Within a few months, almost all Polish nobles, officials, and priests had been wiped out or driven from the lands of present-day Ukraine. The Commonwealth population losses in the Uprising were over one million; Jewish losses were especially heavy because they were the most numerous and accessible representatives of the szlachta regime. The Uprising began a period in Polish history known as The Deluge (which included a Swedish invasion of the Commonwealth), that temporarily freed the Ruthenian peoples from Polish domination but in short time subjected it to Russian domination. Weakened by wars, in 1654 Khmelnytsky persuaded the Cossacks to ally with the Russian tsar in the Treaty of Pereyaslav which led to the Russo-Polish War (1654-1667). Although the Commonwealth tried to regain influence over Cossacks (of note is the Treaty of Hadiach of 1658), the new Cossack subjects became even more loyal to Muscovy. With the Commonwealth becoming increasingly weak, the Cossacks became more and more integrated into the Russian Empire, with their autonomy traded for state privileges. By the time partitions of Poland ended the existence of the Commonwealth in 1795, many Cossacks have already left Ukraine to colonize the Kuban. Download high resolution version (2000x1568, 373 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2000x1568, 373 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Events April 5 - Signing of the Treaty of Westminster, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War. ... Pereyaslav Rada The Treaty of Pereyaslav was concluded in 1654 in the Ukrainian city of Pereyaslav during the meeting known as Pereyaslavska Uhoda (Pereyaslav Treaty). ... The Russo-Polish War of 1654-1667, also called the War for Ukraine, was the last major conflict between Muscovite Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... This is a 19th century design for a COA of a proposed Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth which never came into being. ... Events January 13 - Edward Sexby, who had plotted against Oliver Cromwell, dies in Tower of London February 6 - Swedish troops of Charles X Gustav of Sweden cross The Great Belt (Storebælt) in Denmark over frozen sea May 1 - Publication of Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial and The Garden of Cyrus by... Anthem: God Save the Tsar! Russian Empire in 1914 Capital Saint Petersburg Language(s) Russian Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1721-1725 Peter the Great  - 1894-1917 Nicholas II History  - Established 22 October, 1721  - February Revolution 2 March, 1917 Area  - 1897 22,400,000 km2 8,648,688 sq mi Population  - 1897... The Partitions of Poland (Polish: Rozbiór Polski or Rozbiory Polski; Lithuanian: Padalijimas, Belarusian: Падзелы Рэчы Паспалітай) took place in the 18th century and ended the existence of the sovereign Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Kuban (Russian: ) is a region of Russia surrounding the Kuban River, on the Black Sea between Ukraine and the Caucasus. ...

See also

• Kodak fortress
• Kostka-Napierski Uprising

Kodak fortress (Polish: Kudak, Ukrainian: Кодак) was a fort built in 1635 by the Polish over the Dnieper River, near what was to become the town of Stari Kodaki (by modern day Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine). ... The Kostka Napierski Uprising was a peasant revolt in Poland in 1651. ...

References

External links

• Cossacks' Uprising, Jewish Encyclopedia
• The Zaporozhian Cossack Battle at Korsun